Jiao Yi 焦彝
Profile
Jiao Yi was a general under Zhuge Dan, who rebelled at Shouchun. He has no biography of his own in the Records and appears once, together with Jiang Ban, in the Biography of Zhuge Dan. Chen Shou called both men trusted confidants of Zhuge Dan who took part in planning his affairs. Records, Wei 28 §38
In the 2nd year of Ganlu (257), when the General-in-Chief Sima Zhao surrounded Shouchun, the food in the city steadily dwindled and no relief came from outside, Jiao Yi, together with Jiang Ban, abandoned Zhuge Dan, climbed over the city wall and went over to the General-in-Chief. Chen Shou's main text records nothing of him after that. Records, Wei 28 §34–35 · 37–38
In the Romance he appears only in Chapter 112, a single chapter, and there is no chapter whose title contains his name. The Romance depicts him, together with Jiang Ban, as an adviser to Zhuge Dan, and has him climb over the wall that night and surrender to Wei after urging a decisive battle and being rebuked by Zhuge Dan. Romance, Ch. 112 §10–11
In the Records
In the 5th month of the 2nd year of Ganlu (257), when the court summoned Zhuge Dan to become Minister of Works, he grew all the more afraid and finally rebelled. He attacked and killed Yue Chen, Inspector of Yang Province, gathered more than 100,000 government troops from the agricultural colonies of Huainan and Huaibei and 40,000 to 50,000 soldiers newly attached to him in Yang Province, stored a year's worth of grain, and closed the city gates to hold out. When he asked for help, Wu had Quan Yi (全懌), Quan Duan, Tang Zi and others lead 30,000 men and come with Wen Qin. Records, Wei 28 §34–36
In the 6th month the General-in-Chief Sima Zhao came commanding 260,000 troops of the central and provincial armies and surrounded Shouchun in a double ring, inside and out. The Wu general Zhu Yi twice came with a large army, but Zhou Tai (州泰), Inspector of Yan Province, and others met him and broke his vanguard every time, and Sun Chen, angry that Zhu Yi fought without advancing, put him to death. The food in the city steadily dwindled, no relief came from outside, and the host had nothing to rely on. Records, Wei 28 §37–38
At this time the generals Jiang Ban and Jiao Yi, both trusted confidants of Zhuge Dan who took part in planning his affairs, abandoned Zhuge Dan, climbed over the city wall and went over to the General-in-Chief of their own accord. The General-in-Chief then used a stratagem of sowing discord to win over Quan Yi and the others with an unexpected ruse, and when Quan Yi and the others opened the city gate and came out leading several thousand men, the city was struck with fear and did not know what to do. Records, Wei 28 §38
In the 1st month of the following year, the 3rd year of Ganlu (258), Zhuge Dan and Wen Qin tried and failed to break through the siege, and after that they quarreled and Zhuge Dan killed Wen Qin. When the General-in-Chief advanced his troops from all sides and scaled the walls, Zhuge Dan broke out through a small city gate and was beheaded by the troops of Hu Fen, Major under the General-in-Chief. In Chen Shou's main text Jiao Yi's name appears only in the passage about his going over, and nothing after that is recorded. Records, Wei 28 §39–42
In the Romance
In Chapter 112 of the Romance, Zhu Yi of Wu, who has come to relieve Shouchun, is defeated again and again by the Wei army and is beheaded by Sun Chen. When Quan Duan's son Quan Yi (全禕), who has surrendered to Sima Zhao, shoots a letter into the city saying that Sun Chen is not benevolent and they had better surrender to Wei, Quan Yi (全懌), together with Quan Duan, opens the city gate and comes out to surrender leading several thousand men. Romance, Ch. 112 §8–10
To the anxious Zhuge Dan in the city, his advisers Jiang Ban and Jiao Yi urge that, since there is little grain and many soldiers in the city and it cannot be held for long, he should lead the men of Wu and Chu and fight one decisive battle to the death with the Wei army. Zhuge Dan flies into a rage, saying, 'I wish to hold out and you wish to fight; can it be that you harbor disloyal intentions?', and declares that if they say such a thing again he will certainly have them beheaded. Romance, Ch. 112 §10
The two men look up to heaven and sigh deeply, 'Zhuge Dan will soon perish!', and say that they had better surrender early and escape death. That night around the second watch Jiang Ban and Jiao Yi climb over the wall and surrender to Wei, and Sima Zhao gives them important posts. The Romance records that because of this, even though there were soldiers in the city with the courage to fight, none dared to speak of fighting. Romance, Ch. 112 §10–11
Where the Romance differs
His position: In Chapter 112 of the Romance, Jiang Ban and Jiao Yi are advisers to Zhuge Dan. The Biography of Zhuge Dan in the Records calls the two men generals, and says that they were trusted confidants of Zhuge Dan who took part in planning his affairs. Romance, Ch. 112 §10Records, Wei 28 §38
Why he defected: In Chapter 112 of the Romance, after urging a decisive battle and hearing Zhuge Dan's rebuke that they harbored disloyal intentions and his threat to behead them, they resolve to surrender. Chen Shou's main text states only that, as the food in the city dwindled and no relief came from outside, the two men abandoned Zhuge Dan and climbed over the city wall to go over, and does not record their urging a decisive battle. Romance, Ch. 112 §10–11Records, Wei 28 §38
The order of the defections: In Chapter 112 of the Romance, Quan Yi (全懌) and Quan Duan first open the city gate and surrender, and Jiang Ban and Jiao Yi then climb over the wall. In the Biography of Zhuge Dan in the Records, Jiang Ban and Jiao Yi went over first, after which the General-in-Chief used a stratagem of sowing discord to win over Quan Yi and the others and bring them out through the city gate. Romance, Ch. 112 §10–11Records, Wei 28 §38
After the defection: In Chapter 112 of the Romance, Sima Zhao gives the two men important posts, and because of this the soldiers in the city dare not speak of fighting. Chen Shou's main text records nothing of Jiao Yi after he went over. Romance, Ch. 112 §11Records, Wei 28 §38
Written by 3KDEX (not yet reviewed) — The tags at the end of each paragraph link to the exact passage in the Records volume or Romance chapter it is based on.
Abilities
The Records score (Chen Shou’s Records of the Three Kingdoms, main text) is the baseline. Each ability compares how the Romance redrew the same person, and the evidence from both sources explains the difference.
- LEA4238−4
- STR4031−9
- INT4852+4
- POL3538+3
- CHA3838±0
- VIR2528+3
- ADP5560+5
- SCH3538+3
- DIP3840+2
- DIS3535±0
Abilities shaped by the Romance — where it differs from the Records Differences of 10 or more
No ability differs by 10 or more — the Romance portrays this person much as the Records do.
10 similar abilities — show evidence
RNo direct record — estimated from his title as Zhuge Dan's generalWei 28 §38
NNo direct record — estimated from his role as an adviserCh. 112 §10
RNo direct record — estimated from his title of generalWei 28 §38
NNo direct record — estimated from his role as an adviserCh. 112 §10
RRecorded as a trusted confidant of Zhuge Dan who took part in planning his affairsWei 28 §38
NUrged a decisive battle, arguing that with little grain the city could not hold out longCh. 112 §10
RNo direct record — estimated from his title of generalWei 28 §38
NNo direct record — estimated from his role as an adviserCh. 112 §10
RNo direct record — estimated from his deedsWei 28 §38
NNo direct record — estimated from his deedsCh. 112 §11
RThough a trusted confidant, abandoned Zhuge Dan and climbed the wall to go overWei 28 §38
NWhen his advice was rejected, climbed over the wall at night and surrendered to WeiCh. 112 §11
RClimbed over the wall and surrendered when food ran short and no relief cameWei 28 §38
NForesaw Zhuge Dan's ruin, surrendered early and was given an important postCh. 112 §10Ch. 112 §11
RNo direct record — estimated from his title of generalWei 28 §38
NNo direct record — estimated from his role as an adviserCh. 112 §10
RNo direct record — estimated from his deedsWei 28 §38
NNo direct record — estimated from his offering adviceCh. 112 §10
RNo direct record — estimated from his deedsWei 28 §38
NNo direct record — estimated from his deedsCh. 112 §10
Records Romance Unverified No direct record; scored from their actions (evidence grade C)
3KDEX scoring — the Records use the main text of Chen Shou’s Records of the Three Kingdoms; the Romance uses the 120-chapter Romance of the Three Kingdoms. Click a source tag to open that passage in the reader.
Romance chapters (1)
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