Records of Wei 28: Biographies of Wang Ling, Guanqiu Jian, Zhuge Dan, Deng Ai and Zhong Hui

Records of Wei 28: Biographies of Wang Ling, Guanqiu Jian, Zhuge Dan, Deng Ai and Zhong Hui

Wang Ling

王凌

Wang Ling, courtesy name Yanyun, was a man of Qi County in Taiyuan Commandery. His uncle Wang Yun became Minister over the Masses under the Han and put Dong Zhuo to death. Dong Zhuo’s generals Li Jue, Guo Si and others, seeking to avenge Dong Zhuo, broke into Chang’an, killed Wang Yun and slaughtered his entire household. Wang Ling and his elder brother Wang Chen, both young at the time, escaped over the city wall and fled for their lives back to their home district. Wang Ling was recommended as Filial and Incorrupt and became Chief of Fagan, rising by degrees to Administrator of Zhongshan; wherever he served, the place was well governed. Taizu summoned him to serve as a clerk on the Chancellor’s staff.

王凌字彥雲，太原祁人也。叔父允，為漢司徒，誅董卓。卓將李傕、郭汜等為卓報仇，入長安，殺允，盡害其家。凌及兄晨，時年皆少，逾城得脫，亡命歸鄉里。凌舉孝廉，為發干長，¹稍遷至中山太守，所在有治，太祖辟為丞相掾屬。

When Emperor Wen ascended the throne, Wang Ling was appointed Regular Mounted Attendant and then sent out as Inspector of Yan Province. With Zhang Liao and others he went to Guangling to attack Sun Quan. When they reached the Yangzi, a great wind rose in the night, and the ships of the Wu general Lü Fan and others drifted to the north bank. Wang Ling and the other generals met and attacked them, capturing and beheading men and seizing boats, and he won merit. He was enfeoffed as Neighborhood Marquis of Yicheng, given the added title of General Who Establishes Martial Might, and transferred to Qing Province. At that time the seacoast had just come through turmoil and disorder, and its laws and regulations were not yet in order.

文帝踐阼，拜散騎常侍，出為兗州刺史，與張遼等至廣陵討孫權。臨江，夜大風，吳將呂範等船漂至北岸。凌與諸將逆擊，捕斬首虜，獲舟船，有功，封宜城亭侯，加建武將軍，轉在青州。是時海濱乘喪亂之後，法度未整。

Wang Ling spread good government and instruction, rewarding the good and punishing the wicked; he kept strict order, and the people praised him without end. Later he followed Cao Xiu on campaign against Wu, and they met the enemy at Jiashi. Cao Xiu’s army was defeated, but Wang Ling fought hard and broke the encirclement, so that Cao Xiu escaped disaster. He was then moved in turn to be Inspector of Yang and Yu provinces, and everywhere won the hearts of soldiers and people. When he first arrived in Yu Province, he honored the descendants of former worthies and sought out scholars who had not yet come to notice, issuing instructions on each matter whose intent was most admirable.

凌布政施教，賞善罰惡，甚有綱紀，百姓稱之，不容於口。後從曹休征吳，與賊遇於夾石，休軍失利，凌力戰決圍，休得免難。仍徙為揚、豫州刺史，咸得軍民之歡心。始至豫州，旌先賢之後，求未顯之士，各有條教，意義甚美。

Earlier, Wang Ling had been good friends with Sima Lang and Jia Kui, and when he took charge of Yan and Yu provinces he carried on their fame and achievements. At the beginning of Zhengshi he became General Who Conquers the East, with credentials, Commander of all military affairs of Yang Province. In the second year, the Wu grand general Quan Cong raided Quebei with tens of thousands of troops. Wang Ling led the armies to meet and attack him, contested the dikes with the enemy and fought hard for days on end, until the enemy retreated and fled. He was advanced to Marquis of Nanxiang with a fief of 1,350 households and promoted to General of Chariots and Cavalry with ceremonial equal to the Three Excellencies.

初，凌與司馬朗、賈逵友善，及臨兗、豫，繼其名跡。正始初，為征東將軍，假節都督揚州諸軍事。二年，吳大將全琮數萬眾寇芍陂，凌率諸軍逆討，與賊爭塘，力戰連日，賊退走。進封南鄉侯，邑千三百五十戶，遷車騎將軍、儀同三司。

At this time Wang Ling’s nephew, his sister’s son Linghu Yu, was Inspector of Yan Province on the strength of his talent, stationed at Pinga. Uncle and nephew both commanded troops and held sole charge of the weighty region of Huainan. Wang Ling was promoted in place to Minister of Works. After Sima Yi (King Xuan) put Cao Shuang to death, he advanced Wang Ling to Grand Commandant and granted him the credentials and battle-axe. Wang Ling and Linghu Yu secretly plotted together. Judging that the Prince of Qi was unfit for the heavenly throne, while Cao Biao, Prince of Chu, was mature and able, they wished to receive Cao Biao and set him up with his capital at Xuchang. In the ninth month of the first year of Jiaping, Linghu Yu sent his general Zhang Shi to Baima to exchange messages and visits with Cao Biao.

是時，凌外甥令狐愚以才能為兗州刺史，屯平阿。舅甥並典兵，專淮南之重。凌就遷為司空。司馬宣王既誅曹爽，進凌為太尉，假節鉞。凌、愚密協計，謂齊王不任天位，楚王彪長而才，欲迎立彪都許昌。嘉平元年九月，愚遣將張式至白馬，與彪相問往來。

Wang Ling also sent his retainer Lao Jing to Luoyang to tell his son Wang Guang. Wang Guang said, “Deposing and enthroning a ruler is a great matter. Do not be the first to bring on disaster.” In the eleventh month, Linghu Yu again sent Zhang Shi to Cao Biao, but before Zhang Shi returned, Linghu Yu happened to fall ill and die.

凌又遣舍人勞精詣洛陽，語子廣。廣言：「廢立大事，勿為禍先。」¹其十一月，愚復遣式詣彪，未還，會愚病死。²

In the second year, Mars lingered within the Southern Dipper. Wang Ling said, “There is a star within the Dipper; someone will suddenly rise to high rank.” In the spring of the third year, the Wu enemy blocked the Tu River. Wang Ling wanted to use this to launch his move; he put all the armies on high alert and submitted a memorial asking to attack the enemy, but an edict replied refusing permission. Wang Ling’s plotting grew ever deeper. He sent the general Yang Hong to tell Huang Hua, Inspector of Yan Province, of the plan to depose and enthrone; Huang Hua and Yang Hong reported it under their joint names to the Grand Tutor Sima Yi. Sima Yi led the central army by water to attack Wang Ling. He first issued an amnesty pardoning Wang Ling’s crime, and he also brought the Master of Writing Wang Guang east with him and had him write a letter to reason with Wang Ling, while the great army swept suddenly down to Baichi and pressed upon Wang Ling.

二年，熒惑守南斗，凌謂：「斗中有星，當有暴貴者。」¹三年春，吳賊塞塗水。凌欲因此發，大嚴諸軍，表求討賊；詔報不聽。凌陰謀滋甚，遣將軍楊弘以廢立事告兗州刺史黃華，華、弘連名以白太傅司馬宣王。宣王將中軍乘水道討凌，先下赦赦凌罪，又將尚書廣東，使為書喻凌，大軍掩至百尺逼凌。

Knowing that his position was hopeless, Wang Ling went out alone by boat to meet Sima Yi. He sent his clerk Wang Yu to apologize for his crime and to hand over his seal and ribbon, credentials and battle-axe. When the army reached Qiutou, Wang Ling presented himself at the water’s edge with his hands bound behind him. Sima Yi, acting on an imperial edict, sent his Registrar to untie him and restore his clothes; he then saw Wang Ling, consoled him, returned his seal and ribbon, credentials and axe, and sent six hundred foot and horse to escort him back to the capital. When Wang Ling reached Xiang, he took poison and died.

凌自知勢窮，乃乘船單出迎宣王，遣掾王彧謝罪，送印綬、節鉞。軍到丘頭，凌面縛水次。宣王承詔遣主簿解縛反服，見凌，慰勞之，還印綬、節鉞，遣步騎六百人送還京都。凌至項，飲藥死。¹

Sima Yi then went on to Shouchun. Zhang Shi and the others all gave themselves up, and the affair was investigated to the bottom. Cao Biao was granted death, and all who were implicated had their three sets of kin exterminated. The court deliberators all held that by the principles of the Spring and Autumn Annals, Cui Zhu of Qi and Guisheng of Zheng had both been punished after death, their corpses displayed and their coffins hacked apart, as recorded in the histories, and that the crimes of Wang Ling and Linghu Yu should be dealt with according to these old precedents. So the tombs of Wang Ling and Linghu Yu were opened, their coffins split, and their corpses exposed for three days in the nearest marketplace; their seals and ribbons and court robes were burned, and they were buried directly in the bare earth. Yang Hong and Huang Hua were advanced in rank to District Marquis. Wang Guang had lofty aims and valued learning and good conduct; when he died he was over forty.

宣王遂至壽春。張式等皆自首，乃窮治其事。彪賜死，諸相連者悉夷三族。¹朝議咸以為春秋之義，齊崔杼、鄭歸生皆加追戮，陳屍斫棺，載在方策。凌、愚罪宜如舊典。乃發凌、愚塚，剖棺，暴屍於所近市三日，燒其印綬、朝服，親土埋之。²進弘、華爵為鄉侯。廣有志尚學行，死時年四十餘。³

Guanqiu Jian

毌丘儉

Guanqiu Jian, courtesy name Zhonggong, was a man of Wenxi County in Hedong Commandery. His father Guanqiu Xing was Administrator of Wuwei during Huangchu; he attacked the rebellious and cherished the submissive, opened communications with the lands west of the Yellow River, and ranked in reputation next to Su Ze, Administrator of Jincheng. For his merit in attacking the rebel Zhang Jin and the rebellious Hu, he was enfeoffed as District Marquis of Gaoyang. He entered the court as Court Architect. Guanqiu Jian inherited his father’s rank and became Literary Scholar to the Marquis of Pingyuan. When Emperor Ming ascended the throne, he became a Gentleman of the Masters of Writing and was promoted to Supervisor of the Feathered Forest.

毌丘儉字仲恭，河東聞喜人也。父興，黃初中為武威太守，伐叛柔服，開通河右，名次金城太守蘇則。討賊張進及討叛胡有功，封高陽鄉侯。¹入為將作大匠。儉襲父爵，為平原侯文學。明帝即位，為尚書郎，遷羽林監。

As an old associate from the Eastern Palace, he was treated with great intimacy. He was sent out as Agricultural Commandant of Luoyang. At that time farmers were being taken to build palaces, and Guanqiu Jian submitted a memorial saying, “In my foolish view, what the realm must most urgently be rid of is the two bandits, and what it must most urgently attend to is food and clothing. If the two bandits are not destroyed and soldiers and people go hungry and cold, then however lofty and beautiful the palaces may be, they will be of no benefit.” He was promoted to Inspector of Jing Province.

以東宮之舊，甚見親待。出為洛陽典農。時取農民以治宮室，儉上疏曰：「臣愚以為天下所急除者二賊，所急務者衣食。誠使二賊不滅，士民飢凍，雖崇美宮室，猶無益也。」遷荊州刺史。

During Qinglong, the Emperor planned to attack Liaodong, and because Guanqiu Jian had ability and strategy, he transferred him to be Inspector of You Province with the added title of General Who Crosses the Liao, bearing imperial credentials, and Colonel Protector of the Wuhuan. Guanqiu Jian led the armies of You Province to Xiangping and camped at Liaosui. Koulou Dun, Chanyu of the Wuhuan of Youbeiping, and Huliu, Commander and King Who Leads the Multitude of the Wuhuan of Liaoxi, and others, who had formerly fled to Liaodong with Yuan Shang, surrendered at the head of more than five thousand followers.

青龍中，帝圖討遼東，以儉有幹策，徙為幽州刺史，加度遼將軍，使持節，護烏丸校尉。率幽州諸軍至襄平，屯遼隧。右北平烏丸單于寇婁敦、遼西烏丸都督率眾王護留等，昔隨袁尚奔遼東者，率眾五千餘人降。

Koulou Dun sent his younger brother Aluopan and others to the palace to pay court and present tribute. More than twenty of their chieftains were enfeoffed as marquises and kings and given carriages, horses and silks in varying amounts. Gongsun Yuan came out to meet Guanqiu Jian in battle; the fighting went badly, and Guanqiu Jian led his troops back. The next year the Emperor sent the Grand Commandant Sima Yi at the head of the central army and the forces of Guanqiu Jian and others, tens of thousands in all, to attack Gongsun Yuan, and Liaodong was pacified. For his merit Guanqiu Jian was advanced to Marquis of Anyi with a fief of 3,900 households.

寇婁敦遣弟阿羅槃等詣闕朝貢，封其渠率二十餘人為侯、王，賜輿馬繒採各有差。公孫淵逆與儉戰，不利，引還。明年，帝遣太尉司馬宣王統中軍及儉等眾數萬討淵，定遼東。儉以功進封安邑侯，食邑三千九百戶。

During Zhengshi, because Gaogouli repeatedly raided and rebelled, Guanqiu Jian led the armies, ten thousand foot and horse, out from Xuantu and attacked by several routes. Gong, King of Gouli, led twenty thousand foot and horse and advanced to the banks of the Feiliu River. They fought a great battle at Liangkou, and Gong was defeated and fled again and again. Guanqiu Jian then bound up his horses and slung his carts to cross the passes, climbed up to Wandu and put the Gouli capital to the sword, beheading and capturing men by the thousands. A Gouli minister of peizhe rank named Delai had repeatedly remonstrated with Gong, but Gong did not follow his advice.

正始中，儉以高句驪數侵叛，督諸軍步騎萬人出玄菟，從諸道討之。句驪王宮將步騎二萬人，進軍沸流水上，大戰梁口，¹宮連破走。儉遂束馬縣車，以登丸都，屠句驪所都，斬獲首虜以千數。句驪沛者名得來，數諫宮，²宮不從其言。

Delai sighed and said, “I shall soon see this land overgrown with weeds.” He then refused to eat and died, and the whole country regarded him as a worthy man. Guanqiu Jian ordered his armies not to damage Delai’s tomb or cut its trees, and when they captured his wife and children, he released them all. Gong fled into hiding with only his wife and children. Guanqiu Jian led his army back. In the sixth year he campaigned against him again, and Gong fled to Maigou. Guanqiu Jian sent Wang Qi, Administrator of Xuantu, in pursuit; Wang Qi passed more than a thousand li beyond Woju and reached the southern border of the Sushen, where he carved a stone to record the achievement, cutting an inscription on the mountain of Wandu and engraving one on the city of Bunai.

得來歎曰：「立見此地將生蓬蒿。」遂不食而死，舉國賢之。儉令諸軍不壞其墓，不伐其樹，得其妻子，皆放遣之。宮單將妻子逃竄。儉引軍還。六年，復征之，宮遂奔買溝。儉遣玄菟太守王頎追之，¹過沃沮千有餘里，至肅慎氏南界，刻石紀功，刊丸都之山，銘不耐之城。

In all, more than eight thousand people were put to death or taken in submission. Merit was assessed and rewards granted, and more than a hundred men were made marquises. He cut through mountains to irrigate the fields, and the people depended on the benefit.

諸所誅納八千餘口，論功受賞，侯者百餘人。穿山溉灌，民賴其利。

He was promoted to General of the Left, with credentials, Supervisor of all military affairs of Yu Province and concurrently Inspector of Yu Province, and was transferred to General Who Guards the South. When Zhuge Dan fought at Dongguan Pass and was defeated, Zhuge Dan and Guanqiu Jian were ordered to exchange posts: Zhuge Dan became General Who Guards the South and Commander of Yu Province, and Guanqiu Jian became General Who Guards the East and Commander of Yang Province. When the Wu Grand Tutor Zhuge Ke besieged Hefeixincheng, Guanqiu Jian and Wen Qin resisted him, and the Grand Commandant Sima Fu led the central army east to lift the siege, whereupon Zhuge Ke withdrew and went home.

遷左將軍，假節監豫州諸軍事，領豫州刺史，轉為鎮南將軍。諸葛誕戰於東關，不利，乃令誕、儉對換。誕為鎮南，都督豫州。儉為鎮東，都督揚州。吳太傅諸葛恪圍合肥新城，儉與文欽御之，太尉司馬孚督中軍東解圍，恪退還。

Earlier, Guanqiu Jian had been on close terms with Xiahou Xuan, Li Feng and others. Wen Qin, Inspector of Yang Province and General of the Van, came from the same town as Cao Shuang. He was valiant, bold, rough and fierce, and had many achievements in battle, but he liked to inflate the count of the enemies he had taken in hopes of favor and reward; most of his claims were not granted, and his resentment grew by the day. Guanqiu Jian, with a purpose in mind, treated Wen Qin generously, and the two became warm and close friends. Wen Qin in turn was grateful and gave him his heart without reservation. In the first month of the second year of Zhengyuan, a comet several tens of zhang long stretched across the sky to the northwest, rising from the celestial field of Wu and Chu.

初，儉與夏侯玄、李豐等厚善。揚州刺史前將軍文欽，曹爽之邑人也，驍果粗猛，數有戰功，好增虜獲，以徼寵賞，多不見許，怨恨日甚。儉以計厚待欽，情好歡洽。欽亦感戴，投心無貳。正元二年正月，有彗星數十丈，西北竟天，起於吳、楚之分。

Guanqiu Jian and Wen Qin rejoiced, taking it as a good omen for themselves. They then forged an edict of the Empress Dowager setting out the crimes of the Grand General Sima Shi (King Jing), circulated it to the commanderies and kingdoms, and raised troops in rebellion. They coerced the Huainan generals and those guarding the various outlying garrisons, as well as officials and commoners great and small, into the city of Shouchun, built an altar west of the city, smeared their lips with blood and swore an oath to take up arms. They assigned the old and weak to guard the city, while Guanqiu Jian and Wen Qin personally led fifty or sixty thousand troops across the Huai and west to Xiang. Guanqiu Jian held it firmly, while Wen Qin roamed outside as a mobile force.

儉、欽喜，以為己祥。遂矯太后詔，罪狀大將軍司馬景王，移諸郡國，舉兵反。迫脅淮南將守諸別屯者，及吏民大小，皆入壽春城，為壇於城西，歃血稱兵為盟，分老弱守城，儉、欽自將五六萬眾渡淮，西至項。儉堅守，欽在外為遊兵。¹

The Grand General led the armies of the capital and the provinces against them. He separately sent Zhuge Dan to lead the armies of Yu Province from Anfeng Ford to threaten Shouchun, and the General Who Conquers the East Hu Zun to lead the armies of Qing and Xu provinces out between Qiao and Song to cut off their line of retreat. The Grand General camped at Ruyang and had the Army Supervisor Wang Ji lead the vanguard to occupy Nandun and wait for them. He ordered all the armies to hold their walls firmly and not give battle. Guanqiu Jian and Wen Qin could find no battle if they advanced, and if they fell back they feared that Shouchun would be attacked and they could not return; at their wits’ end, they did not know what to do.

大將軍統中外軍討之，別使諸葛誕督豫州諸軍從安風津擬壽春，征東將軍胡遵督青、徐諸軍出於譙、宋之間，絕其歸路。大將軍屯汝陽，使監軍王基督前鋒諸軍據南頓以待之。令諸軍皆堅壁勿與戰。儉、欽進不得鬥，退恐壽春見襲，不得歸，計窮不知所為。

The officers and men of Huainan all had their families in the north, so morale collapsed and scattered and deserters followed one after another; only the farmers newly attached in Huainan served them. The Grand General sent Deng Ai, Inspector of Yan Province, with more than ten thousand men of the Taishan armies to Lejia, to feign weakness and lure them out, and the Grand General soon arrived himself from the Zhu. Wen Qin, not knowing this, came by night as expected, intending to attack Deng Ai and the others, but at daybreak he saw the great army’s troops and horses in full strength, and he drew back.

淮南將士，家皆在北，眾心沮散，降者相屬，惟淮南新附農民為之用。大將軍遣兗州刺史鄧艾督泰山諸軍萬餘人至樂嘉，示弱以誘之，大將軍尋自洙至。欽不知，果夜來欲襲艾等，會明，見大軍兵馬盛，乃引還。¹

The Grand General loosed his elite cavalry in pursuit and crushed him, and Wen Qin fled. That same day Guanqiu Jian heard that Wen Qin had been defeated, and in fear he fled by night, and his forces fell apart. By the time he reached Shen County, his attendants and soldiers were gradually abandoning him, and Guanqiu Jian hid alone in the grass by the water with his youngest brother Guanqiu Xiu and his grandson Guanqiu Zhong. Zhang Shu, a commoner under the Commandant of Anfeng Ford, came up and shot Guanqiu Jian dead, and his head was sent to the capital. Zhang Shu was made a marquis. Guanqiu Xiu and Guanqiu Zhong fled into Wu. The officers and men whom Guanqiu Jian and Wen Qin had coerced all came back and surrendered.

大將軍縱驍騎追擊，大破之，欽遁走。是日，儉聞欽戰敗，恐懼夜走，眾潰。比至慎縣，左右人兵稍棄儉去，儉獨與小弟秀及孫重藏水邊草中。安風津都尉部民張屬就射殺儉，傳首京都。屬封侯。秀、重走入吳。將士諸為儉、欽所迫脅者，悉歸降。¹

Guanqiu Jian’s son Guanqiu Dian was Attending Imperial Clerk for Documents. Having known beforehand that his father’s plot was about to break out, he slipped away in secret with his family and fled up Mount Ling in Xinan. A separate force attacked and took it, and Guanqiu Jian’s three sets of kin were exterminated.

儉子甸為治書侍御史，先時知儉謀將發，私出將家屬逃走新安靈山上。別攻下之，夷儉三族。¹

Wen Qin

文欽

Wen Qin fled into Wu, and Wu made him Protector-General, with credentials, Grand General Who Guards the North and Governor of You Province, and enfeoffed him as Marquis of Qiao.

欽亡入吳，吳以欽為都護、假節、鎮北大將軍、幽州牧、譙侯。¹

Zhuge Dan

諸葛誕

Zhuge Dan, courtesy name Gongxiu, was a man of Yangdu in Langya and a descendant of Zhuge Feng. At first he went from Gentleman of the Masters of Writing to Magistrate of Xingyang, then entered the court as a Gentleman of the Ministry of Personnel. Whenever someone recommended a person to him, he would make the recommendation public and act on it, and later, when it proved sound or unsound, he would discuss its merits and faults publicly and praise or blame the recommender accordingly. From then on every official took care over whom he recommended. He rose through successive posts to Palace Assistant Imperial Clerk and Master of Writing. He was on good terms with Xiahou Xuan, Deng Yang and others and won renown at court, and the whole capital was of one voice in acclaiming him.

諸葛誕字公休，琅邪陽都人，諸葛豐後也。初以尚書郎為滎陽令，¹入為吏部郎。人有所屬託，輒顯其言而承用之，後有當否，則公議其得失以為褒貶，自是群僚莫不慎其所舉。累遷御史中丞尚書，與夏侯玄、鄧颺等相善，收名朝廷，京都翕然。

Those who spoke on public affairs held that Zhuge Dan, Deng Yang and the others cultivated empty show and gathered hollow praise, a trend that must not be allowed to grow. Emperor Ming detested this and dismissed Zhuge Dan from office. Then the Emperor died, and at the beginning of Zhengshi, Xiahou Xuan and the others all held office. Zhuge Dan was again made Palace Assistant Imperial Clerk and Master of Writing, and was then sent out as Inspector of Yang Province with the added title of General Who Shows Martial Brilliance.

言事者以誕、颺等脩浮華，合虛譽，漸不可長。明帝惡之，免誕官。¹會帝崩，正始初，玄等並在職。復以誕為御史中丞尚書，出為揚州刺史，加昭武將軍。

At the time of Wang Ling’s plot, the Grand Tutor Sima Yi secretly led his army east and made Zhuge Dan General Who Guards the East, with credentials, Commander of all military affairs of Yang Province, and enfeoffed him as Neighborhood Marquis of Shanyang. When Zhuge Ke raised works at Dongguan Pass, Zhuge Dan was sent to lead the armies against him; he gave battle and was defeated. On his return he was moved to General Who Guards the South.

王凌之陰謀也，太傅司馬宣王潛軍東伐，以誕為鎮東將軍、假節都督揚州諸軍事，封山陽亭侯。諸葛恪興東關，遣誕督諸軍討之，與戰，不利。還，徙為鎮南將軍。

Later, when Guanqiu Jian and Wen Qin rebelled, they sent envoys to Zhuge Dan to call on the officials and people of Yu Province to join them. Zhuge Dan beheaded the envoys and issued an open proclamation to the realm, making known the wicked treason of Guanqiu Jian and Wen Qin. When the Grand General Sima Shi campaigned east, he had Zhuge Dan lead the armies of Yu Province across Anfeng Ford toward Shouchun. When Guanqiu Jian and Wen Qin were crushed, Zhuge Dan was the first to reach Shouchun. The more than one hundred thousand people in Shouchun, hearing that Guanqiu Jian and Wen Qin had been defeated and fearing execution, all broke open the city gates and fled, scattering into the mountains and marshes, some running off into Wu.

後毌丘儉、文欽反，遣使詣誕，招呼豫州士民。誕斬其使，露布天下，令知儉、欽凶逆。大將軍司馬景王東征，使誕督豫州諸軍，渡安風津向壽春。儉、欽之破也，誕先至壽春。壽春中十餘萬口，聞儉、欽敗，恐誅，悉破城門出，流迸山澤，或散走入吳。

Since Zhuge Dan had long served in Huainan, he was again made Grand General Who Guards the East with ceremonial equal to the Three Excellencies, and Commander of Yang Province. The Wu grand generals Sun Jun, Lü Ju, Liu Zan and others heard of the turmoil in Huainan, and as Wen Qin had just come over to them, they led their troops with Wen Qin straight to Shouchun. But Zhuge Dan’s armies had already arrived and the city could not be attacked, so they withdrew. Zhuge Dan sent the general Jiang Ban in pursuit; he beheaded Liu Zan, sent his head to the capital, and took his seal and credentials. Zhuge Dan was advanced to Marquis of Gaoping with a fief of 3,500 households and transferred to Grand General Who Conquers the East.

以誕久在淮南，乃復以為鎮東大將軍、儀同三司、都督揚州。吳大將孫峻、呂據、留贊等聞淮南亂，會文欽往，乃帥眾將欽徑至壽春；時誕諸軍已至，城不可攻，乃走。誕遣將軍蔣班追擊之，斬贊，傳首，收其印節。進封高平侯，邑三千五百戶，轉為征東大將軍。

Zhuge Dan had been very close to Xiahou Xuan, Deng Yang and the others, and he had seen Wang Ling and Guanqiu Jian exterminated one after the other, so he was afraid and could not feel secure. He emptied his treasuries to hand out relief and largesse and so bind men’s hearts to him, and generously maintained several thousand of his close adherents and the reckless knights-errant of Yang Province as men sworn to die for him. In the winter of the first year of Ganlu, when the Wu enemy was about to advance on Xu’e, Zhuge Dan reckoned that the troops and horses under his command were enough to meet them, yet he asked for a further hundred thousand troops to guard Shouchun and also requested to build a city on the Huai as a defense against the invaders; inwardly he wished to hold Huainan for himself.

誕既與玄、颺等至親，又王凌、毌丘儉累見夷滅，懼不自安，傾帑藏振施以結眾心，厚養親附及揚州輕俠者數千人為死士。¹甘露元年冬，吳賊欲向徐堨，計誕所督兵馬足以待之，而復請十萬眾守壽春，又求臨淮築城以備寇，內欲保有淮南。

The court had some inkling that Zhuge Dan harbored suspicions about his own position, but since he was an old minister, it wished to bring him into the capital and take his measure. In the fifth month of the second year he was summoned to be Minister of Works. On receiving the edict Zhuge Dan grew still more afraid, and he rebelled. He summoned his generals together and went out in person to attack Yue Chen, Inspector of Yang Province, and killed him. He gathered more than a hundred thousand government troops from the military colonies of the commanderies and counties of Huainan and Huaibei, together with forty or fifty thousand able-bodied men newly attached in Yang Province, amassed grain enough to feed them for a year, and shut the city gates to defend himself.

朝廷微知誕有自疑心，以誕舊臣，欲入度之。二年五月，徵為司空。誕被詔書，愈恐，遂反。召會諸將，自出攻揚州刺史樂綝，殺之。¹斂淮南及淮北郡縣屯田口十餘萬官兵，揚州新附勝兵者四五萬人，聚穀足一年食，閉城自守。

He sent his Chief Clerk Wu Gang with his youngest son Zhuge Jing to Wu to ask for help. The people of Wu were overjoyed and sent the generals Quan Yi, Quan Duan, Tang Zi, Wang Zuo and others with thirty thousand troops to come secretly with Wen Qin in support of Zhuge Dan. They made Zhuge Dan Protector-General of the Left, with credentials, Grand Minister over the Masses, General of Agile Cavalry and Governor of Qing Province, and enfeoffed him as Marquis of Shouchun. At this time the General Who Guards the South Wang Ji had only just arrived and was leading the armies to surround Shouchun, but the encirclement was not yet closed. Tang Zi, Wen Qin and the others, coming from the northeast of the city and taking advantage of the hills and rough ground, managed to break into the city with their troops.

遣長史吳綱將小子靚至吳請救。¹吳人大喜，遣將全懌、全端、唐咨、王祚等，率三萬眾，密與文欽俱來應誕。以誕為左都護、假節、大司徒、驃騎將軍、青州牧、壽春侯。是時鎮南將軍王基始至，督諸軍圍壽春，未合。咨、欽等從城東北，因山乘險，得將其眾突入城。

In the sixth month the imperial carriage set out on campaign to the east and reached Xiang. The Grand General Sima Zhao (King Wen) led the armies of the capital and the provinces, 260,000 strong, to the Huai to attack him. The Grand General camped at Qiutou. He had Wang Ji, the General Who Pacifies the East Chen Qian and others close the encirclement on all four sides, in a double ring facing inward and outward, with very steep trenches and ramparts. He also had the Army Supervisor Shi Bao, the Inspector of Yan Province Zhou Tai and others pick elite troops as a mobile force to guard against invaders from outside. Wen Qin and the others sallied out several times against the siege lines, but were met and driven back.

六月，車駕東征，至項。大將軍司馬文王督中外諸軍二十六萬眾，臨淮討之。大將軍屯丘頭。使基及安東將軍陳騫等四面合圍，表裡再重，塹壘甚峻。又使監軍石苞、兗州刺史州泰等，簡銳卒為遊軍，備外寇。欽等數出犯圍，逆擊走之。

The Wu general Zhu Yi twice came with a large force to relieve Zhuge Dan and the others, crossing the Lijiang River, but Zhou Tai and the others met him in battle and each time broke his vanguard. Sun Chen, angered that Zhu Yi fought without advancing, put him to death. Food in the city grew ever scarcer, outside relief did not arrive, and the defenders had nothing to rely on. The generals Jiang Ban and Jiao Yi, both Zhuge Dan’s trusted aides and planners, abandoned him, climbed over the wall and came over of their own accord to the Grand General. The Grand General then used double agents and won over Quan Yi and the others with an unexpected stratagem, and Quan Yi and the others led several thousand men out through the gates. The city was shaken with fear and did not know what to do.

吳將朱異再以大眾來迎誕等，渡黎漿水，泰等逆與戰，每摧其鋒。孫綝以異戰不進，怒而殺之。城中食轉少，外救不至，眾無所恃。將軍蔣班、焦彝，皆誕爪牙計事者也，棄誕，逾城自歸大將軍。¹大將軍乃使反間，以奇變說全懌等，懌等率眾數千人開門來出。城中震懼，不知所為。

In the first month of the third year, Zhuge Dan, Wen Qin, Tang Zi and the others built siege engines on a large scale and attacked the southern siege lines day and night for five or six days, trying to break out. The armies on the siege lines, shooting down from the heights with catapults and fire arrows, met the siege engines and burned them to pieces; crossbow bolts and stones fell like rain, the dead and wounded covered the ground, and blood ran until it filled the trenches. The attackers went back into the city. Food inside was running out, and those who surrendered and came out numbered in the tens of thousands. Wen Qin wanted to send out all the northerners to save food and hold out firmly with the men of Wu, but Zhuge Dan would not agree, and from this they quarreled and resented each other.

三年正月，誕、欽、咨等大為攻具，晝夜五六日攻南圍，欲決圍而出。¹圍上諸軍，臨高以發石車火箭逆燒破其攻具，弩矢及石雨下，死傷者蔽地，血流盈塹。復還入城，城內食轉竭，降出者數萬口。欽欲盡出北方人，省食，與吳人堅守，誕不聽，由是爭恨。

Wen Qin had long been at odds with Zhuge Dan, and the two had joined only out of calculation; as matters grew urgent, their suspicion of each other deepened. When Wen Qin came to see Zhuge Dan to discuss affairs, Zhuge Dan killed him. Wen Qin’s sons Wen Yang and Wen Hu were commanding troops in the small city; hearing of their father’s death, they marshaled their troops and rushed to him, but the troops would not follow them. Wen Yang and Wen Hu fled alone, climbed out over the wall, and came over of their own accord to the Grand General. The army officers asked that they be executed, but the Grand General issued an order saying, “Wen Qin’s crime is beyond what even death can answer for, and his sons certainly deserve to be put to death. But Wen Yang and Wen Hu have come to submit in their desperation, and the city has not yet fallen; to kill them would only harden the resolve of those inside.”

欽素與誕有隙，徒以計合，事急愈相疑。欽見誕計事，誕遂殺欽。欽子鴦及虎將兵在小城中，聞欽死，勒兵馳赴之，眾不為用。鴦、虎單走，逾城出，自歸大將軍。軍吏請誅之，大將軍令曰：「欽之罪不容誅，其子固應當戮，然鴦、虎以窮歸命，且城未拔，殺之是堅其心也。」

He therefore pardoned Wen Yang and Wen Hu and had them lead several hundred horsemen galloping around the city, calling out to those inside, “Even Wen Qin’s sons were not put to death—what do the rest of you have to fear?” He memorialized that Wen Yang and Wen Hu be made generals, and each was granted the rank of Marquis Within the Passes. Those in the city were glad and yet unsettled, and they grew hungrier and more exhausted by the day; Zhuge Dan, Tang Zi and the others were at the end of their wits and strength. The Grand General then came to the siege lines in person and advanced his troops on all four sides; drums rolled and shouts rose as they scaled the walls all at once, and no one inside dared to move.

乃赦鴦、虎，使將兵數百騎馳巡城，呼語城內云：「文欽之子猶不見殺，其餘何懼？」表鴦、虎為將軍，各賜爵關內侯。城內喜且擾，又日飢困，誕、咨等智力窮。大將軍乃自臨圍，四面進兵，同時鼓譟登城，城內無敢動者。

Zhuge Dan, in desperate straits, rode out alone on horseback leading his personal troops and broke out through the gate of the small city. The troops of Hu Fen, Major to the Grand General, met and attacked him, beheaded Zhuge Dan and sent his head to the capital, and his three sets of kin were exterminated. Several hundred of Zhuge Dan’s personal troops were beheaded for refusing to surrender, and every one of them said, “To die for Lord Zhuge is no regret.” That is how he had won men’s hearts. Tang Zi, Wang Zuo and the lesser generals all surrendered with their hands bound behind them; there were ten thousand Wu troops, and weapons and military stores were piled up like mountains.

誕窘急，單乘馬，將其麾下突小城門出。大將軍司馬胡奮部兵逆擊，斬誕，傳首，夷三族。誕麾下數百人，坐不降見斬，皆曰：「為諸葛公死，不恨。」其得人心如此。¹唐咨、王祚及諸裨將皆面縛降，吳兵萬眾，器仗軍實山積。

When Shouchun was first besieged, most of those in council wanted to attack it quickly, but the Grand General held, “The city is strong and its defenders are many. If we attack, our strength will surely be spent, and if invaders come from outside we shall face enemies within and without—that is the path of danger. Now the three rebels are gathered together in an isolated city; perhaps Heaven means to have them all put to death together. I shall hold them fast with a plan that keeps us whole, and we can subdue them sitting still.” Zhuge Dan rebelled in the fifth month of the second year and was crushed and destroyed in the second month of the third year.

初圍壽春，議者多欲急攻之，大將軍以為：「城固而眾多，攻之必力屈，若有外寇，表裡受敵，此危道也。今三叛相聚於孤城之中，天其或者將使同就戮，吾當以全策縻之，可坐而制也。」誕以二年五月反，三年二月破滅。

The six armies kept their armor stowed and did not strike, only digging deep trenches and raising high ramparts, and Zhuge Dan wore himself out, so that in the end he was overcome without the trouble of an assault. When Shouchun had fallen, some in council again argued that Huainan had rebelled time and again, and that the Wu troops had their families south of the Yangzi and could not be let go, so all of them should be buried alive. The Grand General held that in the use of arms in ancient times, keeping a state intact was the highest aim, and only the chief culprits were put to death; if the Wu troops managed to escape home, that would serve precisely to show the magnanimity of the Central States. Not one was killed; they were distributed among the commanderies near the Sanhe region and settled there in peace.

六軍按甲，深溝高壘，而誕自困，竟不煩攻而克。¹及破壽春，議者又以為淮南仍為叛逆，吳兵室家在江南，不可縱，宜悉坑之。大將軍以為古之用兵，全國為上，戮其元惡而已。吳兵就得亡還，適可以示中國之弘耳。一無所殺，分布三河近郡以安處之。

Tang Zi

唐咨

Tang Zi was originally a man of Licheng. During Huangchu, Licheng Commandery rebelled, killed its Administrator Xu Ji, and made Tang Zi its leader. Emperor Wen sent armies that attacked and crushed them; Tang Zi fled out to sea and finally escaped to Wu, where he rose to General of the Left, was enfeoffed as a marquis, and bore credentials. When Zhuge Dan and Wen Qin were cut down, Tang Zi too was taken alive; all three rebels had been captured, and the realm rejoiced. Tang Zi was appointed General Who Pacifies Distant Lands, and the other lesser generals were all given titles and positions, so that the men of Wu were pleased and submitted willingly.

唐咨本利城人。黃初中，利城郡反，殺太守徐箕，推咨為主。文帝遣諸軍討破之，咨走入海，遂亡至吳，官至左將軍，封侯、持節。誕、欽屠戮，咨亦生禽，三叛皆獲，天下快焉。¹拜咨安遠將軍，其餘裨將咸假號位，吳眾悅服。

Jiangdong was moved by this, and none of their families were put to death there. As for the generals, officials, soldiers and people of Huainan who had been coerced or carried off by Zhuge Dan, only the ringleaders of the revolt were executed, and all the rest were pardoned. Wen Yang and Wen Hu were allowed to recover Wen Qin’s body, and were given a cart and oxen to carry it for burial in the old family tomb.

江東感之，皆不誅其家。其淮南將吏士民諸為誕所脅略者，惟誅其首逆，餘皆赦之。聽鴦、虎收斂欽喪，給其車牛，致葬舊墓。¹

Deng Ai

鄧艾

Deng Ai, courtesy name Shizai, was a man of Jiyang in Yiyang. He lost his father when he was young. When Taizu took Jing Province, Deng Ai was moved to Runan, where he raised calves as a farmer. At twelve he went with his mother to Yingchuan and read the inscription on the stele of the late Chief of Taiqiu, Chen Shi, which said, “His writing was a model for his age, his conduct a rule for scholars.” Deng Ai thereupon took the name Fan (“model”) and the courtesy name Shize (“rule for scholars”). Later, because some members of his clan bore the same names, he changed them. He became a student under the Commandant, but because he stammered he could not be made a clerical assistant.

鄧艾字士載，義陽棘陽人也。少孤，太祖破荊州，徙汝南，為農民養犢。年十二，隨母至潁川，讀故太丘長陳寔碑文，言「文為世範，行為士則」，艾遂自名範，字士則。後宗族有與同者，故改焉。為都尉學士，以口吃，不得作幹佐。

He became a clerk in charge of guarding the grass of the rice paddies. The father of a fellow clerk from the same commandery pitied his family’s poverty and helped him very generously, but at first Deng Ai did not thank him. Whenever he saw high mountains or great marshes, he would take their measure and point out where army camps should be placed, and many people of the time laughed at him. Later he became Registrar to the Agricultural Commandant and went to the capital as an Accounts Clerk, and on that mission he met the Grand Commandant Sima Yi. Sima Yi thought him remarkable, summoned him to be a clerk on his staff, and promoted him to Gentleman of the Masters of Writing.

為稻田守叢草吏。同郡吏父憐其家貧，資給甚厚，艾初不稱謝。每見高山大澤，輒規度指畫軍營處所，時人多笑焉。後為典農綱紀，上計吏，因使見太尉司馬宣王。宣王奇之，辟之為掾，¹遷尚書郎。

At that time the court wished to expand the farmland and store up grain as a resource for destroying the rebels, and it sent Deng Ai to inspect the region from Chen and Xiang eastward to Shouchun. Deng Ai judged, “The fields are good but the water is scarce, not enough to make full use of the land. Canals should be opened to draw water for irrigation; then army provisions can be stored in great quantity, and a route for water transport will also be opened.” He then wrote the Jihe Lun to set out his purpose. He further judged, “In the past, after the Yellow Turbans were crushed, military farms were set up on that basis, and grain was stored at the capital Xu to control the four quarters.

時欲廣田畜谷，為滅賊資，使艾行陳、項已東至壽春。艾以為「田良水少，不足以盡地利，宜開河渠，可以引水澆溉，大積軍糧，又通運漕之道。」乃著濟河論以喻其指。又以為「昔破黃巾，因為屯田，積穀於許都以制四方。

Now three sides are already settled, and the task lies in Huainan. Every time the great army sets out on campaign, more than half the troops are taken up with transport, the labor and expense run to hundreds of millions, and it becomes a heavy burden. Between Chen and Cai the land is low and the fields are good. The rice paddies around Xuchang can be reduced, and the water combined and sent flowing east. If twenty thousand men are stationed north of the Huai and thirty thousand south of the Huai, divided into twelve shifts that take turns resting, there will always be forty thousand men on hand, farming and guarding at once. With plentiful water the harvest will regularly be three times that of the west; reckoning after all expenses, five million hu will be left over each year as military supplies.

今三隅已定，事在淮南，每大軍征舉，運兵過半，功費巨億，以為大役。陳、蔡之間，土下田良，可省許昌左右諸稻田，並水東下。令淮北屯二萬人，淮南三萬人，十二分休，常有四萬人，且田且守。水豐常收三倍於西，計除眾費，歲完五百萬斛以為軍資。

In six or seven years thirty million hu can be stored along the Huai—enough to feed a host of a hundred thousand for five years. If we use this to fall upon Wu, we will prevail wherever we go.” Sima Yi (King Xuan) approved, and all of it was put into effect. In the second year of Zhengshi the transport canals were opened and widened. Thereafter, whenever there was trouble in the southeast, the great army raised its forces and floated downstream by boat to the Yangzi and the Huai, with stores of provisions and no harm from floods. This was what Deng Ai had established.

六七年間，可積三千萬斛於淮上，此則十萬之眾五年食也。以此乘吳，無往而不克矣。」宣王善之，事皆施行。正始二年，乃開廣漕渠，每東南有事，大軍興眾，汎舟而下，達於江、淮，資食有儲而無水害，艾所建也。

He went out to serve as Adviser to the Army of the General Who Conquers the West and was promoted to Prefect of Nanan. In the first year of Jiaping, together with Guo Huai, General Who Conquers the West, he resisted Jiang Wei, Lieutenant General of Shu. When Jiang Wei withdrew, Guo Huai took the chance to strike west at the Qiang. Deng Ai said, “The rebels have not gone far and may come back. The armies should be divided to guard against the unexpected.” So Deng Ai was left to garrison north of the Baishui. Three days later Jiang Wei sent Liao Hua to build a camp south of the Baishui facing Deng Ai. Deng Ai said to his officers, “Jiang Wei has suddenly come back. Our army is small, so by the rules of war he ought to come across, yet he is not building bridges.

出參征西軍事，遷南安太守。嘉平元年，與征西將軍郭淮拒蜀偏將軍姜維。維退，淮因西擊羌。艾曰：「賊去未遠，或能復還，宜分諸軍以備不虞。」於是留艾屯白水北。三日，維遣廖化自白水南向艾結營。艾謂諸將曰：「維今卒還，吾軍人少，法當來渡而不作橋。

This is Jiang Wei having Liao Hua pin us down so that we cannot go back. Jiang Wei is sure to come from the east to take Taocheng by surprise.” Taocheng lay north of the river, sixty li from Deng Ai's camp. Deng Ai at once moved his army secretly by night straight there. Jiang Wei did indeed come across, but Deng Ai had arrived first and held the city, and so he was not defeated. He was granted the rank of Marquis Within the Passes, given the additional title General Who Suppresses Bandits, and later promoted to Prefect of Chengyang.

此維使化持吾，令不得還。維必自東襲取洮城。」洮城在水北，去艾屯六十里。艾即夜潛軍徑到，維果來渡，而艾先至據城，得以不敗。賜爵關內侯，加討寇將軍，後遷城陽太守。

At this time Liu Bao, Worthy King of the Right in Bing Province, merged the divisions into a single one. Deng Ai submitted a statement: “The Rong and Di have the hearts of beasts and are not drawn close by righteousness. When strong they invade and plunder; when weak they submit from within. Thus King Xuan of Zhou suffered the raids of the Xianyun, and Emperor Gaozu of Han endured the siege at Pingcheng. Each time the Xiongnu grew strong, they became a grave affliction to earlier dynasties. While the chanyu was outside, no one could restrain Changbei, so the chanyu was lured and brought in to serve at court. From then on the Qiang and Yi lost their leadership, gathering and scattering with no master.

是時并州右賢王劉豹並為一部，艾上言曰：戎狄獸心，不以義親，強則侵暴，弱則內附，故周宣有玁狁之寇，漢祖有平城之圍。每匈奴一盛，為前代重患。自單于在外，莫能牽制長卑。誘而致之，使來入侍。由是羌夷失統，合散無主。

With the chanyu inside, ten thousand li kept to the proper track. Now the chanyu's eminence grows more remote by the day while the might of the outer lands steadily grows heavier, so we cannot fail to guard deeply against the barbarians. I hear that there are rebellious Hu within Liu Bao's division; we should use the rebellion to split it into two states and so divide its strength. Qubei's merit was conspicuous under the former dynasty, yet his son has not carried on his work. We should confer a distinguished title on his son and have him reside in Yanmen. Dividing the state to weaken the raiders, and recalling and recording old merit—this is a long-term plan for defending the frontier.”

以單于在內，萬里順軌。今單于之尊日疏，外土之威浸重，則胡虜不可不深備也。聞劉豹部有叛胡，可因叛割為二國，以分其勢。去卑功顯前朝，而子不繼業，宜加其子顯號，使居雁門。離國弱寇，追錄舊勳，此禦邊長計也。

He also stated, “Those of the Qiang and Hu who live among the common people should gradually be moved out and settled beyond the people, and the teaching of integrity and shame should be exalted to block the road of treachery and villainy.” The Grand General Sima Shi, King Jing, who had just taken up the government as regent, adopted much of this. Deng Ai was transferred to Prefect of Runan. On arrival he sought out the clerk's father who had once treated him so generously, but the man had long since died. He sent a clerk to offer sacrifices, gave the mother generous gifts, and recommended the son as an accounts officer. Wherever Deng Ai went, wasteland was opened up and both soldiers and people prospered.

又陳：“羌胡與民同處者，宜以漸出之，使居民表崇廉恥之教，塞姦宄之路。”大將軍司馬景王新輔政，多納用焉。遷汝南太守，至則尋求昔所厚己吏父，久已死，遣吏祭之，重遺其母，舉其子與計吏。艾所在，荒野開闢，軍民並豐。

Zhuge Ke besieged the new city of Hefei, failed to take it, and withdrew home. Deng Ai said to Sima Shi, “Sun Quan is dead, and the great ministers have not yet given their allegiance. The eminent clans and great families of Wu all have their own retainer troops; relying on their soldiers and trusting in their power, they are able to set up commands of their own. Zhuge Ke has newly taken charge of the state's government, yet there is no real ruler within. Instead of caring for those above and below to lay a firm foundation, he has vied in foreign affairs and used his people cruelly. He threw the whole host of the state against a strong city and was stopped there; the dead numbered in the tens of thousands, and he came back laden with disaster. This is the day Zhuge Ke will be brought to account.

諸葛恪圍合肥新城，不克，退歸。艾言景王曰：「孫權已沒，大臣未附，吳名宗大族，皆有部曲，阻兵仗勢，足以建命。恪新秉國政，而內無其主，不念撫恤上下以立根基，競於外事，虐用其民，悉國之眾，頓於堅城，死者萬數，載禍而歸，此恪獲罪之日也。

In the past Wu Zixu, Wu Qi, Shang Yang, and Yue Yi were all trusted by the rulers of their day, yet when their masters died they were ruined. How much more so Zhuge Ke, whose talents fall short of those four worthies and who gives no thought to great danger—his downfall need only be waited for.” When Zhuge Ke returned home he was indeed put to death. Deng Ai was promoted to Inspector of Yan Province with the additional title General Who Spreads Awe. He submitted a statement: “What the state urgently needs is only farming and war. When the state is rich the army is strong, and when the army is strong it wins its battles. But farming is the root of victory. Confucius said, ‘Enough food, enough arms’—food comes before arms.

昔子胥、吳起、商鞅、樂毅皆見任時君，主沒而敗。況恪才非四賢，而不慮大患，其亡可待也。」恪歸，果見誅。遷兗州刺史，加振威將軍。上言曰：「國之所急，惟農與戰，國富則兵強，兵強則戰勝。然農者，勝之本也。孔子曰『足食足兵』，食在兵前也。

If those above offer no rank as encouragement, those below will make no effort to store up wealth. If the rewards for evaluating merit are now based on accumulating grain and enriching the people, then the road of social climbing will be cut off and the source of empty show will be blocked.”

上無設爵之勸，則下無財畜之功。今使考績之賞，在於積粟富民，則交遊之路絕，浮華之原塞矣。」

When the Duke of Gaogui District ascended the throne, Deng Ai was advanced in fief to Marquis of Fangcheng Village. When Guanqiu Jian rebelled, he sent swift runners bearing letters, hoping to sow doubt and confusion among the populace; Deng Ai beheaded them, pressed forward by forced marches, hurried ahead to Lejiacheng, and built a pontoon bridge. When Sima Shi arrived, he took up his position there. Wen Qin, arriving late, was defeated by the great army below the city, and Deng Ai pursued him as far as Qiutou. Wen Qin fled to Wu. When Sun Jun, Grand General of Wu, and others, claiming a host of a hundred thousand, were about to cross the Yangzi, Zhuge Dan, General Who Guards the East, sent Deng Ai to hold Feiyang. Judging that it was far from the enemy's line of advance and not a strategic point, Deng Ai moved his camp on his own authority to Futing, and sent Zhuge Xu, Prefect of Taishan, and others to resist at Lijiang, and they drove the enemy off.

高貴鄉公即尊位，進封方城亭侯。毌丘儉作亂，遣健步齎書，欲疑惑大眾，艾斬之，兼道進軍，先趣樂嘉城，作浮橋。司馬景王至，遂據之。文欽以後大軍破敗於城下，艾追之至丘頭。欽奔吳。吳大將軍孫峻等號十萬眾，將渡江，鎮東將軍諸葛誕遣艾據肥陽，艾以與賊勢相遠，非要害之地，輒移屯附亭，遣泰山太守諸葛緒等於黎漿拒戰，遂走之。

That year he was summoned and appointed Colonel of the Changshui Garrison. For his merit in defeating Wen Qin and the others, he was advanced in fief to Marquis of Fangcheng District and made acting General Who Pacifies the West. He relieved the siege of Wang Jing, Inspector of Yong Province, at Didao, and when Jiang Wei withdrew to garrison Zhongti, Deng Ai was made General Who Pacifies the West, granted the credentials, and put in charge as Colonel Protector of the Eastern Qiang. Most of those in the discussion thought that Jiang Wei's strength was spent and that he could not come out again. Deng Ai said, “The defeat west of the Tao was no small loss. Our army was broken and its general killed, the granaries are empty, and the people are scattered and homeless; we came close to ruin.

其年徵拜長水校尉。以破欽等功，進封方城鄉侯，行安西將軍。解雍州刺史王經圍於狄道，姜維退駐鍾提，乃以艾為安西將軍，假節、領護東羌校尉。議者多以為維力已竭，未能更出。艾曰：洮西之敗，非小失也；破軍殺將，倉廩空虛，百姓流離，幾於危亡。

Weighing it now by strategy: they have the momentum of victory, while we are in fact weak—that is the first point. Their high and low are used to one another and their five kinds of weapons are sharp, while our generals have changed, our troops are new, and our arms have not yet been replenished—that is the second. They travel by boat and we march overland, so our labors are unequal—that is the third. Didao, Longxi, Nanan, and Mount Qi must each be held; they concentrate as one while we are split into four—that is the fourth. Coming by way of Nanan and Longxi they can eat the grain of the Qiang, and if they head for Mount Qi there are a thousand qing of ripe wheat hanging there as bait for them—that is the fifth. The rebels are cunning in their calculations; they are sure to come.”

今以策言之，彼有乘勝之勢，我有虛弱之實，一也。彼上下相習，五兵犀利，我將易兵新，器杖未復，二也。彼以船行，吾以陸軍，勞逸不同，三也。狄道、隴西、南安、祁山，各當有守，彼專為一，我分為四，四也。從南安、隴西，因食羌谷，若趣祁山，熟麥千頃，為之縣餌，五也。賊有黠數，其來必矣。

Before long Jiang Wei did head for Mount Qi, but hearing that Deng Ai was already prepared, he turned back and made for Nanan by way of Dongting. Deng Ai took position on Mount Wucheng to hold him off. Jiang Wei contested the strongpoints with Deng Ai but could not prevail; that night he crossed the Wei River, went east, and followed the mountains toward Shanggui. Deng Ai fought him at Duan Valley and routed him. In the first year of Ganlu an edict said, “The treacherous rebel Jiang Wei has been cunning year after year, stirring up the people and the Yi so that the western lands have had no peace. Deng Ai has planned with skill and roused his loyalty and courage; he has beheaded more than ten generals and taken heads by the thousand. The might of the state has shaken Ba and Shu, and the fame of our arms has spread along the Yangzi and the Min.

頃之，維果向祁山，聞艾已有備，乃回從董亭趣南安，艾據武城山以相持。維與艾爭險，不克，其夜，渡渭東行，緣山趣上邽，艾與戰於段谷，大破之。甘露元年詔曰：「逆賊姜維連年狡黠，民夷騷動，西土不寧。艾籌畫有方，忠勇奮發，斬將十數，馘首千計；國威震於巴、蜀，武聲揚於江、岷。

Deng Ai is hereby made General Who Guards the West and Commander of all military affairs in Longyou, and advanced in fief to Marquis of Deng. Five hundred households are to be divided off to enfeoff his son Deng Zhong as a village marquis.” In the second year he resisted Jiang Wei at Changcheng, and Jiang Wei withdrew. He was promoted to General Who Conquers the West; with additions before and after, his fief came to six thousand six hundred households in all.

今以艾為鎮西將軍、都督隴右諸軍事，進封鄧侯。分五百戶封子忠為亭侯。」二年，拒姜維於長城，維退還。遷征西將軍，前後增邑凡六千六百戶。

In the third year of Jingyuan he again defeated Jiang Wei at Houhe, and Jiang Wei fell back to hold Tazhong. In autumn of the fourth year an edict ordered the armies to campaign against Shu. The Grand General Sima Zhao, King Wen, directed all their operations: Deng Ai was to engage Jiang Wei and keep him tied down, while Zhuge Xu, Inspector of Yong Province, was to intercept Jiang Wei so that he could not return. Deng Ai sent Wang Qi, Prefect of Tianshui, and others to attack Jiang Wei's camp directly, Qian Hong, Prefect of Longxi, and others to block his front, and Yang Xin, Prefect of Jincheng, and others to go to Gansong.

景元三年，又破維於侯和，維卻保沓中。四年秋，詔諸軍征蜀，大將軍司馬文王皆指授節度，使艾與維相綴連；雍州刺史諸葛緒要維，令不得歸。艾遣天水太守王頎等直攻維營，隴西太守牽弘等邀其前，金城太守楊欣等詣甘松。

Hearing that Zhong Hui's armies had already entered Hanzhong, Jiang Wei withdrew. Yang Xin and the others pursued him to Qiangchuankou and fought a great battle, and Jiang Wei was defeated and fled. Hearing that the Yong Province forces had already blocked the road and were camped at Qiaotou, Jiang Wei entered the northern road from Konghan Valley, intending to come out behind the Yong Province army. When Zhuge Xu heard this, he pulled back thirty li. Jiang Wei had gone more than thirty li along the northern road when he heard that Zhuge Xu's army had pulled back; he at once turned around and passed through Qiaotou. Zhuge Xu hurried to cut him off but was a day too late.

維聞鍾會諸軍已入漢中，引退還。欣等追躡於強川口，大戰，維敗走。聞雍州已塞道屯橋頭，從孔函谷入北道，欲出雍州後。諸葛緒聞之，卻還三十里。維入北道三十餘里，聞緒軍卻，尋還，從橋頭過，緒趣截維，較一日不及。

Jiang Wei then drew back east and returned to hold Jiange. Zhong Hui attacked Jiang Wei but could not overcome him. Deng Ai submitted a proposal: “Now that the rebels have been broken, we should press our advantage. If we go from Yinping by a byway through the Han's Deyang Pavilion and head for Fu, we will come out a hundred li west of Jiange, some three hundred li from Chengdu, and a surprise force can strike at their heart. If the defenders of Jiange turn back to rush to Fu, Zhong Hui can advance with chariots abreast; if the army at Jiange does not turn back, the troops answering at Fu will be few.

維遂東引，還守劍閣。鍾會攻維未能克。艾上言：「今賊摧折，宜遂乘之，從陰平由邪徑經漢德陽亭趣涪，出劍閣西百里，去成都三百餘里，奇兵衝其腹心。劍閣之守必還赴涪，則會方軌而進；劍閣之軍不還，則應涪之兵寡矣。

The Military Record says, ‘Attack where they are unprepared; go where they do not expect.’ If we now fall upon their empty places, we are sure to defeat them.”

軍誌有之曰：『攻其無備，出其不意。』今掩其空虛，破之必矣。」

In winter, the tenth month, Deng Ai marched from the Yinping road through more than seven hundred li of uninhabited land, cutting through mountains to open a road and building bridges and plank walkways. The mountains were high and the valleys deep, extremely perilous, and the grain supply was about to run out; again and again they were in danger. Deng Ai wrapped himself in felt and rolled his way down. His officers and men all clung to trees and edged along cliffs, advancing in single file like strung fish. They reached Jiangyou first, and Ma Miao, the Shu general defending it, surrendered. Zhuge Zhan, General of the Guards of Shu, came back from Fu to Mianzhu and drew up his lines to await Deng Ai.

冬十月，艾自陰平道行無人之地七百餘里，鑿山通道，造作橋閣。山高谷深，至為艱險，又糧運將匱，頻於危殆。艾以氈自裹，推轉而下。將士皆攀木緣崖，魚貫而進。先登至江由，蜀守將馬邈降。蜀衛將軍諸葛瞻自涪還綿竹，列陳待艾。

Deng Ai sent his son Deng Zhong, Marquis of Huitang Village, and others out on the right, and his Major Shi Zuan and others out on the left. Deng Zhong and Shi Zuan fought without success, both fell back, and said, “The rebels cannot be attacked.” Deng Ai said in fury, “Survival or ruin will be decided in this one stroke—what do you mean it cannot be done?” He berated Deng Zhong, Shi Zuan, and the others and was about to behead them. Deng Zhong and Shi Zuan galloped back and fought again, routed the enemy, and took the heads of Zhuge Zhan, the Master of Writing Zhang Zun, and others, and Deng Ai advanced to Luo. Liu Shan sent envoys bearing the imperial seal and ribbon and wrote a letter to Deng Ai asking to surrender.

艾遣子惠唐亭侯忠等出其右，司馬師纂等出其左。忠、纂戰不利，並退還，曰：「賊未可擊。」艾怒曰：「存亡之分，在此一舉，何不可之有？」乃叱忠、纂等，將斬之。忠、纂馳還更戰，大破之，斬瞻及尚書張遵等首，進軍到雒。劉禪遣使奉皇帝璽綬，為箋詣艾請降。

When Deng Ai reached Chengdu, Liu Shan, leading the Crown Prince, the princes, and more than sixty of his ministers, came to the gate of the camp with his hands bound behind him and a coffin carried on a cart. Deng Ai, holding his credentials, untied his bonds, burned the coffin, and accepted and pardoned him. He kept his officers and men in check so that there was no plundering, received and reassured those who submitted, and let them return to their former occupations, and the people of Shu praised him. Following the precedent of Deng Yu, and acting on the emperor's authority, he at once appointed Liu Shan acting General of Agile Cavalry, the Crown Prince Chief Commandant of Imperial Carriages, and the princes Chief Commandants of Attendant Cavalry.

艾至成都，禪率太子諸王及群臣六十餘人面縛輿櫬詣軍門，艾執節解縛焚櫬，受而宥之。檢禦將士，無所虜略，綏納降附，使復舊業，蜀人稱焉。輒依鄧禹故事，承制拜禪行驃騎將軍，太子奉車、諸王駙馬都尉。

The officials of Shu were each appointed to posts in the royal service according to their rank, or put in charge as members of Deng Ai's own staff. He made Shi Zuan acting Inspector of Yi Province and had Qian Hong, Prefect of Longxi, and others take charge of the commanderies within Shu. He had a terrace built at Mianzhu as a mound of the slain to display the merit of the battle. The soldiers who had died in action were all buried together with the Shu troops. Deng Ai was deeply boastful and said to the gentlemen of Shu, “It is only because you were lucky enough to meet me that you have lived to see this day.

蜀群司各隨高下拜為王官，或領艾官屬。以師纂領益州刺史，隴西太守牽弘等領蜀中諸郡。使於綿竹築臺以為京觀，用彰戰功。士卒死事者，皆與蜀兵同共埋藏。艾深自矜伐，謂蜀士大夫曰：「諸君賴遭某，故得有今日耳。

Had you met the likes of Wu Han, you would have been wiped out already.” He also said, “Jiang Wei was a hero of his day, but he ran into me, and so he was brought to bay.” Men of discernment laughed at him.

若遇吳漢之徒，已殄滅矣。」又曰：「姜維自一時雄兒也，與某相值，故窮耳。」有識者笑之。

In the twelfth month an edict said, “Deng Ai displayed his might and roused his martial valor, drove deep into the enemy's court, beheaded their generals and seized their banners, and hung up the heads of their monstrous villains. He made the ruler who had usurped a title bow his head to the ground and bind his own neck, and in a single morning pacified those who had escaped punishment for generations. The troops were out no longer than a season and the fighting did not last a full day; like clouds clearing and a mat being rolled up, he swept Ba and Shu clean and settled them. Though Bai Qi broke mighty Chu, Han Xin conquered stubborn Zhao, Wu Han captured Ziyang (Gongsun Shu), and Zhou Yafu destroyed the Seven States, when their merits are weighed and their achievements discussed, none can compare with this deed.

十二月，詔曰：「艾曜威奮武，深入虜庭，斬將搴旗，梟其鯨鯢，使僭號之主，稽首系頸，歷世逋誅，一朝而平。兵不逾時，戰不終日，雲徹席捲，盪定巴蜀。雖白起破強楚，韓信克勁趙，吳漢禽子陽，亞夫滅七國，計功論美，不足比勳也。

Deng Ai is hereby made Grand Commandant, his fief increased by twenty thousand households, and two of his sons enfeoffed as village marquises, each with a fief of a thousand households.” Deng Ai said to Sima Zhao, “In war there are times when the reputation goes first and the substance follows. If we now use the momentum of pacifying Shu to fall upon Wu, the people of Wu will quake with fear; this is the time to roll them up like a mat. But after a great campaign the officers and men are weary and cannot be used at once, so we should let things rest for a while. Let us leave twenty thousand troops from Longyou and twenty thousand troops of Shu to boil salt and set up ironworks for the essential needs of the army and farming, and at the same time build boats and ships to prepare for going downstream. Then, if envoys are sent to set out the gains and losses, Wu will surely submit, and it can be settled without a campaign.

其以艾為太尉，增邑二萬戶，封子二人亭侯，各食邑千戶。」¹艾言司馬文王曰：兵有先聲而後實者，今因平蜀之勢以乘吳，吳人震恐，席捲之時也。然大舉之後，將士疲勞，不可便用，且徐緩之；留隴右兵二萬人，蜀兵二萬人，煮鹽興冶，為軍農要用，並作舟船，豫順流之事，然後發使告以利害，吳必歸化，可不征而定也。

We should now treat Liu Shan generously so as to draw in Sun Xiu, and settle the gentry and common people so as to attract those far away. If Liu Shan is sent off to the capital at once, Wu will regard it as exile, and their inclination to come over will not be encouraged. He should be kept here for the time being until the autumn and winter of next year, by which time Wu too can be pacified. I propose that Liu Shan be enfeoffed as King of Fufeng, granted wealth and goods, and supplied with attendants. The commandery has Dong Zhuo's fortress, which can serve as his palace. His sons should be given ranks as dukes and marquises with counties within the commandery as their fiefs, to display the favor shown to those who submit. If Guangling and Chengyang are opened to await the people of Wu, they will fear our might and cherish our virtue, and follow us at the first sign of the wind.”

今宜厚劉禪以致孫休，安士民以來遠人，若便送禪於京都，吳以為流徙，則於向化之心不勸。宜權停留，須來年秋冬，比爾吳亦足平。以為可封禪為扶風王，錫其資財，供其左右。郡有董卓塢，為之宮舍。爵其子為公侯，食郡內縣，以顯歸命之寵。開廣陵、城陽以待吳人，則畏威懷德，望風而從矣。

Sima Zhao had the Army Supervisor Wei Guan instruct Deng Ai: “Matters should wait for a report back; you must not act on your own.” Deng Ai repeated his case: “I received the command to campaign and followed the strategy you laid down, and the chief villain has already submitted. As for making appointments and grants on the emperor's authority to settle those who had just come over, I believe it was an appropriate expedient. Now all of Shu has submitted to our command; its lands reach to the Southern Sea and border Wu and Kuaiji to the east, and they must be secured early. If we wait for the state's orders, the journeys back and forth will drag on for days and months. By the principle of the Spring and Autumn Annals, when a grandee has gone beyond the borders, he may act on his own in anything that can secure the altars of the state and benefit the realm.

文王使監軍衛瓘喻艾：「事當須報，不宜輒行。」艾重言曰：「銜命征行，奉指授之策，元惡既服；至於承制拜假，以安初附，謂合權宜。今蜀舉眾歸命，地盡南海，東接吳會，宜早鎮定若待國命，往復道途，延引日月。春秋之義，大夫出疆，有可以安社稷，利國家，專之可也。

Wu has not yet submitted, and its situation is linked with that of Shu, so we must not cling to the usual rules and lose the moment for action. The Art of War says, ‘Advance without seeking fame; retreat without avoiding blame.’ Though I, Ai, lack the integrity of the ancients, I will never worry over suspicion of myself to the detriment of the state.” Zhong Hui, Hu Lie, Shi Zuan, and others all reported that Deng Ai's actions were perverse and rebellious, and the seeds of disaster took form. An edict summoned Deng Ai in a cage cart.

今吳未賓；勢與蜀連，不可拘常以失事機。兵法，進不求名，退不避罪，艾雖無古人之節，終不自嫌以損於國也。」鍾會、胡烈、師纂等皆白艾所作悖逆，變釁以結。詔書檻車徵艾。¹

Once Deng Ai and his son had been taken prisoner, Zhong Hui arrived at Chengdu, sent Deng Ai off first, and then rebelled. After Zhong Hui was dead, the officers and men of Deng Ai's own camp went after him, got him out of the cage cart, and were bringing him back. Wei Guan sent Tian Xu and others to attack Deng Ai; they met him west of Mianzhu and beheaded him. His son Deng Zhong died together with him, his other sons in Luoyang were all executed, and Deng Ai's wife, children, and grandsons were banished to the Western Regions.

艾父子既囚，鍾會至成都，先送艾，然後作亂。會已死，艾本營將士追出艾檻車，迎還。瓘遣田續等討艾，遇於綿竹西，斬之。子忠與艾俱死，餘子在洛陽者悉誅，徙艾妻子及孫於西域。¹

Earlier, when Deng Ai was about to attack Shu, he dreamed that he was sitting on a mountain with water flowing, and asked the Army Protector Who Exterminates Caitiffs, Yuan Shao, about it. Yuan Shao said, “According to the hexagrams of the Changes, water above a mountain is called Jian, ‘Obstruction.’ The judgment of Jian says, ‘Jian: advantage in the southwest; no advantage in the northeast.’ Confucius said, ‘Jian brings advantage in the southwest: going there yields merit. It brings no advantage in the northeast: that road comes to a dead end.’ If you go, you will surely conquer Shu—but you will probably not come back!” Deng Ai was dismayed and unhappy.

初，艾當伐蜀，夢坐山上而有流水，以問殄虜護軍爰邵。邵曰：「按易卦，山上有水曰蹇。蹇繇曰：『蹇利西南，不利東北。』孔子曰：『蹇利西南，往有功也；不利東北，其道窮也。』往必克蜀，殆不還乎！」艾憮然不樂。¹

In the first year of Taishi, when the house of Jin ascended the throne, an edict said, “In the past the Grand Commandant Wang Ling plotted to depose the King of Qi, and the King in the end proved unfit to keep his throne. Deng Ai, General Who Conquers the West, boasted of his merit and lost his sense of duty, and truly deserved the death penalty. Yet on the day he received the edict he dismissed his men and sent them away, and submitted with bound hands to his punishment; compared with those who seek to live and so go on to commit evil, he was truly different. Now that the general amnesty allows them to return, where there are no descendants let an heir be appointed so that the sacrifices are not cut off.”

泰始元年，晉室踐阼，詔曰：「昔太尉王凌謀廢齊王，而王竟不足以守位。征西將軍鄧艾，矜功失節，實應大辟。然被書之日，罷遣人眾，束手受罪，比於求生遂為惡者，誠復不同。今大赦得還，若無子孫者聽使立後，令祭祀不絕。」

In the third year the Court Gentleman for Consultation Duan Zhuo submitted a memorial pleading Deng Ai's case: “Deng Ai held perfect loyalty in his heart yet bore the name of a rebel; he pacified Ba and Shu yet suffered the punishment of extermination. In private I grieve over it. What a pity that Deng Ai should be called a rebel! Deng Ai was stern and quick-tempered by nature, readily offended against polite custom, and could not get along with his peers, so no one was willing to plead his case. I venture to set out how Deng Ai did not rebel. In the past, when Jiang Wei aimed to cut off Longyou, Deng Ai put the defenses in order, stored up grain, and strengthened the army.

三年，議郎段灼上疏理艾曰：艾心懷至忠而荷反逆之名，平定巴蜀而受夷滅之誅，臣竊悼之。惜哉，言艾之反也！艾性剛急，輕犯雅俗，不能協同朋類，故莫肯理之。臣敢言艾不反之狀。昔姜維有斷隴右之志，艾脩治備守，積穀強兵。

When a year of famine and drought came, Deng Ai farmed by the pit-planting method, wearing black clothes and holding the plow in his own hands to lead his officers and men. High and low were moved by one another, and none failed to give their utmost. Deng Ai held the credentials and guarded the frontier with tens of thousands under his command, yet he did not shrink from the toil of servants and captives or the labor of gentry and commoners. Who but one who held his credentials with loyal diligence could have done this? Therefore in the battles of Luomen and Duan Valley he struck many with few and crushed a powerful enemy. The late Emperor knew he could be trusted, entrusted him with the court's plans for victory, and gave him a far-reaching strategy.

值歲凶旱，艾為區種，身被烏衣，手執耒耜，以率將士。上下相感，莫不盡力。艾持節守邊，所統萬數，而不難僕虜之勞，士民之役，非執節忠勤，孰能若此？故落門、段谷之戰，以少擊多，摧破強賊。先帝知其可任，委艾廟勝，授以長策。

On receiving his orders Deng Ai forgot himself: binding up the horses and lowering the carts on ropes, he threw himself into the land of death. His courage soared above the clouds and his men rode the momentum, so that Liu Shan and his ministers bound their own hands behind them, folded their hands, and bent the knee. Deng Ai's fame and merit were already achieved; they deserved to be written on bamboo and silk, with his line's fortune handed down for ten thousand generations. What would an old man of seventy want from rebelling? Deng Ai truly relied on the kindness that had nurtured him and harbored no misgivings in his heart; he stretched his orders and acted on the emperor's authority to secure the altars of the state for the time being. Though this went against the usual rules, it accorded with the principles of antiquity; if his crime is judged by his intentions, there is indeed a case to be made.

艾受命忘身，束馬縣車，自投死地，勇氣陵雲士眾乘勢，使劉禪君臣面縛，叉手屈膝。艾功名以成，當書之竹帛，傳祚萬世。七十老公，反欲何求！艾誠恃養育之恩，心不自疑，矯命承制，權安社稷；雖違常科，有合古義，原心定罪，本在可論。

Zhong Hui, jealous of Deng Ai's fame and might, fabricated the affair. Loyal, he was put to death; trustworthy, he was suspected. His head was hung in the horse market and his sons were all beheaded; those who saw it wept and those who heard of it sighed. Your Majesty rose like a dragon and extended your great magnanimity, setting aside old suspicions and resentments so that even families whose members had been executed are employed without restriction. In the past the people of Qin pitied Bai Qi for dying without guilt, and the people of Wu grieved over the cruel injustice done to Wu Zixu, and in both cases they built shrines to them. Today the people of the realm grieve and lament for Deng Ai in just the same way.

鍾會忌艾威名，構成其事。忠而受誅，信而見疑，頭縣馬市，諸子並斬，見之者垂泣，聞之者嘆息。陛下龍興，闡弘大度，釋諸嫌忌，受誅之家，不拘敘用。昔秦民憐白起之無罪，吳人傷子胥之冤酷，皆為立祠。今天下民人為艾悼心痛恨，亦猶是也。

I believe that since Deng Ai's body and head lie apart, abandoned in the grass and earth, his remains should be gathered and given burial and his fields and house returned. For his merit in pacifying Shu, his grandson should be allowed to inherit a fief, and a posthumous name should be settled when his coffin is closed, so that he may die without lingering regret. Release his wronged soul in the Yellow Springs and win good faith for later ages: bury one man and the realm will admire the deed, lay one soul to rest and the realm will turn to your righteousness. Little would be done, and many would be gladdened.”

臣以為艾身首分離，捐棄草土，宜收屍喪，還其田宅。以平蜀之功，紹封其孫，使闔棺定諡，死無餘恨。赦冤魂於黃泉，收信義於後世，葬一人而天下慕其行，埋一魂而天下歸其義，所為者寡而悅者眾矣。

In the ninth year an edict said, “Deng Ai had merit, and when he was charged with a crime he did not flee from punishment, yet his descendants have become commoners and bondsmen. We have always pitied this. Let his grandson in the direct line, Deng Lang, be made a Gentleman of the Palace.”

九年，詔曰：「艾有功勳，受罪不逃刑，而子孫為民隸，朕常愍之。其以嫡孫朗為郎中。」

While Deng Ai was in the west he repaired the frontier barriers and built walled forts. In the Taishi era the Qiang rose in a great rebellion, killed one Inspector after another, and the road to Liang Province was cut. Those officials and people who came through safely had all taken refuge in the forts Deng Ai built.

艾在西時，修治障塞，築起城塢。泰始中，羌虜大叛，頻殺刺史，涼州道斷。吏民安全者，皆保艾所築塢焉。¹

Zhou Tai

州泰

Zhou Tai of Nanyang, a contemporary from Deng Ai's home region, also loved to accomplish great deeds and was skilled in the use of troops. He rose to General Who Conquers the Caitiffs, with credentials, and Commander of all military affairs south of the Yangzi. He died in the second year of Jingyuan, was posthumously made General of the Guards, and was given the posthumous name Marquis Zhuang.

艾州里時輩南陽州泰，亦好立功業，善用兵，官至征虜將軍、假節都督江南諸軍事。景元二年薨，追贈衛將軍，諡曰壯侯。¹

Zhong Hui

鍾會

Zhong Hui, courtesy name Shiji, was a man of Changshe in Yingchuan and the youngest son of the Grand Tutor Zhong Yao. As a child he was quick, bright, and precocious. The Central Protector of the Army Jiang Ji wrote an essay saying, “Observe the pupils of a man's eyes, and you can know him.” When Zhong Hui was five, Zhong Yao sent him to see Jiang Ji, who found him quite remarkable and said, “This is no ordinary person.” When he grew up he had talent and many skills; he was widely learned and expert in the study of names and principles, working through the night into the day, and from this he won renown.

鍾會字士季，潁川長社人，太傅繇小子也。少敏惠夙成。¹中護軍蔣濟著論，謂「觀其眸子，足以知人。」會年五歲，繇遣見濟，濟甚異之，曰：「非常人也。」及壯，有才數技藝，而博學精練名理，以夜續晝，由是獲聲譽。

In the Zhengshi era he was made Gentleman of the Imperial Library and promoted to Attendant Gentleman of the Secretariat and Palace Writers. When the Duke of Gaogui District ascended the throne, he was granted the rank of Marquis Within the Passes.

正始中，以為秘書郎，遷尚書中書侍郎。¹高貴鄉公即尊位，賜爵關內侯。

When Guanqiu Jian rebelled, the Grand General Sima Shi marched east, and Zhong Hui followed him in charge of secret affairs, while Sima Zhao, General of the Guards, followed up behind the main army. When Sima Shi died at Xuchang, Sima Zhao took overall command of the Six Armies, and Zhong Hui laid plans in his headquarters tent. At this time an edict from within the palace ordered the Master of Writing Fu Gu that, since the southeast had only just been pacified, the General of the Guards should stay garrisoned at Xuchang for the time being as support for inside and outside, while Fu Gu was to lead the armies back.

毌丘儉作亂，大將軍司馬景王東征，會從，典知密事，衛將軍司馬文王為大軍後繼。景王薨於許昌，文王總統六軍，會謀謨帷幄。時中詔敕尚書傅嘏，以東南新定，權留衛將軍屯許昌為內外之援，令嘏率諸軍還。

Zhong Hui plotted with Fu Gu and had him submit a memorial, then immediately set out together with the General of the Guards, returned, and camped south of the Luo River. Thereupon the court appointed Sima Zhao Grand General to assist in the government, and Zhong Hui was promoted to Gentleman of the Yellow Gate and enfeoffed as Marquis of Dongwu Village, with a fief of three hundred households.

會與嘏謀，使嘏表上，輒與衛將軍俱發，還到雒水南屯住。於是朝廷拜文王為大將軍、輔政，會遷黃門侍郎，封東武亭侯，邑三百戶。

In the second year of Ganlu, Zhuge Dan was summoned to become Minister of Works. At the time Zhong Hui was at home in mourning. Judging that Zhuge Dan would certainly not obey the order, he rode in haste to inform King Wen (Sima Zhao). Since the matter had already been put into effect, King Wen did not go back and change it. When Zhuge Dan rebelled, the imperial carriage halted at Xiang and King Wen went to Shouchun, and Zhong Hui again went with him.

甘露二年，徵諸葛誕為司空，時會喪寧在家，策誕必不從命，馳白文王。文王以事已施行，不復追改。¹及誕反，車駕住項，文王至壽春，會復從行。

Earlier, the great Wu general Quan Cong had been a relative of Sun Quan by marriage and one of his chief ministers. Quan Cong's son Quan Yi, his grandson Quan Jing, and his nephews Quan Duan, Quan Pian, Quan Ji and others had all led troops to rescue Zhuge Dan. Quan Yi's elder brother's sons Quan Hui and Quan Yi (儀) had stayed behind in Jianye; when a quarrel and lawsuit broke out within their family, they took their mother and, leading several dozen households of their retainers, crossed the Yangtze and came over to King Wen of their own accord. Zhong Hui devised a plan. He secretly wrote letters in the names of Quan Hui and Quan Yi (儀) and had men they trusted carry them into the city to tell Quan Yi and the others that the Wu court, angry that they could not break the siege of Shouchun, meant to put all the generals' families to death, and that they had therefore fled and submitted.

初，吳大將全琮，孫權之婚親重臣也，琮子懌、孫靜、從子端、翩、緝等，皆將兵來救誕。懌兄子輝、儀留建業，與其家內爭訟，攜其母，將部曲數十家渡江，自歸文王。會建策，密為輝、儀作書，使輝、儀所親信齎入城告懌等，說吳中怒懌等不能拔壽春，欲盡誅諸將家，故逃來歸命。

Quan Yi and the others were seized with fear and at last led their men out to surrender, opening the east gate of the city; all of them received fiefs and favor. From this the people in the city turned against one another. In the fall of Shouchun, Zhong Hui's plans counted for the most, and the intimacy and favor shown him grew by the day; people of the time called him a Zifang (Zhang Liang). When the army returned he was promoted to Minister Coachman, but he firmly declined and did not take up the post. As a Gentleman of the Palace he managed the records office in the Grand General's headquarters, a post of trusted confidence. For his merit in the campaign against Zhuge Dan his rank was advanced to Marquis of Chen, but he declined it repeatedly and would not accept.

懌等恐懼，遂將所領開東城門出降，皆蒙封寵，城中由是乖離。壽春之破，會謀居多，親待日隆，時人謂之子房。軍還，遷為太僕，固辭不就。以中郎在大將軍府管記室事，為腹心之任。以討諸葛誕功，進爵陳侯，屢讓不受。

An edict said: “Zhong Hui has had general charge of military affairs and has taken part in making plans; he gauged the enemy and secured victory, and he has the merit of good counsel. Yet he pushes away favor and firmly declines; his words are sincere, and his refusals, one after another, have been many, so that his resolve cannot be overruled. To achieve success and not dwell in its rewards is something the ancients prized. Let what Zhong Hui holds to be granted, so as to perfect his virtue.” He was promoted to Colonel-Director of Retainers. Though he held an office outside the court, there was nothing in the gains and losses of the government of the day or in the bestowals and deprivations of the time that he did not have a hand in. The execution of Ji Kang and others was all Zhong Hui's scheme.

詔曰：「會典綜軍事，參同計策，料敵制勝，有謀謨之勳，而推寵固讓，辭指款實，前後累重，志不可奪。夫成功不處，古人所重，其聽會所執，以成其美。」遷司隸校尉。雖在外司，時政損益，當世與奪，無不綜典。嵇康等見誅，皆會謀也。

Because the great Shu general Jiang Wei repeatedly harried the frontier, King Wen judged that Shu was a small state with a weary people, its resources and strength exhausted, and he wished to raise a great force and take Shu. Zhong Hui alone also thought that Shu could be taken, and the two of them studied the terrain together in advance and weighed the state of affairs. In the winter of the third year of Jingyuan, Zhong Hui was made General Who Guards the West with Provisional Credentials and Commander of all military affairs in Guanzhong. King Wen ordered the provinces of Qing, Xu, Yan, Yu, Jing and Yang all to build ships, and also had Tang Zi build great seagoing ships, outwardly as if he were about to attack Wu.

文王以蜀大將姜維屢擾邊陲，料蜀國小民疲，資力單竭，欲大舉圖蜀。惟會亦以為蜀可取，豫共籌度地形，考論事勢。景元三年冬，以會為鎮西將軍、假節都督關中諸軍事。文王敕青、徐、兗、豫、荊、揚諸州，並使作船，又令唐咨作浮海大船，外為將伐吳者。

In the autumn of the fourth year an edict was issued ordering Deng Ai and Zhuge Xu each to lead more than thirty thousand men from the various armies: Deng Ai was to make for Gansong and Tazhong to pin Jiang Wei down, and Zhuge Xu to make for Wujie and Qiaotou to cut off Jiang Wei's road home. Zhong Hui led more than a hundred thousand men and entered by separate routes through the Xie Valley and the Luo Valley. He first ordered the Gate Standard General Xu Yi to go ahead and repair the road while he himself followed behind; but a bridge gave way and his horse's hooves sank through, and at this he beheaded Xu Yi. Xu Yi was the son of Xu Chu, whose house had rendered service to the royal family, yet even so he was not pardoned.

四年秋，乃下詔使鄧艾、諸葛緒各統諸軍三萬餘人，艾趣甘松、沓中連綴維，緒趣武街、橋頭絕維歸路。會統十餘萬眾，分從斜谷、駱谷入。先命牙門將許儀在前治道，會在後行，而橋穿，馬足陷，於是斬儀。儀者，許褚之子，有功王室，猶不原貸。

When the armies heard of it, there were none who did not tremble. Shu ordered all its outposts not to give battle but to fall back and hold the two cities of Han and Le. The Prefect of Weixing, Liu Qin, made for the Ziwu Valley, and the armies advanced side by side along several routes to Hanzhong. Shu's Army Supervisor Wang Han held Lecheng and the Protector of the Army Jiang Bin held Hancheng, each with five thousand troops. Zhong Hui had the Protector of the Army Xun Kai and the General of the Van Li Fu each lead ten thousand men; Xun Kai besieged Hancheng and Li Fu besieged Lecheng.

諸軍聞之，莫不震竦。蜀令諸圍皆不得戰，退還漢、樂二城守。魏興太守劉欽趣子午谷，諸軍數道平行，至漢中。蜀監軍王含守樂城，護軍蔣斌守漢城，兵各五千。會使護軍荀愷、前將軍李輔各統萬人，愷圍漢城，輔圍樂城。

Zhong Hui passed straight on and went west out through the mouth of the Yangan Pass, and he sent men to sacrifice at the tomb of Zhuge Liang. He had the Protector of the Army Hu Lie and others go ahead; they stormed and took the Pass Fortress and captured the grain stored in its granaries. Jiang Wei came back from Tazhong to Yinping and gathered his men, meaning to hasten to the Pass Fortress; but before he arrived he heard that it had already fallen, so he withdrew toward Baishui, joined the Shu generals Zhang Yi, Liao Hua and others, and held Jiange with them to resist Zhong Hui. Zhong Hui sent a proclamation to the generals, officials, gentry and people of Shu, saying: “In times past the fortunes of the Han declined, all the land under heaven crumbled and split apart, and the lives of the living people were all but extinguished.

會徑過，西出陽安口，遣人祭諸葛亮之墓。使護軍胡烈等行前，攻破關城，得庫藏積穀。姜維自沓中還，至陰平，合集士眾，欲赴關城。未到，聞其已破，退趣白水，與蜀將張翼、廖化等合守劍閣拒會。會移檄蜀將吏士民曰：往者漢祚衰微，率土分崩，生民之命，幾於泯滅。

Taizu, Emperor Wu, divine in martial prowess and sagely in wisdom, quelled the disorder and restored what was right, rescued what was about to fall, and founded our realm of Xia. Gaozu, Emperor Wen, answering Heaven and following the people, received the Mandate and ascended the throne. Liezu, Emperor Ming, adding fresh luster to the generation before, enlarged and extended the great enterprise. Yet beyond the rivers and mountains lay a different government and different customs, and not all the people of the land had yet received the King's civilizing influence; this is why the three ancestors looked back with lingering regret. Now our sovereign, of sagely virtue, reverent and enlightened, carries on and exalts the work of his forebears, and his chief minister, loyal, grave, clear-sighted and sincere, toils for the royal house. Good government has been spread and kindness bestowed, so that the myriad states live in harmony; virtue has been extended to the hundred barbarian peoples, so that even the Sushen have brought tribute.

太祖武皇帝神武聖哲，撥亂反正，拯其將墜，造我區夏。高祖文皇帝應天順民，受命踐阼。烈祖明皇帝奕世重光，恢拓洪業。然江山之外，異政殊俗，率土齊民未蒙王化，此三祖所以顧懷遺恨也。今主上聖德欽明，紹隆前緒，宰輔忠肅明允，劬勞王室，布政垂惠而萬邦協和，施德百蠻而肅慎致貢。

He grieved that Ba and Shu alone remained a people apart, and pitied these common folk whose toil and forced labor had no end. Therefore he has given command to the Six Armies to carry out reverently the punishment of Heaven, and the armies of the General Who Conquers the West, of Yong Province and of the General Who Guards the West advance side by side along five routes. In ancient times the conduct of war took benevolence as its root and was governed by righteousness; the army of a true king makes punitive expeditions but does not fight battles. Thus Shun of Yu danced with shield and axe and the Youmiao submitted, and King Wu of Zhou showed his righteousness by distributing wealth, opening the granaries and honoring the village gates. Now the General Who Guards the West, bearing the words and charged with the command, holds the weighty authority over the army. He hopes to spread the teaching of proclamations and so save the lives of the multitudes; he does not wish to exhaust his arms and push war to its limit merely to gratify the policy of a single day. Therefore he sets out briefly what matters for safety and danger; listen respectfully to these words.

悼彼巴蜀，獨為匪民，愍此百姓，勞役未已。是以命授六師，龔行天罰，征西、雍州、鎮西諸軍，五道並進。古之行軍，以仁為本，以義治之；王者之師，有征無戰；故虞舜舞干戚而服有苗，周武有散財、發廩、表閭之義。今鎮西奉辭銜命，攝統戎重，庶弘文告之訓，以濟元元之命，非欲窮武極戰，以快一朝之政，故略陳安危之要，其敬聽話言。

The First Ruler of Yi Province, a hero born to his age, raised troops in the northern wilds, but he floundered in the countryside of Ji and Xu, and his fate lay in the hands of Yuan Shao and Lü Bu; Taizu rescued and delivered him, and joined with him in great friendship. Midway, however, he turned his back and broke faith, abandoning his allies to side with our enemies. Zhuge Kongming kept scheming against Qinchuan, and Jiang Boyue repeatedly came out into Longyou, troubling our frontier and harassing our Di and Qiang. As the state was then beset with many troubles, there was no leisure to carry out the punitive campaign of the Nine Chastisements.

益州先主以命世英才，興兵朔野，困躓冀、徐之郊，制命紹、布之手，太祖拯而濟之，與隆大好。中更背違，棄同即異，諸葛孔明仍規秦川，姜伯約屢出隴右，勞動我邊境，侵擾我氐、羌，方國家多故，未遑修九伐之征也。

Now the frontier is at peace and there is no trouble within the realm; we have stored up strength to await the moment, and we join our forces in a single direction. Meanwhile the host of the single province of Ba and Shu is spread thin to keep its defenses and will find it hard to withstand the armies of all under heaven. With spirits broken and wounded at Duan Valley and Houhe, it will be hard to face a grand and imposing array. In recent years there has not been a single year of peace, and your soldiers on campaign are worn out with toil; it will be hard for them to stand against a people that flocks to us like children to a father. All this, gentlemen, you have seen with your own eyes. Zhuang, the Chancellor of Shu, was captured by Qin; Gongsun Shu surrendered his head to the Han. The strongholds of the Nine Provinces do not belong to any one family.

今邊境乂清，方內無事，畜力待時，并兵一向，而巴蜀一州之眾，分張守備，難以御天下之師。段谷、侯和沮傷之氣，難以敵堂堂之陳。比年以來，曾無寧歲，征夫勤瘁，難以當子來之民。此皆諸賢所親見也。蜀相壯見禽於秦，公孫述授首於漢，九州之險，是非一姓。

All this, gentlemen, you have heard in full. The clear-sighted see danger before it takes shape, and the wise gauge disaster before it sprouts. That is why Weizi, the Viscount of Wei, left Shang and became an honored guest of Zhou for all time, and why Chen Ping turned his back on Xiang Yu and won merit under the Han. Ease and comfort are poisoned wine; how can you cling to your stipends and not change?

此皆諸賢所備聞也。明者見危於無形，智者規禍於未萌，是以微子去商，長為周賓，陳平背項，立功於漢。豈晏安酖毒，懷祿而不變哉？

Today the court magnifies a kindness that covers all like Heaven, and the chief minister extends a virtue of generosity and forgiveness; it puts kindness first and punishment after, loving life and hating to kill. In times past the Wu general Sun Yi brought his followers over to submit, and he was given high office, with favor and rank beyond the ordinary. Wen Qin and Tang Zi did the state great harm; they betrayed their sovereign and became its enemies and rebels, and even turned into ringleaders of revolt. Yet when Tang Zi was hard pressed and captured, and Wen Qin's two sons came back and surrendered, all were made generals and enfeoffed as marquises, and Tang Zi even took part in affairs of state. If Sun Yi and the others, who submitted only when driven to extremity, still received such lavish favor, how much more will the worthy and wise of Ba and Shu who see the moment and act upon it!

今國朝隆天覆之恩，宰輔弘寬恕之德，先惠後誅，好生惡殺。往者吳將孫壹舉眾內附，位為上司，寵秩殊異。文欽、唐咨為國大害，叛主仇賊，還為戎首。咨困逼禽獲，欽二子還降，皆將軍、封侯；咨與聞國事。壹等窮踧歸命，猶加盛寵，況巴蜀賢知見機而作者哉！

If you can truly reflect deeply on success and failure, rise loftily above it all, set your feet in the footsteps of the Viscount of Wei and place yourselves on the path of Chen Ping, then your good fortune will equal that of the ancients and blessings will flow down to your descendants. The common people and gentry will rest secure in their old livelihoods; farmers will not change their fields, and markets will not move their stalls. You will leave the danger of piled-up eggs and come to the blessing of lasting peace—would that not be fine? But if you steal a moment's ease from morning to evening and go astray without turning back, then once the great army moves, jade and stone alike will be smashed, and though you may wish to repent, it will be too late. Weigh carefully what profits and what harms you, and seek abundant blessings for yourselves. Let each of you proclaim this widely, so that all may hear and know it.”

誠能深鑑成敗，邈然高蹈，投跡微子之踪，錯身陳平之軌，則福同古人，慶流來裔，百姓士民，安堵舊業，農不易畝，市不回肆，去累卵之危，就永安之福，豈不美與！若偷安旦夕，迷而不反，大兵一發，玉石皆碎，雖欲悔之，亦無及已。其詳擇利害，自求多福，各具宣布，咸使聞知。

Deng Ai pursued Jiang Wei to Yinping. He picked out his best troops, intending to go from Handeyang by the Jiangyou and Zuodan roads to Mianzhu and then make for Chengdu, and he wanted Zhuge Xu to go with him. Zhuge Xu held that his original orders were to intercept Jiang Wei and that marching west was not part of the original edict, so he advanced his army toward Baishui and joined Zhong Hui. Zhong Hui sent General Tian Zhang and others to go west of Jiange and come out directly at Jiangyou. Before they had gone a hundred li, Tian Zhang first defeated three companies of Shu troops lying in ambush, and Deng Ai had Tian Zhang lead the way.

鄧艾追姜維到陰平，簡選精銳，欲從漢德陽入江由、左儋道詣綿竹，趣成都，與諸葛緒共行。緒以本受節度邀姜維，西行非本詔，遂進軍前向白水，與會合。會遣將軍田章等從劍閣西，徑出江由。未至百里，章先破蜀伏兵三校，艾使章先登。

So he drove on far ahead. Zhong Hui and Zhuge Xu's armies headed for Jiange. Wishing to have sole command of the forces, Zhong Hui secretly reported that Zhuge Xu was timid and would not advance, and Zhuge Xu was summoned back in a cage cart. The whole army now belonged to Zhong Hui. He attacked Jiange but could not take it and withdrew, while the Shu army held the defiles and resisted. Deng Ai then reached Mianzhu, fought a great battle, and beheaded Zhuge Zhan. When Jiang Wei and the others heard that Zhuge Zhan had been defeated, they led their men east into Ba. Zhong Hui then advanced his army to Fu and sent Hu Lie, Tian Xu, Pang Hui and others to pursue Jiang Wei.

遂長驅而前。會與緒軍向劍閣，會欲專軍勢，密白緒畏懦不進，檻車徵還。軍悉屬會，¹進攻劍閣，不克，引退，蜀軍保險拒守。艾遂至綿竹，大戰，斬諸葛瞻。維等聞瞻已破，率其眾東入於巴。會乃進軍至涪，遣胡烈、田續、龐會等追維。

Deng Ai advanced his army toward Chengdu, and Liu Shan went to Deng Ai and surrendered, sending envoys to order Jiang Wei and the others to surrender to Zhong Hui. When Jiang Wei reached Qi County in Guanghan, he had his soldiers lay down all their weapons, sent his credentials and passes to Hu Lie, and then went by the eastern road to Zhong Hui and surrendered. Zhong Hui submitted a report: “The rebels Jiang Wei, Zhang Yi, Liao Hua, Dong Jue and others fled to escape death, intending to make for Chengdu. I at once sent the Major Xiahou Xian, the Protector of the Army Hu Lie and others by way of Jiange to come out at Xindu and Dadu and cut them off in front; the Army Adviser Yuan Jing, the General Gou An and others to follow on their heels; and the Army Adviser Huangfu Kai, the General Wang Mai and others to come out south of Fu and strike at their middle; while I myself held Fu County as support for both east and west.

艾進軍向成都，劉禪詣艾降，遣使敕維等令降於會。維至廣漢郪縣，令兵悉放器仗，送節傳於胡烈，便從東道詣會降。會上言曰：賊姜維、張翼、廖化、董厥等逃死遁走，欲趣成都。臣輒遣司馬夏侯咸、護軍胡烈等，經從劍閣，出新都、大渡截其前，參軍爰𩇕、將軍句安等躡其後，參軍皇甫闓、將軍王買等從涪南出衝其腹，臣據涪縣為東西勢援。

The forty or fifty thousand foot and horse under Jiang Wei and the others, clad in armor and with weapons sharpened, blocked the rivers and filled the valleys, head and tail following one another over several hundred li; relying on their numbers, they marched west with their carriages abreast. I ordered Xiahou Xian, Huangfu Kai and the others to divide their forces and seize the strong points, spreading their nets wide: to the south they stopped up the road of flight to Wu, to the west they blocked the way to Chengdu, and to the north they cut off the paths of escape. Converging like clouds from all four sides and advancing head and tail together, they cut every track and path, so that there was nowhere to run or hide.

維等所統步騎四五萬人，擐甲厲兵，塞川填谷，數百里中首尾相繼，憑恃其眾，方軌而西。臣敕咸、闓等令分兵據勢，廣張羅罔，南杜走吳之道，西塞成都之路，北絕越逸之徑，四面雲集，首尾並進，蹊路斷絕，走伏無地。

I also wrote letters in my own hand to admonish them again and show them the road to life. The pack of rebels, hard pressed, knew that their fate had run out and their luck was at an end; they took off their armor and threw down their spears, bound their own hands behind them and gave themselves up. The seals and ribbons numbered in the tens of thousands, and supplies and weapons were piled up like mountains. Of old, when Shun danced with shield and axe, the Youmiao submitted of their own accord; and when the army met at Muye, the troops of Shang turned their spears around. To make punitive expeditions without fighting battles is the glorious achievement of emperors and kings. To keep a state whole is best, and to break it second best; to keep an army whole is best, and to break it second best: this is the fine rule of warfare.

臣又手書申喻，開示生路，群寇困逼，知命窮數盡，解甲投戈，面縛委質，印綬萬數，資器山積。昔舜舞干戚，有苗自服；牧野之師，商旅倒戈：有征無戰，帝王之盛業。全國為上，破國次之；全軍為上，破軍次之：用兵之令典。

Your Majesty's sagely virtue treads in the footsteps of former ages, and your supporting minister, loyal and enlightened, follows the same track as the Duke of Zhou. Benevolence nurtures all living things and righteousness chastises the unruly; peoples of strange customs turn toward civilization, and none think of refusing submission. The army did not stay out beyond a season, and blades were not stained with blood; ten thousand li now share the same ways, and the Nine Provinces are strung together as one. I at once proclaimed the edict with reverence and spread the influence of your grace. I restored their altars of soil and grain, gave peace to their villages and hamlets, remitted their taxes and levies, and eased their conscription and labor service. I am teaching them virtue and ritual to transform their manners and showing them law and ceremony to change their customs. The common people are joyful, and everyone looks forward to ease and contentment. Even the saying ‘When our lord comes we shall revive’ carries no greater meaning than this.”

陛下聖德，侔踪前代，翼輔忠明，齊軌公旦，仁育羣生，義征不譓，殊俗向化，無思不服，師不逾時，兵不血刃，萬里同風，九州共貫。臣輒奉宣詔命，導揚恩化，復其社稷，安其閭伍，捨其賦調，弛其徵役，訓之德禮以移其風，示之軌儀以易其俗，百姓欣欣，人懷逸豫，後來其蘇，義無以過。

Zhong Hui then restrained his men and forbade them to plunder. Humbling himself, he drew in and received the many officials of Shu, and he became very warm friends with Jiang Wei. In the twelfth month an edict said: “Wherever Zhong Hui turned, he crushed and broke the enemy, and no strong foe stood before him; he sealed off and subdued the cities and netted those who scattered and fled. The powerful leaders of Shu bound their hands and submitted. In his planning no stratagem was overlooked, and in his undertakings no effort went to waste. Those who surrendered or were executed often numbered in the tens of thousands. His victory was complete and won by his own hand, a punitive expedition without battles.

會於是禁檢士眾不得鈔略，虛己誘納，以接蜀之群司，與維情好歡甚。¹十二月詔曰：「會所向摧弊，前無強敵，緘制眾城，罔羅迸逸。蜀之豪帥，面縛歸命，謀無遺策，舉無廢功。凡所降誅，動以萬計，全勝獨克，有征無戰。

He has opened up and pacified the western part of the realm, and every corner is now clear and at peace. Let Zhong Hui be made Minister over the Masses and advanced in enfeoffment to county marquis, with his fief increased by ten thousand households. Let two of his sons be enfeoffed as neighborhood marquises, each with a fief of a thousand households.”

拓平西夏，方隅清晏。其以會為司徒，進封縣侯，增邑萬戶。封子二人亭侯，邑各千戶。」

Zhong Hui secretly harbored disloyal ambitions. Taking advantage of Deng Ai's having acted on his own authority in the Emperor's name, he secretly reported that Deng Ai showed signs of rebellion, and an edict was therefore issued summoning Deng Ai back in a cage cart. Sima, King Wen, fearing that Deng Ai might not obey the order, commanded Zhong Hui to advance on Chengdu as well. The Army Supervisor Wei Guan went ahead of Zhong Hui and, with an order in King Wen's own hand, proclaimed it to Deng Ai's army; Deng Ai's troops all laid down their weapons, and Deng Ai was then seized and put into the cage cart. The only one Zhong Hui feared was Deng Ai; once Deng Ai had been captured and Zhong Hui arrived soon after, he alone commanded a vast host, and his might shook the western lands.

會內有異志，因鄧艾承制專事，密白艾有反狀，¹於是詔書檻車徵艾。司馬文王懼艾或不從命，敕會並進軍成都，監軍衛瓘在會前行，以文王手筆令宣喻艾軍，艾軍皆釋仗，遂收艾入檻車。會所憚惟艾，艾既禽而會尋至，獨統大眾，威震西土。

He told himself that his achievements and fame surpassed all others of his age and that he could no longer serve beneath anyone; moreover, the fierce generals and crack troops were all in his hands. So he plotted rebellion. He meant to have Jiang Wei and the others lead the Shu troops out through the Xie Valley, with himself following behind at the head of the main host. Once they reached Chang'an, he would send the cavalry by the land route and the infantry by water, floating down the Wei River with the current into the Yellow River; he reckoned they could reach Mengjin in five days and join the cavalry at Luoyang, and all under heaven could be settled in a single morning.

自謂功名蓋世，不可復為人下，加猛將銳卒皆在己手，遂謀反。欲使姜維等皆將蜀兵出斜谷，會自將大眾隨其後。既至長安，令騎士從陸道，步兵從水道順流浮渭入河，以為五日可到孟津，與騎會洛陽，一旦天下可定也。

Zhong Hui received a letter from King Wen, which said: “Fearing that Deng Ai may not answer the summons, I have now sent the Central Protector of the Army Jia Chong with ten thousand foot and horse straight into the Xie Valley to garrison Lecheng, and I myself am leading a hundred thousand to garrison Chang'an. We shall meet soon.” When Zhong Hui received the letter, he was alarmed and called together those close to him, saying: “If it were only a matter of taking Deng Ai, the Chancellor of State knows I could manage it alone. Now that he comes with so great a force, he must have detected my disloyalty. We must strike at once. If the venture succeeds, we can win the empire; if not, we can fall back and hold Shu-Han, and at the least I shall become another Liu Bei.

會得文王書云：「恐鄧艾或不就徵，今遣中護軍賈充將步騎萬人徑入斜谷，屯樂城，吾自將十萬屯長安，相見在近。」會得書，驚呼所親語之曰：「但取鄧艾，相國知我能獨辦之；今來大重，必覺我異矣，便當速發。事成，可得天下；不成，退保蜀漢，不失作劉備也。

Since Huainan, my plans have never missed anything, as all within the four seas know. With a record like this, where could I go back to?” Zhong Hui arrived on the fifteenth day of the first month of the fifth year. On the following day he invited all the Protectors of the Army, commandery administrators, Gate Standard officers and Cavalry Commanders and above, together with the former officials of Shu, and held mourning for the Empress Dowager in the court hall of Shu. He forged a testamentary edict of the Empress Dowager ordering him to raise troops and depose King Wen, and passed it around to show all those seated; he had them deliberate on it, and when they had finished, he wrote appointments on tablets and assigned posts, and further had men he trusted take command of the armies in their place.

我自淮南以來，畫無遺策，四海所共知也。我欲持此安歸乎！」會以五年正月十五日至，其明日，悉請護軍、郡守、牙門騎督以上及蜀之故官，為太后發喪於蜀朝堂。矯太后遺詔，使會起兵廢文王，皆班示坐上人，使下議訖，書版署置，更使所親信代領諸軍。

The officials he had invited were all shut up in the buildings of the Yi Province bureaus; the city gates and palace gates were all closed, and troops were posted in strength to surround and guard them. Qiu Jian, Commander of Zhong Hui's Headquarters Guard, had originally belonged to Hu Lie; Hu Lie had recommended him to King Wen, and Zhong Hui had asked to have him attached to himself, trusting him and treating him with affection. Qiu Jian, pitying Hu Lie sitting alone in confinement, asked Zhong Hui to allow one of Hu Lie's personal guards to be let in, to go out and fetch food and drink for him, and the other Gate Standard officers, following this precedent, each had one man let in. Hu Lie deceived his guard with a story and also wrote to his son: “Qiu Jian has secretly told me that Zhong Hui has already dug a great pit and prepared several thousand white clubs. He means to call in all the troops from outside, give each man a white cap and appoint him an unattached officer, and then club them to death one after another in the pit.”

所請群官，悉閉著益州諸曹屋中，城門宮門皆閉，嚴兵圍守。會帳下督丘建本屬胡烈，烈薦之文王，會請以自隨，任愛之。建愍烈獨坐，啟會，使聽內一親兵出取飲食，諸牙門隨例各內一人。烈紿語親兵及疏與其子曰：「丘建密說消息，會已作大坑，白棓¹數千，欲悉呼外兵入，人賜白㡊²，拜為散將，以次棓殺坑中。」

The personal guards of the other Gate Standard officers all repeated this story too, and in a single night it passed from one to another until everyone had heard it. Someone said to Zhong Hui, “You should kill all the Gate Standard officers and Cavalry Commanders and above.” Zhong Hui hesitated and could not decide.

諸牙門親兵亦咸說此語，一夜傳相告，皆遍。或謂會：「可盡殺牙門騎督以上。」會猶豫未決。

At midday on the eighteenth, Hu Lie's soldiers went out through the gate with Hu Lie's son, beating their drums, and the soldiers of the other armies, without any prior agreement, all came out drumming and shouting. There was no one urging them on, yet they raced one another toward the city. At that moment Zhong Hui was just handing out armor and weapons to Jiang Wei. It was reported that there was a clamor outside, as though a fire had broken out; after a while it was reported that soldiers were running toward the city. Zhong Hui, alarmed, said to Jiang Wei, “The troops are coming, and it looks as if they mean to do harm. What should we do?” Jiang Wei said, “We should simply attack them, that is all.”

十八日日中，烈軍兵與烈兒雷鼓出門，諸軍兵不期皆鼓譟出，曾無督促之者，而爭先赴城。時方給與姜維鎧杖，白外有匈匈聲，似失火，有頃，白兵走向城。會驚，謂維曰：「兵來似欲作惡，當云何？」維曰：「但當擊之耳。」

Zhong Hui sent soldiers to kill all the Gate Standard officers and commandery administrators he had shut up, but those inside together lifted tables to brace the doors, and though the soldiers hacked at the doors they could not break them. In a moment, outside the gates, men set up ladders and climbed the walls, some set fire to buildings in the city, and they swarmed up like ants and pressed in all in confusion, while arrows fell like rain. The Gate Standard officers and commandery administrators each got out over the roofs and rejoined their own troops. Jiang Wei led Zhong Hui's attendants in the fight and killed five or six men with his own hands, but the mass of soldiers struck down and beheaded Jiang Wei and then rushed forward to kill Zhong Hui. Zhong Hui was then forty years old. Several hundred officers and men were killed.

會遣兵悉殺所閉諸牙門郡守，內人共舉機以柱門，兵斫門，不能破。斯須，門外倚梯登城，或燒城屋，蟻附亂進，矢下如雨，牙門、郡守各緣屋出，與其卒兵相得。姜維率會左右戰，手殺五六人，眾既格斬維，爭赴殺會。會時年四十，將士死者數百人。¹

Earlier, Deng Ai had been made Grand Commandant and Zhong Hui Minister over the Masses, each keeping his credentials and his command of the armies as before, but both died before receiving the appointments. Zhong Hui's elder brother Zhong Yu had died in the winter of the fourth year, but Zhong Hui never learned of it. Zhong Hui's nephew Zhong Yong had followed Zhong Hui and died with him; Zhong Yi, a nephew whom Zhong Hui had raised, together with Zhong Jun, Zhong Chan and others, were thrown into prison and were to be executed. Sima, King Wen, memorialized the Emperor to issue an edict, which said: “The grandfather of Zhong Jun and the others, Zhong Yao, in the time of the three ancestors rose to the highest office among the Excellencies, assisted in receiving the Mandate and established merit, and receives sacrifices in the court of the ancestral temple.

初，艾為太尉，會為司徒，皆持節、都督諸軍如故，咸未受命而斃。會兄毓，以四年冬薨，會竟未知問。會兄子邕，隨會與俱死，會所養兄子毅及峻、辿¹等下獄，當伏誅。司馬文王表天子下詔曰：「峻等祖父繇，三祖之世，極位臺司，佐命立勳，饗食廟庭。

Their father Zhong Yu held office in the capital and the provinces and handled affairs with distinction. Of old, Chu, remembering the government of Ziwen, did not cut off the sacrifices of the Dou clan; Jin, recording the loyalty of Cheng and Xuan (Zhao Cui and Zhao Dun), preserved the descendants of the Zhao clan. That the line of Zhong Yao and Zhong Yu should be cut off for the crimes of Zhong Hui and Zhong Yong is something I find pitiable! The brothers Zhong Jun and Zhong Chan are specially pardoned, and those who hold office or rank are to keep them as before. Only Zhong Yi and Zhong Yong's son are to suffer the penalty of the law.” Some say that Zhong Yu had once secretly warned Sima, King Wen, that Zhong Hui was full of stratagems and hard to rely on and should not be given sole command, and that this was why Zhong Jun and the others were pardoned.

父毓，歷職內外，幹事有績。昔楚思子文之治，不滅斗氏之祀；晉錄成宣之忠，用存趙氏之後。以會、邕之罪，而絕繇、毓之類，吾有愍然！峻、辿兄弟特原，有官爵者如故。惟毅及邕息伏法。」或曰，毓曾密啟司馬文王，言會挾術難保，不可專任，故宥峻等云。¹

Earlier, when King Wen intended to send Zhong Hui against Shu, Shao Ti, a Clerk of the Western Bureau, asked to see him and said: “You are now sending Zhong Hui with more than a hundred thousand men to attack Shu. In my foolish opinion, Zhong Hui is a man on his own with no weighty ties to bind him; it would be better to send someone else.” King Wen laughed and said: “Do you think I do not know this already? Shu has been a plague on the realm, keeping the people from peace and rest, and for me to attack it now is as easy as pointing at my palm. Yet everyone says that Shu cannot be attacked.

初，文王欲遣會伐蜀，西曹屬邵悌求見曰：「今遣鍾會率十餘萬眾伐蜀，愚謂會單身無重任，不若使餘人行。」文王笑曰：我寧當復不知此耶？蜀為天下作患，使民不得安息，我今伐之如指掌耳，而眾人皆言蜀不可伐。

When men's hearts are fearful beforehand, their wisdom and courage are both exhausted, and to force men whose wisdom and courage are exhausted into action is only to make them prisoners of the enemy. Zhong Hui alone thinks as I do. If I now send him against Shu, Shu is sure to be destroyed. After Shu is destroyed, even if things turn out as you fear, what could he possibly accomplish? A general of a defeated army cannot be spoken to of courage, and the ministers of a fallen state cannot be enlisted in plans for survival, because their hearts and spirits have already been broken.

夫人心豫怯則智勇並竭，智勇並竭而強使之，適為敵禽耳。惟鍾會與人意同，今遣會伐蜀，必可滅蜀。滅蜀之後，就如卿所慮，當何所能一辦耶？凡敗軍之將不可以語勇，亡國之大夫不可與圖存，心膽以破故也。

Once Shu is broken, its surviving people will be terrified and unfit to join in any scheme, while the officers and men of the Central States will each be thinking of home and will not be willing to side with him. If he does evil, he will only bring destruction on his own clan. You need not worry about this, but take care not to let anyone hear of it.”

若蜀以破，遺民震恐，不足與圖事；中國將士各自思歸，不肯與同也。若作惡，祗自滅族耳。卿不須憂此，慎莫使人聞也。

When Zhong Hui reported that Deng Ai was behaving lawlessly and King Wen was about to go west, Shao Ti spoke again: “The troops under Zhong Hui are five or six times as many as Deng Ai's. You need only order Zhong Hui to seize Deng Ai; there is no need to go yourself.” King Wen said: “Have you forgotten what you said before, that you now say I need not go? Even so, these words must not be spread about. I must in any case treat others with good faith and righteousness; so long as others do not betray me, how could I be the first to harbor suspicion of them?

及會白鄧艾不軌，文王將西，悌復曰：「鍾會所統，五六倍於鄧艾，但可敕會取艾，不足自行。」文王曰：「卿忘前時所言邪，而更云可不須行乎？雖爾，此言不可宣也。我要自當以信義待人，但人不負我，我豈可先人生心哉！

The other day Protector of the Army Jia (Jia Chong) asked me, ‘Do you have any doubts about Zhong Hui?’ I answered, ‘I am sending you now; am I then to doubt you as well?’ Jia had nothing to say to change my words. When I reach Chang'an, the matter will settle itself.” When the army reached Chang'an, Zhong Hui was indeed already dead, all just as King Wen had foreseen.

近日賈護軍問我，言：『頗疑鍾會不？』我答言：『如今遣卿行，寧可復疑卿邪？』賈亦無以易我語也。我到長安，則自了矣。」軍至長安，會果已死，咸如所策。¹

Zhong Hui once argued that the Changes has no interlocking trigrams, and discussed whether talent and nature are the same or different. After Zhong Hui's death, a work in twenty sections was found in his house, entitled On the Way; in fact it belonged to the school of performance and title, and its style resembled Zhong Hui's.

會嘗論易無互體、才性同異。及會死後，於會家得書二十篇，名曰《道論》，而實刑名家也，其文似會。

Wang Bi

王弼

Earlier, when Zhong Hui was barely twenty, he had become well known together with Wang Bi of Shanyang. Wang Bi liked to discuss Confucianism and Daoism and was a brilliant and eloquent speaker. He wrote commentaries on the Changes and the Laozi and became a Gentleman of the Masters of Writing, but he died in his twenties.

初，會弱冠與山陽王弼竝知名。弼好論儒道，辭才逸辯，注《易》及《老子》，為尚書郎，年二十餘卒。¹

Appraisal

評

Appraisal: Wang Ling was lofty in bearing and principle, Guanqiu Jian outstanding in talent and ability, Zhuge Dan stern, resolute and commanding, and Zhong Hui expert in strategy and calculation. All of them won renown and so rose to these honored posts; yet all had great hearts and crooked ambitions and gave no thought to disaster, so that upheaval sprang like a released crossbow trigger and their clans were smeared across the ground. Were they not misguided and deluded? Deng Ai was bold and vigorous, achieving merit and accomplishing great things, but he was blind to guarding against peril, and blame and ruin soon came upon him. He could see far enough to understand Zhuge Ke, yet could not see himself close at hand; this is surely what the ancients called “the argument of the eye.”

評曰：王凌風節格尚，毌丘儉才識拔幹，諸葛誕嚴毅威重，鍾會精練策數，咸以顯名，致茲榮任，而皆心大志迂，不慮禍難，變如發機，宗族塗地，豈不謬惑邪！鄧艾矯然強壯，立功立事，然闇於防患，咎敗旋至，豈遠知乎諸葛恪而不能近自見，此蓋古人所謂目論者也。¹