Records of Wei 4: Annals of the Three Young Emperors

Records of Wei 4: Annals of the Three Young Emperors

The Prince of Qi

齊王

The Prince of Qi's personal name was Fang, and his courtesy name was Lanqing. Emperor Ming had no sons, and he raised the Prince and Cao Xun, Prince of Qin; because the affairs of the palace were kept secret, no one knew where they had come from. In the third year of Qinglong he was made Prince of Qi. In the third year of Jingchu, on dinghai, the first day of the first month, the Emperor fell gravely ill, and so the Prince was made Crown Prince. That same day he ascended the imperial throne and proclaimed a general amnesty. The Empress was honored as Empress Dowager. The Grand General Cao Shuang and the Grand Commandant Sima Yi, King Xuan, assisted in the government.

齊王諱芳，字蘭卿。明帝無子，養王及秦王詢；宮省事祕，莫有知其所由來者。¹青龍三年，立為齊王。景初三年正月丁亥朔，帝甚病，乃立為皇太子。是日，即皇帝位，大赦。尊皇后曰皇太后。大將軍曹爽、太尉司馬宣王輔政。

An edict said, “We, a person of no account, have inherited this great enterprise, and alone in Our mourning We have no one to whom We may turn. The Grand General and the Grand Commandant have received the late Emperor's final command to support Our person on either side; the Minister over the Masses and the Minister of Works, as chief steward and principal aide, shall lead all the officials together and bring peace to the altars of the state. Let them, with all the ministers and grandees, strive with all their hearts and act in accordance with Our wishes. All labor services on the building of palaces are ended in accordance with the testamentary edict. Government slaves, male and female, aged sixty and over are released to become free commoners.”

詔曰：「朕以眇身，繼承鴻業，煢煢在疚，靡所控告。大將軍、太尉奉受末命，夾輔朕躬，司徒、司空、冢宰、元輔總率百僚，以寧社稷，其與羣卿大夫勉勗乃心，稱朕意焉。諸所興作宮室之役，皆以遺詔罷之。官奴婢六十已上，免為良人。」

In the second month, the Western Regions, through successive interpreters, presented fire-washed cloth. An edict ordered the Grand General and the Grand Commandant to test it in person and show it to all the officials.

二月，西域重譯獻火浣布，詔大將軍、太尉臨試以示百寮。¹

On dingchou an edict said, “The Grand Commandant embodies the Way and is upright and straight, and he has given his utmost loyalty through three reigns. In the south he captured Meng Da, in the west he smashed the caitiffs of Shu, and in the east he destroyed Gongsun Yuan; his merit covers all within the seas. Of old, King Cheng of Zhou established the offices of Guardian and Tutor, and more recently Xianzong of Han exalted and favored Deng Yu. This was so that outstanding men would be generously honored and would surely be held in esteem. Let the Grand Commandant be made Grand Tutor, and let him hold the staff of authority, command troops and direct all military affairs as before.” In the third month, Man Chong, General Who Conquers the East, was made Grand Commandant.

丁丑詔曰：「太尉體道正直，盡忠三世，南擒孟達，西破蜀虜，東滅公孫淵，功蓋海內。昔周成建保傅之官，近漢顯宗崇寵鄧禹，所以優隆儁乂，必有尊也。其以太尉為太傅，持節統兵都督諸軍事如故。」三月，以征東將軍滿寵為太尉。

In summer, the sixth month, because officials and people of Dongta County in Liaodong had crossed the sea and settled within the borders of Qi Commandery, the old town of Zongcheng was made Xinta County to house the migrants. In autumn, the seventh month, the sovereign for the first time attended court in person and heard the memorials of the high ministers. In the eighth month there was a general amnesty. In winter, the tenth month, Huang Quan, General Who Guards the South, was made General of Chariots and Cavalry.

夏六月，以遼東東沓縣吏民渡海居齊郡界，以故縱城為新沓縣以居徙民。秋七月，上始親臨朝，聽公卿奏事。八月，大赦。冬十月，以鎮南將軍黃權為車騎將軍。

In the twelfth month an edict said, “Our Exalted Ancestor, Emperor Ming, forsook the realm in the first month, and his ministers and sons forever grieve on the anniversary of his death. Let us therefore return to the Xia calendar's first month. Though this departs from the late Emperor's principle of conforming to the Three Sequences, it is also a reason for which ritual institutions are altered. Moreover, the Xia first month is, by reckoning, the true first month of Heaven. Let the jianyin month be the first month of the first year of Zhengshi, and the jianchou month be a Later Twelfth Month.”

十二月，詔曰：「烈祖明皇帝以正月棄背天下，臣子永惟忌日之哀，其復用夏正；雖違先帝通三統之義，斯亦禮制所由變改也。又夏正於數為得天正，其以建寅之月為正始元年正月，以建丑月為後十二月。」

In the first year of Zhengshi, spring, on yichou of the second month, Liu Fang, Palace Attendant and Supervisor of the Palace Secretariat, and Sun Zi, Palace Attendant and Prefect of the Palace Secretariat, were given the additional posts of Grand Master of Splendid Happiness of the Left and of the Right. On bingxu, because people of Wen and Beifeng counties in Liaodong had drifted across the sea, parts of the territory of Xi'an, Linzi and Changguo counties in Qi Commandery were marked off as Xinwen and Nanfeng counties to house the refugees.

正始元年春二月乙丑，加侍中中書監劉放、侍中中書令孫資為左右光祿大夫。丙戌，以遼東汶、北豐縣民流徙渡海，規齊郡之西安、臨菑、昌國縣界為新汶、南豐縣，以居流民。

From the twelfth month of the previous winter until this month there was no rain. On bingyin an edict ordered the prison officials to right unjust cases quickly and to sort out and release those guilty of light offenses, and told all the high ministers and officers to offer frank words and good plans, each with all his heart. In summer, the fourth month, Huang Quan, General of Chariots and Cavalry, died. In autumn, the seventh month, an edict said, “The Changes speaks of ‘diminishing those above to increase those below; regulated by measures, it neither wastes wealth nor harms the people.’ Now, while the common people are in want, the Imperial Treasury makes many articles of gold and silver. What are they to be used for?

自去冬十二月至此月不雨。丙寅，詔令獄官亟平冤枉，理出輕微；羣公卿士讜言嘉謀，各悉乃心。夏四月，車騎將軍黃權薨。秋七月，詔曰：「易稱損上益下，節以制度，不傷財，不害民。方今百姓不足而御府多作金銀雜物，將奚以為？

Let one hundred and fifty kinds of gold and silver articles, more than one thousand eight hundred jin in weight, now be brought out and melted down for military use.” In the eighth month the imperial carriage toured the Luoyang area to inspect the autumn crops, and gifts were bestowed, each according to rank, on the aged and on diligent farmers.

今出黃金銀物百五十種，千八百餘斤，銷冶以供軍用。」八月，車駕巡省洛陽界秋稼，賜高年力田各有差。

In the second year, spring, the second month, the Emperor first mastered the Analects, and he had the Minister of Ceremonies sacrifice to Confucius at the Biyong with the Great Offering of ox, sheep and pig, with Yan Yuan as the associate recipient.

二年春二月，帝初通《論語》，使太常以太牢祭孔子於辟雍，以顏淵配。

In summer, the fifth month, the Wu general Zhu Ran and others besieged Fancheng in Xiangyang, and the Grand Tutor Sima Yi, King Xuan, led his forces to resist them. On xinchou of the sixth month the enemy withdrew. On jimao, Wang Ling, General Who Conquers the East, was made General of Chariots and Cavalry. In winter, the twelfth month, there was an earthquake in Nanan Commandery.

夏五月，吳將朱然等圍襄陽之樊城，太傅司馬宣王率衆拒之。¹六月辛丑，退。己卯，以征東將軍王凌為車騎將軍。冬十二月，南安郡地震。

In the third year, spring, the first month, Cao Hui, Prince of Dongping, died. In the third month the Grand Commandant Man Chong died. In autumn, on jiashen of the seventh month, there was an earthquake in Nanan Commandery. On yiyou, Jiang Ji, General Commanding the Army, was made Grand Commandant. In winter, the twelfth month, there was an earthquake in Wei Commandery.

三年春正月，東平王徽薨。三月，太尉滿寵薨。秋七月甲申，南安郡地震。乙酉，以領軍將軍蔣濟為太尉。冬十二月，魏郡地震。

In the fourth year, spring, the first month, the Emperor was capped, and gifts were bestowed on the officials, each according to rank. In summer, on yimao of the fourth month, the Lady Zhen was made Empress, and there was a general amnesty. On the first day of the fifth month there was an eclipse of the sun, and it was total. In autumn, the seventh month, an edict ordered that sacrifices be offered in the temple court of Taizu to the late Grand Marshals Cao Zhen and Cao Xiu; the Grand General Who Conquers the South, Xiahou Shang; the Minister of Ceremonies, Huan Jie; the Minister of Works, Chen Qun; the Grand Tutor, Zhong Yao; the General of Chariots and Cavalry, Zhang He; the General of the Left, Xu Huang; the General of the Front, Zhang Liao; the General of the Right, Yue Jin; the Grand Commandant, Hua Xin; the Minister over the Masses, Wang Lang; the General of Swift Cavalry, Cao Hong; the General Who Conquers the West, Xiahou Yuan; the Generals of the Rear, Zhu Ling and Wen Pin; the Bearer of the Golden Mace, Zang Ba; the General Who Smashes the Caitiffs, Li Dian; the General Who Establishes Righteousness, Pang De; and the Colonel of Martial Valor, Dian Wei. In winter, the twelfth month, Himiko, queen of the land of Wa, sent envoys to present tribute.

四年春正月，帝加元服，賜羣臣各有差。夏四月乙卯，立皇后甄氏，大赦。五月朔，日有蝕之，旣。秋七月，詔祀故大司馬曹真、曹休、征南大將軍夏侯尚、太常桓階、司空陳羣、太傅鍾繇、車騎將軍張郃、左將軍徐晃、前將軍張遼、右將軍樂進、太尉華歆、司徒王朗、驃騎將軍曹洪、征西將軍夏侯淵、後將軍朱靈、文聘、執金吾臧霸、破虜將軍李典、立義將軍龐德、武猛校尉典韋於太祖廟庭。冬十二月，倭國女王俾彌呼遣使奉獻。

In the fifth year, spring, the second month, an edict ordered the Grand General Cao Shuang to lead his forces against Shu. In summer, on the first day of the fourth month, there was an eclipse of the sun. On guisi of the fifth month, the lectures on the Book of Documents having been completed, the Minister of Ceremonies was sent to sacrifice to Confucius at the Biyong with the Great Offering, with Yan Yuan as associate, and gifts were bestowed, each according to rank, on the Grand Tutor, the Grand General and those who had attended the lectures. On bingwu the Grand General Cao Shuang led his army back. In autumn, the eighth month, Cao Xun, Prince of Qin, died. In the ninth month the Xianbei came and submitted; the Dependent State of Liaodong was established, and Changli County was set up to settle them.

五年春二月，詔大將軍曹爽率衆征蜀。夏四月朔，日有蝕之。五月癸巳，講尚書經通，使太常以太牢祠孔子於辟雍，以顏淵配；賜太傅、大將軍及侍講者各有差。丙午，大將軍曹爽引軍還。秋八月，秦王詢薨。九月，鮮卑內附，置遼東屬國，立昌黎縣以居之。

In winter, on guimao of the eleventh month, an edict ordered that the late Director of the Secretariat Xun You be given sacrifice in the temple court of Taizu. On jiyou the state of Qin was restored as Jingzhao Commandery. In the twelfth month the Minister of Works Cui Lin died.

冬十一月癸卯，詔祀故尚書令荀攸於太祖廟庭。¹己酉，復秦國為京兆郡。十二月，司空崔林薨。

In the sixth year, spring, on dingmao of the second month, there was an earthquake in Nanan Commandery. On bingzi, Zhao Yan, General of Swift Cavalry, was made Minister of Works; in summer, the sixth month, Zhao Yan died. On dingmao of the eighth month, the Minister of Ceremonies Gao Rou was made Minister of Works. On guisi, Liu Fang, Grand Master of Splendid Happiness of the Left, was made General of Swift Cavalry, and Sun Zi, Grand Master of Splendid Happiness of the Right, was made General of the Guards. In winter, the eleventh month, a joint sacrifice was held in the temple of Taizu, and for the first time sacrifice was offered to the twenty-one ministers who had helped found the dynasty, as previously determined.

六年春二月丁卯，南安郡地震。丙子，以驃騎將軍趙儼為司空；夏六月，儼薨。八月丁卯，以太常高柔為司空。癸巳，以左光祿大夫劉放為驃騎將軍，右光祿大夫孫資為衞將軍。冬十一月，祫祭太祖廟，始祀前所論佐命臣二十一人。

On xinhai of the twelfth month an edict ordered that the Commentary on the Changes written by the late Minister over the Masses Wang Lang be used for examining scholars. On yihai an edict said, “Tomorrow there will be a great assembly of the officials. Let the Grand Tutor be carried up into the hall in his sedan.”

十二月辛亥，詔故司徒王朗所作易傳，令學者得以課試。乙亥，詔曰：「明日大會羣臣，其令太傅乘輿上殿。」

In the seventh year, spring, the second month, Guanqiu Jian, Inspector of You Province, attacked Gaogouli, and in summer, the fifth month, he attacked the Huimo, defeating them all. Several dozen states of the Han, such as Naxi, each led their tribes and surrendered. In autumn, on wushen of the eighth month, an edict said, “Recently I went to the market and saw government slaves being sold off; all of them were seventy years old, or crippled, disabled or sick. These are what are called the most wretched of Heaven's people. What is more, the government sells them off again because their strength is spent; there is no justification for it either way. Let them all be released to become free commoners. If there are any who cannot support themselves, let the commanderies and counties give them relief.”

七年春二月，幽州刺史毌丘儉討高句驪，夏五月，討濊貊，皆破之。韓那奚等數十國各率種落降。秋八月戊申，詔曰：「屬到市觀見所斥賣官奴婢，年皆七十，或𤸇疾殘病，所謂天民之窮者也。且官以其力竭而復鬻之，進退無謂，其悉遣為良民。若有不能自存者，郡縣振給之。」¹

On jiyou an edict said, “I am to perform the sacrifice in person on the nineteenth, but when I went out yesterday I saw the road already being repaired. If it rains it will have to be repaired again, and the labor will simply be wasted. I always bear in mind, day and night, that the common people have little strength and many labor duties. A road need only be passable and convenient, yet I hear that old and young are being flogged in the effort to embellish it, so that the people are exhausted and scattered and have come to lament. How could I ride along it at ease and offer fragrant virtue at the ancestral temple?

己酉，詔曰：「吾乃當以十九日親祠，而昨出已見治道，得雨當復更治，徒棄功夫。每念百姓力少役多，夙夜存心。道路但當期於通利，聞乃檛捶老小，務崇脩飾，疲困流離，以至哀歎，吾豈安乘此而行，致馨德於宗廟邪？

From now on, let this be clearly and repeatedly enjoined.” In winter, the twelfth month, the lectures on the Book of Rites having been completed, the Minister of Ceremonies was sent to sacrifice to Confucius at the Biyong with the Great Offering, with Yan Yuan as associate.

自今已後，明申勑之。」冬十二月，講《禮記》通，使太常以太牢祀孔子於辟雍，以顏淵配。¹

In the eighth year, spring, on the first day of the second month, there was an eclipse of the sun. In summer, the fifth month, the ten counties of Hedong north of the Fen were separated to form Pingyang Commandery.

八年春二月朔，日有蝕之。夏五月，分河東之汾北十縣為平陽郡。

In autumn, the seventh month, the Master of Writing He Yan submitted a memorial: “One who governs a state well must first govern himself, and one who governs himself is careful about what he practices. If what he practices is correct, he himself is correct; if he himself is correct, things are done without his giving orders. If what he practices is not correct, he himself is not correct; and if he himself is not correct, even when he gives orders they are not followed. Therefore a ruler of men must choose upright men as his companions, must look only upon upright sights, must banish the music of Zheng and not listen to it, and must keep flatterers at a distance and not draw near them. Only then will wicked thoughts not arise, and the upright Way can be broadened.

秋七月，尚書何晏奏曰：「善為國者必先治其身，治其身者慎其所習。所習正則其身正，其身正則不令而行；所習不正則其身不正，其身不正則雖令不從。是故為人君者，所與游必擇正人，所觀覽必察正象，放鄭聲而弗聽，遠佞人而弗近，然後邪心不生而正道可弘也。

The benighted rulers of declining ages did not know what to reduce and what to increase; they drove away gentlemen and kept them at a distance, and drew petty men near. The loyal and good were estranged, while fawning favorites grew familiar, and disorder arose from intimates, like the rats in the altar of the soil. If we examine their darkness and enlightenment, it was what had accumulated that made them so; that is why the sages and worthies earnestly treated this as their gravest concern. When Shun admonished Yu, saying, ‘Neighbors, neighbors!’ he meant that one must be careful whom one keeps near; when the Duke of Zhou admonished King Cheng, saying, ‘His friends, his friends!’ he meant that one must be careful whom one associates with. The Documents says, ‘When the One Man has blessings, the myriad people rely on him.’

季末闇主不知損益，斥遠君子，引近小人，忠良疏遠，便辟褻狎，亂生近暱，譬之社鼠；考其昏明，所積以然，故聖賢諄諄以為至慮。舜戒禹曰『鄰哉鄰哉』，言慎所近也，周公戒成王曰『其朋其朋』，言慎所與也。書云：『一人有慶，兆民賴之。』

From now on, whenever Your Majesty goes to the Shiqian Hall or takes pleasure in the rear garden, let high ministers attend and accompany you, so that amid leisurely amusements and banquets you may also examine documents, consult on affairs of state and discuss the meaning of the classics, as a model for ten thousand generations.” In winter, the twelfth month, Kong Yi, Cavalier Regular Attendant and Grandee Remonstrant, submitted a memorial: “According to the rites, the palaces of the Son of Heaven have rules for hewing and polishing timber but no decoration in vermilion and cinnabar. You should follow the rites and return to antiquity. Now the realm is at peace and the distinction between ruler and subject is clear. Your Majesty need only be unflagging in your position, keep your heart just and impartial, and employ your subjects by careful rewards and punishments.

可自今以後，御幸式乾殿及游豫後園，皆大臣侍從，因從容戲宴，兼省文書，詢謀政事，講論經義，為萬世法。」冬十二月，散騎常侍諫議大夫孔乂奏曰：「禮，天子之宮，有斲礱之制，無朱丹之飾，宜循禮復古。今天下已平，君臣之分明，陛下但當不懈于位，平公正之心，審賞罰以使之。

Stop practicing horsemanship in the rear garden, and when you go out, always ride in the palanquin or the carriage; this would be a blessing to the realm and the wish of your subjects.” He Yan and Kong Yi both took the Emperor's failings as occasions to offer corrective admonitions.

可絕後園習騎乘馬，出必御輦乘車，天下之福，臣子之願也。」晏乂咸因闕以進規諫。

In the ninth year, spring, the second month, Sun Zi, General of the Guards and Prefect of the Palace Secretariat; on guisi, Liu Fang, General of Swift Cavalry and Supervisor of the Palace Secretariat; and on jiawu of the third month, the Minister over the Masses Wei Zhen, each resigned their posts and retired to their residences as marquises, with the rank of Specially Advanced. In the fourth month the Minister of Works Gao Rou was made Minister over the Masses, and the Grand Master of Splendid Happiness Xu Miao was made Minister of Works, but he firmly declined and did not accept. In autumn, the ninth month, Wang Ling, General of Chariots and Cavalry, was made Minister of Works. In winter, the tenth month, a great wind tore off roofs and broke trees.

九年春二月，衞將軍中書令孫資，癸巳，驃騎將軍中書監劉放，三月甲午，司徒衞臻，各遜位，以侯就第，位特進。四月，以司空高柔為司徒；光祿大夫徐邈為司空，固辭不受。秋九月，以車騎將軍王淩為司空。冬十月，大風發屋折樹。

In the first year of Jiaping, spring, on jiawu of the first month, the imperial carriage went to pay respects at the Gaoping Mausoleum. The Grand Tutor Sima Yi, King Xuan, submitted a memorial that removed from office the Grand General Cao Shuang and Cao Shuang's younger brothers Cao Xi, Central Commander of the Army, Cao Xun, General of the Martial Guard, and Cao Yan, Cavalier Regular Attendant, sending them to their residences as marquises. On wuxu the officials in charge memorialized that the eunuch of the Yellow Gate Zhang Dang be arrested and handed over to the Commandant of Justice; when his statements were examined and verified, it was found that Cao Shuang had plotted treason with him. Furthermore, the Masters of Writing Ding Mi, Deng Yang and He Yan, the Colonel-Director of Retainers Bi Gui, the Inspector of Jing Province Li Sheng and the Grand Minister of Agriculture Huan Fan had all shared in Cao Shuang's treacherous plots, and their three sets of kin were exterminated.

嘉平元年春正月甲午，車駕謁高平陵。¹太傅司馬宣王奏免大將軍曹爽、爽弟中領軍羲、武衞將軍訓、散騎常侍彥官，以侯就第。戊戌，有司奏収黃門張當付廷尉，考實其辭，爽與謀不軌。又尚書丁謐、鄧颺、何晏、司隷校尉畢軌、荊州刺史李勝、大司農桓範皆與爽通姦謀，夷三族。

The account is in the Biography of Cao Shuang. On bingwu there was a general amnesty. On dingwei the Grand Tutor Sima Yi, King Xuan, was made Chancellor, but he firmly declined, and the appointment was dropped.

語在《爽傳》。丙午，大赦。丁未，以太傅司馬宣王為丞相，固讓乃止。¹

In summer, on yichou of the fourth month, the era name was changed. On bingzi the Grand Commandant Jiang Ji died. In winter, on xinmao of the twelfth month, the Minister of Works Wang Ling was made Grand Commandant. On gengzi the Colonel-Director of Retainers Sun Li was made Minister of Works.

夏四月乙丑，改年。丙子，太尉蔣濟薨。冬十二月辛卯，以司空王淩為太尉。庚子，以司隷校尉孫禮為司空。

In the second year, summer, the fifth month, Guo Huai, General Who Conquers the West, was made General of Chariots and Cavalry. In winter, the tenth month, Sun Zi, Specially Advanced, was made General of Swift Cavalry. In the eleventh month the Minister of Works Sun Li died. On jiachen of the twelfth month, Cao Lin, Prince of Donghai, died. On yiwei, Wang Chang, General Who Conquers the South, crossed the Yangzi, made a surprise attack on Wu and defeated it.

二年夏五月，以征西將軍郭淮為車騎將軍。冬十月，以特進孫資為驃騎將軍。十一月，司空孫禮薨。十二月甲辰，東海王霖薨。乙未，征南將軍王昶渡江，掩攻吳，破之。

In the third year, spring, the first month, Wang Ji, Inspector of Jing Province, and Zhou Tai, Administrator of Xincheng, attacked Wu and defeated it, and several thousand people surrendered. In the second month, Yiling County was set up in Nan Commandery to settle those who had surrendered. In the third month the Director of the Secretariat Sima Fu was made Minister of Works. On jiashen of the fourth month, Wang Chang, General Who Conquers the South, was made Grand General Who Conquers the South. On renchen there was a general amnesty. On bingwu, hearing that the Grand Commandant Wang Ling was plotting to depose the Emperor and set up Cao Biao, Prince of Chu, the Grand Tutor Sima Yi, King Xuan, marched east against Wang Ling.

三年春正月，荊州刺史王基、新城太守州泰攻吳，破之，降者數千口。二月，置南郡之夷陵縣以居降附。三月，以尚書令司馬孚為司空。四月甲申，以征南將軍王昶為征南大將軍。壬辰，大赦。丙午，聞太尉王淩謀廢帝，立楚王彪，太傅司馬宣王東征淩。

On jiayin of the fifth month Wang Ling killed himself. In the sixth month Cao Biao was granted death. In autumn, on renxu of the seventh month, the Empress, the Lady Zhen, passed away. On xinwei the Minister of Works Sima Fu was made Grand Commandant. On wuyin the Grand Tutor Sima Yi, King Xuan, died, and Sima Shi, King Jing, General of the Guards, was made Grand General Who Soothes the Army and put in charge of the affairs of the Masters of Writing. On yiwei Empress Huai, the Lady Zhen, was buried in the Taiqing Mausoleum. On gengzi Sun Zi, General of Swift Cavalry, died. In the eleventh month the officials in charge memorialized that the meritorious ministers who were to share in the offerings at the temple of Taizu should be reordered by office; the Grand Tutor Sima Yi, King Xuan, being highest in merit and most honored in rank, was placed at the top. In the twelfth month the Minister of the Household Zheng Chong was made Minister of Works.

五月甲寅，淩自殺。六月，彪賜死。秋七月壬戌，皇后甄氏崩。辛未，以司空司馬孚為太尉。戊寅，太傅司馬宣王薨，以衞將軍司馬景王為撫軍大將軍，錄尚書事。乙未，葬懷甄后于太清陵。庚子，驃騎將軍孫資薨。十一月，有司奏諸功臣應饗食於太祖廟者，更以官為次，太傅司馬宣王功高爵尊，最在上。十二月，以光祿勳鄭沖為司空。

In the fourth year, spring, on guimao of the first month, Sima Shi, King Jing, Grand General Who Soothes the Army, was made Grand General. In the second month the Lady Zhang was made Empress, and there was a general amnesty. In summer, the fifth month, two fish appeared on the roof of the arsenal. In winter, the eleventh month, an edict ordered Wang Chang, Grand General Who Conquers the South, Hu Zun, General Who Conquers the East, Guanqiu Jian, General Who Guards the South, and others to attack Wu. In the twelfth month the Wu Grand General Zhuge Ke gave battle and inflicted a great defeat on the armies at Dongguan. Things having gone badly, they returned.

四年春正月癸卯，以撫軍大將軍司馬景王為大將軍。二月，立皇后張氏，大赦。夏五月，魚二，見于武庫屋上。¹冬十一月，詔征南大將軍王昶、征東將軍胡遵、鎮南將軍毌丘儉等征吳。十二月，吳大將軍諸葛恪拒戰，大破衆軍於東關。不利而還。²

In the fifth year, summer, the fourth month, there was a general amnesty. In the fifth month the Wu Grand Tutor Zhuge Ke besieged the New City of Hefei, and an edict ordered the Grand Commandant Sima Fu to resist him. In autumn, the seventh month, Zhuge Ke withdrew.

五年夏四月，大赦。五月，吳太傅諸葛恪圍合肥新城，詔太尉司馬孚拒之。¹秋七月，恪退還。²

In the eighth month an edict said, “The late Gentleman of the Palace Guo Xiu of Xiping whetted his integrity and disciplined his conduct, and held to his purpose without wavering. Some time ago, when the Shu general Jiang Wei raided his commandery, Guo Xiu was captured and carried off. Last year the false Grand General Fei Yi drove his hosts forward, secretly scheming to spy out an opening, and on his way through Hanshou he invited a crowd of guests to a gathering. In the midst of the great assembly Guo Xiu struck Fei Yi with a blade by his own hand. His courage surpassed Nie Zheng's and his achievement exceeded Fu Jiezi's; he may be called one who gave his life to fulfill humaneness and cast aside life to choose righteousness.

八月，詔曰：「故中郎西平郭脩，砥節厲行，秉心不回。乃者蜀將姜維寇鈔脩郡，為所執略。往歲偽大將軍費禕驅率羣衆，陰圖闚𨵦，道經漢壽，請會衆賔，脩於廣坐之中手刃擊禕，勇過聶政，功逾介子，可謂殺身成仁，釋生取義者矣。

Posthumous honors and favors serve to make loyalty and righteousness known, and blessings extended to descendants serve to encourage those to come. Let Guo Xiu be posthumously enfeoffed as Marquis of Changle District with a fief of one thousand households, and given the posthumous name Marquis Wei. Let his son inherit the title and in addition be appointed Chief Commandant of Imperial Carriages. Let one thousand bing of silver and one thousand bolts of silk be bestowed, to bring glory and favor to the living and the dead and to hand it down forever to later generations.”

夫追加襃寵，所以表揚忠義；祚及後胤，所以獎勸將來。其追封脩為長樂鄉侯，食邑千戶，謚曰威侯；子襲爵，加拜奉車都尉；賜銀千鉼，絹千匹，以光寵存亡，永垂來世焉。」¹

From the Emperor's accession to this year, many commanderies, kingdoms, counties and marches were established or abolished, some being restored soon after; they are too many to record.

自帝即位至于是歲，郡國縣道多所置省，俄或還復，不可勝紀。

In the sixth year, spring, on jichou of the second month, Guanqiu Jian, General Who Guards the East, submitted a statement: “Formerly, when Zhuge Ke besieged the New City of Hefei, the city sent out a soldier, Liu Zheng, to slip through the siege and carry word, but he was captured by the bandits. They questioned him about the message he carried and said to Liu Zheng, ‘Lord Zhuge wishes to spare your life; you had better confess everything.’ Liu Zheng cursed them: ‘You dead dogs, what kind of talk is this! I will surely die and become a ghost of Wei. I will not stoop to beg for my life; I will drive you away!

六年春二月己丑，鎮東將軍毌丘儉上言：「昔諸葛恪圍合肥新城，城中遣士劉整出圍傳消息，為賊所得，考問所傳，語整曰：『諸葛公欲活汝，汝可具服。』整罵曰：『死狗，此何言也！我當必死為魏國鬼，不苟求活，逐汝去也。

If you mean to kill me, kill me quickly!’ In the end he said nothing else. Another soldier, Zheng Xiang, was also sent out of the city to carry word; someone informed Zhuge Ke, who sent horsemen to search along the tracks around the siege lines, and they caught Zheng Xiang and brought him back. Four or five men put a halter on his head, tied his hands behind him and led him around the outside of the city walls, ordering him to shout, ‘The main army has already gone back to Luoyang; you had better surrender soon.’ Zheng Xiang did not do as they said, but instead shouted to those in the city, ‘The main army is close by, just outside the siege! Brave men, keep up your strength!’

欲殺我者，便速殺之。』終無他辭。又遣士鄭像出城傳消息，或以語恪，恪遣馬騎尋圍跡索，得像還。四五人靮頭面縛，將繞城表，勑語像，使大呼，言『大軍已還洛，不如早降。』像不從其言，更大呼城中曰：『大軍近在圍外，壯士努力！』

The bandits jabbed his mouth with a sword to keep him from speaking, but Zheng Xiang shouted all the same and let those in the city hear and know. Liu Zheng and Zheng Xiang, though common soldiers, were able to keep faith and hold to their integrity; their sons and younger brothers ought to receive special treatment.” An edict said, “Illustrious ranks serve to honor great merit, and generous rewards serve to favor heroic men. Liu Zheng and Zheng Xiang answered the call to serve as messengers, crossed the layered siege lines and braved naked blades, holding their own lives light and keeping faith. Though unfortunately captured, they held to their integrity ever more firmly, proclaiming the great might of the Six Armies and calming the fearful hearts of the city's defenders; facing peril without a thought for themselves, they gave their all to deliver their orders.

賊以刀築其口，使不得言，像遂大呼，令城中聞知。整、像為兵，能守義執節，子弟宜有差異。」詔曰：「夫顯爵所以襃元功，重賞所以寵烈士。整、像召募通使，越蹈重圍，冒突白刃，輕身守信，不幸見獲，抗節彌厲，揚六軍之大勢，安城守之懼心，臨難不顧，畢志傳命。

Of old, Xie Yang, held captive by Chu, would rather die than be of two minds, and the Grandee Lu of Qi fulfilled his mission at the cost of his life; compared with Liu Zheng and Zheng Xiang, they cannot surpass them. Let Liu Zheng and Zheng Xiang now be posthumously granted the rank of Marquis Within the Pass, let each have his name removed from the soldiers' register, and let their sons inherit the rank, in accordance with the regulations for a retainer-unit commander who dies in service.”

昔解揚執楚，有隕無貳，齊路中大夫以死成命，方之整、像，所不能加。今追賜整、像爵關中侯，各除士名，使子襲爵，如部曲將死事科。」

On gengxu, Li Feng, Prefect of the Palace Secretariat, together with the Empress's father Zhang Ji, Grand Master of Splendid Happiness, and others, plotted to depose and replace the chief minister and make the Minister of Ceremonies Xiahou Xuan Grand General. The plot was discovered, and all who were implicated were executed. On xinhai there was a general amnesty. In the third month the Empress, the Lady Zhang, was deposed. In summer, the fourth month, the Lady Wang was made Empress, and there was a general amnesty. In the fifth month the Empress's father Wang Kui, Chief Commandant of Imperial Carriages, was enfeoffed as Marquis of Guangming District and made Grand Master of Splendid Happiness with the rank of Specially Advanced, and his wife, the Lady Tian, was made Lady of Xuanyang District.

庚戌，中書令李豐與皇后父光祿大夫張緝等謀廢易大臣，以太常夏侯玄為大將軍。事覺，諸所連及者皆伏誅。辛亥，大赦。三月，廢皇后張氏。夏四月，立皇后王氏，大赦。五月，封后父奉車都尉王夔為廣明鄉侯、光祿大夫，位特進，妻田氏為宣陽鄉君。

In autumn, the ninth month, the Grand General Sima Shi, King Jing, planning to depose the Emperor, reported it to the Empress Dowager. On jiaxu the Empress Dowager issued a command: “The Emperor Fang is already of full age, yet he does not attend in person to the myriad affairs of state. He wallows in his favorites within the palace, sinks into dissipation with women, daily brings in singers and actors and indulges their obscene jests. He has brought the families of the Six Palaces to stay in the inner chambers, destroying the order of human relations and confusing the proper bounds between men and women. His reverence and filial piety wane day by day, and his perversity and arrogance grow ever worse. He cannot continue the line of Heaven or tend the ancestral temple.

秋九月，大將軍司馬景王將謀廢帝，以聞皇太后。¹甲戌，太后令曰：「皇帝芳春秋已長，不親萬機，耽淫內寵，沈漫女德，日延倡優，縱其醜謔；迎六宮家人留止內房，毀人倫之叙，亂男女之節；恭孝日虧，悖慠滋甚，不可以承天緒，奉宗廟。

Let Gao Rou, Acting Grand Commandant, bear the document of dismissal and announce it at the ancestral temple with the offering of an ox, and send Fang back to his fief in Qi, that he may yield the imperial throne.” That same day he moved to a detached palace; he was twenty-three years old. An envoy bearing the staff of authority escorted him, and a palace for the Prince of Qi was built at Chongmen in Henei, its arrangements all following the rites of a feudal kingdom.

使兼太尉高柔奉策，用一元大武告于宗廟，遣芳歸藩于齊，以避皇位。」¹是日遷居別宮，年二十三。使者持節送衞，營齊王宮於河內重門，制度皆如藩國之禮。²

On dingchou the Empress Dowager issued a command: “Cao Lin, Prince of Donghai, was a son of the Exalted Founder, Emperor Wen. The sons of Cao Lin are the closest of kin to the dynasty, and Cao Mao, Duke of Gaogui District, has the capacity for great achievement. Let him be made heir to Emperor Ming.”

丁丑，令曰：「東海王霖，高祖文皇帝之子。霖之諸子，與國至親，高貴鄉公髦有大成之量，其以為明皇帝嗣。」¹

The Duke of Gaogui District

高貴鄉公

The Duke of Gaogui District's personal name was Mao, and his courtesy name was Yanshi. He was a grandson of Emperor Wen and a son of Cao Lin, Prince Ding of Donghai. In the fifth year of Zhengshi he was enfeoffed as Duke of Gaogui District in Tan County. From youth he loved learning and matured early. When the Prince of Qi was deposed, the high ministers deliberated and decided to welcome the Duke and enthrone him. On jichou of the tenth month the Duke arrived at the Xuanwu Lodge. The officials asked him to lodge in the front hall, but the Duke, because it had been the late Emperor's residence, avoided it and stayed in the western wing. The officials also asked to welcome him with the imperial processional carriage, but the Duke would not agree.

高貴鄉公諱髦，字彥士，文帝孫，東海定王霖子也。正始五年，封郯縣高貴鄉公。少好學，夙成。齊王廢，公卿議迎立公。十月己丑，公至于玄武館，羣臣奏請舍前殿，公以先帝舊處，避止西廂；羣臣又請以法駕迎，公不聽。

On gengyin the Duke entered Luoyang, and the officials greeted him with bows south of the Xiye Gate. The Duke got down from his carriage to return the bow, but the usher entreated him, “Protocol does not call for you to bow.” The Duke said, “I am a subject.” And he returned the bow. At the Zhiche Gate he got down from his carriage. His attendants said, “By precedent you ride in.” The Duke said, “I have been summoned by the Empress Dowager, and I do not yet know for what purpose!” And he walked on foot to the Eastern Hall of the Taiji Palace, where he had an audience with the Empress Dowager. That day he ascended the imperial throne in the front hall of the Taiji Palace, and all the officials in attendance were delighted.

庚寅，公入于洛陽，羣臣迎拜西掖門南，公下輿將荅拜，儐者請曰：「儀不拜。」公曰：「吾人臣也。」遂荅拜。至止車門下輿。左右曰：「舊乘輿入。」公曰：「吾被皇太后徵，未知所為！」遂步至太極東堂，見于太后。其日即皇帝位於太極前殿，百寮陪位者欣欣焉。¹

An edict said, “Of old, the Three Ancestors, with divine martial might and sage virtue, answered Heaven and received the throne. The Prince of Qi succeeded to the throne but acted wantonly against all rule and overturned his virtue. The Empress Dowager, deeply mindful of the weight of the altars of the state, accepted the counsel of the chief ministers, replaced him, and gathered the great mandate upon Us, the One Man. Entrusted, insignificant as We are, with a place above the kings and dukes, We are reverent and fearful day and night, afraid that We may be unable to carry on and uphold the great teachings of Our ancestors or to extend the great work of restoration; We tremble and quake as though standing at the edge of a gorge.

詔曰：「昔三祖神武聖德，應天受祚。齊王嗣位，肆行非度，顛覆厥德。皇太后深惟社稷之重，延納宰輔之謀，用替厥位，集大命于余一人。以眇眇之身，託于王公之上，夙夜祗畏，懼不能嗣守祖宗之大訓，恢中興之弘業，戰戰兢兢，如臨于谷。

Now the high ministers and officers are Our supporting limbs, and the generals who campaign and garrison in the four quarters are aides who exert their strength; all of them have accumulated virtue and piled up merit, and have served the imperial house with loyalty and diligence. We hope to rely on these virtuous ministers of Our forebears to support this little one on either side and protect and order the imperial house, so that We, benighted as We are, may rule with folded hands. We have heard that the way of a ruler of men is to have virtue as ample as Heaven and Earth and to spread bounty over the four seas; he leads with loving kindness and shows what he approves and condemns, and only then does moral transformation proceed from above and the myriad people heed it below.

今羣公卿士股肱之輔，四方征鎮宣力之佐，皆積德累功，忠勤帝室；庶憑先祖先父有德之臣，左右小子，用保乂皇家，俾朕蒙闇，垂拱而治。蓋聞人君之道，德厚侔天地，潤澤施四海，先之以慈愛，示之以好惡，然後教化行於上，兆民聽於下。

Though We lack virtue and are ignorant of the great Way, We wish to reach this path together with all within the realm. Does not the Documents say, ‘To give the people peace is kindness, and the black-haired people will cherish him’?” There was a general amnesty, and the era name was changed. Expenses for the imperial carriages, clothing and furnishings and for the harem were reduced, and the Imperial Workshops and Imperial Treasury were made to stop their artisans from producing elaborate, extravagant and useless articles.

朕雖不德，昧於大道，思與宇內共臻茲路。書不云乎：『安民則惠，黎民懷之。』」大赦，改元。減乘輿服御後宮用度，及罷尚方御府百工技巧靡麗無益之物。

In winter, on the day renchen of the tenth month of the first year of Zhengyuan, Palace Attendants bearing credentials were sent out separately to the four quarters to observe local customs, comfort the gentry and common people, and look into those who had suffered injustice or lost their posts. On guisi, the Grand General Sima, King Jing, was granted the yellow battle-axe; he was permitted to enter court without hurrying his steps, to have his name left unspoken when he reported on affairs, and to ascend the hall wearing his sword and shoes. On wuxu, a yellow dragon appeared in a well at Ye. On jiachen, the officials concerned were ordered to assess the merit of those who had decided the plan of deposition and enthronement, and enfeoffments, increases in fiefs, promotions and gifts were granted, each according to rank.

正元元年冬十月壬辰，遣侍中持節分適四方，觀風俗，勞士民，察冤枉失職者。癸巳，假大將軍司馬景王黃鉞，入朝不趨，奏事不名，劒履上殿。戊戌，黃龍見于鄴井中。甲辰，命有司論廢立定策之功，封爵、增邑、進位、班賜各有差。

In spring, on yichou of the first month of the second year, Guanqiu Jian, General Who Guards the East, and Wen Qin, Inspector of Yang Province, rebelled. On wuyin, the Grand General Sima, King Jing, marched against them. On guiwei, Guo Huai, General of Chariots and Cavalry, died. On jihai of the intercalary month, Wen Qin was defeated at Lejia. He fled and at last escaped to Wu. On jiachen, the Commandant of Anfeng Ford beheaded Guanqiu Jian and sent his head to the capital. On renzi, a special amnesty was again granted to the gentry and people of Huainan who had been misled and implicated by Guanqiu Jian and Wen Qin.

二年春正月乙丑，鎮東將軍毌丘儉、揚州刺史文欽反。戊寅，大將軍司馬景王征之。癸未，車騎將軍郭淮薨。閏月己亥，破欽於樂嘉。欽遁走，遂奔吳。甲辰，安風津都尉斬儉，傳首京都。¹壬子，復特赦淮南士民諸為儉、欽所詿誤者。

Zhuge Dan, General Who Guards the South, was made Grand General Who Guards the East. Sima, King Jing, died at Xuchang. On dingsi of the second month, Sima, King Wen, General of the Guards, was made Grand General and Director of the Affairs of the Secretariat.

以鎮南將軍諸葛誕為鎮東大將軍。司馬景王薨于許昌。二月丁巳，以衞將軍司馬文王為大將軍，錄尚書事。

On jiazi, the Wu senior general Sun Jun and others, with a host said to number a hundred thousand, came to Shouchun; Zhuge Dan resisted, attacked and defeated them, beheaded Liu Zan, General of the Left of Wu, and presented news of the victory at the capital. In the third month, Lady Bian was made Empress, and a general amnesty was proclaimed. In summer, on jiayin of the fourth month, the Empress's father Bian Long was enfeoffed as a full marquis. On jiaxu, Wang Chang, Grand General Who Conquers the South, was made General of Agile Cavalry. In autumn, in the seventh month, Hu Zun, Grand General Who Conquers the East, was made General of the Guards, and Zhuge Dan, Grand General Who Guards the East, was made Grand General Who Conquers the East.

甲子，吳大將孫峻等衆號十萬至壽春，諸葛誕拒擊破之，斬吳左將軍留贊，獻捷于京都。三月，立皇后卞氏，大赦。夏四月甲寅，封后父卞隆為列侯。甲戌，以征南大將軍王昶為驃騎將軍。秋七月，以征東大將軍胡遵為衞將軍，鎮東大將軍諸葛誕為征東大將軍。

On xinhai of the eighth month, the Shu Grand General Jiang Wei raided Didao. Wang Jing, Inspector of Yong Province, fought him at Taoxi; Wang Jing was badly defeated and fell back to hold the city of Didao. On xinwei, Deng Ai, Colonel of the Changshui Garrison, was made acting General Who Pacifies the West, to join forces with Chen Tai, General Who Conquers the West, in resisting Jiang Wei. On wuchen, the Grand Commandant Sima Fu was also sent as a reinforcement. On gengzi of the ninth month, the study of the Book of Documents was completed, and gifts were bestowed, each according to rank, on those who had held the classic and taught it in person, the Minister of Works Zheng Chong, the Palace Attendant Zheng Xiaotong and others.

八月辛亥，蜀大將軍姜維寇狄道，雍州刺史王經與戰洮西，經大敗，還保狄道城。辛未，以長水校尉鄧艾行安西將軍，與征西將軍陳泰并力拒維。戊辰，復遣太尉司馬孚為後繼。九月庚子，講尚書業終，賜執經親授者司空鄭沖、侍中鄭小同等各有差。

On jiachen, Jiang Wei withdrew. In winter, in the tenth month, an edict said, “Because We are lacking in virtue, We have been unable to check the violence of the invaders, and have let the Shu bandits run rampant on the frontier. In the battle of Taoxi We suffered defeat, and the officers and men who died are counted in thousands. Some lost their lives on the battlefield, their wronged spirits never to return; others were dragged off by the enemy and wander in foreign lands. I grieve for them deeply and my heart mourns them. Let the Agricultural Commandants of the commanderies concerned and the senior officers of each unit under the two Protectors of the Army, Pacifying the Yi and Soothing the Yi, comfort and relieve their households, and exempt them from taxes and labor service for one year. As for those who died fighting hard, let all be treated according to the old regulations, and let none be overlooked.”

甲辰，姜維退還。冬十月，詔曰：「朕以寡德，不能式遏寇虐，乃令蜀賊陸梁邊陲。洮西之戰，至取負敗，將士死亡，計以千數，或沒命戰場，冤魂不反，或牽掣虜手，流離異域，吾深痛愍，為之悼心。其令所在郡典農及安撫夷二護軍各部大吏慰卹其門戶，無差賦役一年；其力戰死事者，皆如舊科，勿有所漏。」

On jiawu of the eleventh month, because the four commanderies of Longyou and Jincheng had suffered enemy attacks year after year, and some had fled or turned traitor and gone over to the enemy, so that their relatives left behind at home were uneasy, all of them were granted a special amnesty. On guichou an edict said, “In the recent battle of Taoxi, officers, officials, soldiers and common people either died in battle facing the enemy or drowned in the Tao River, and their bones, never gathered up, were abandoned in the open fields. I have always grieved over this. Inform the General Who Conquers the West and the General Who Pacifies the West that each is to have his men search for the bodies at the battle site and along the river, gather them, and bury them, so as to comfort both the living and the dead.”

十一月甲午，以隴右四郡及金城連年受敵，或亡叛投賊，其親戚留在本土者不安，皆特赦之。癸丑，詔曰：「往者洮西之戰，將吏士民或臨陣戰亡，或沉溺洮水，骸骨不収，棄於原野，吾常痛之。其告征西、安西將軍，各令部人於戰處及水次鈎求屍喪，収斂藏埋，以慰存亡。」

In spring, on xinchou of the first month of the first year of Ganlu, a green dragon appeared in a well in Zhi County. On yisi, Cao Lin, Prince of Pei, died.

甘露元年春正月辛丑，青龍見軹縣井中。乙巳，沛王林薨。¹

In summer, on gengxu of the fourth month, the Grand General Sima, King Wen, was granted the ceremonial robe and crown of state, together with red slippers.

夏四月庚戌，賜大將軍司馬文王衮冕之服，赤舄副焉。

On bingchen, the Emperor visited the Imperial Academy and asked the scholars, “The sages secretly aided the spirits; looking up they observed the heavens and looking down they examined the earth, and so first made the Eight Trigrams. A later sage doubled them into sixty-four and established the lines so as to exhaust the numbers. In all this great teaching nothing is lacking. Yet the Xia had the Lianshan, the Yin had the Guicang, and the Zhou called theirs the Zhouyi. Why is it that the book of Changes took these forms?” Chunyu Jun, Erudite of the Changes, replied, “Baoxi made the Eight Trigrams from the diagrams of Suihuang, and Shennong expanded them into sixty-four; the Yellow Emperor, Yao and Shun carried through their changes. The Three Dynasties followed the times, and plainness and refinement each arose from the affairs of the day.

丙辰，帝幸太學，問諸儒曰：「聖人幽贊神明，仰觀俯察，始作八卦，後聖重之為六十四，立爻以極數，凡斯大義，罔有不備，而夏有連山，殷有歸藏，周曰周易，易之書，其故何也？」易博士淳于俊對曰：「包羲因燧皇之圖而制八卦，神農演之為六十四，黃帝、堯、舜通其變，三代隨時，質文各繇其事。

Therefore ‘Changes’ means change and transformation. It was named Lianshan, ‘Linked Mountains,’ because, like a mountain sending out and drawing in clouds and vapors, it links heaven and earth; and Guicang, ‘Return and Store,’ means that there is nothing among the myriad things that does not return to it and lie stored within it.” The Emperor said further, “If Baoxi made the Changes on the basis of Suihuang, why did Confucius not say, ‘When the Suiren clan passed away, the Baoxi clan arose’?” Chunyu Jun could not answer. The Emperor asked again, “Confucius wrote the Tuan and Xiang commentaries, and Zheng Xuan wrote annotations. Though the one was a sage and the other a worthy, the meaning of the classic that they explained is one and the same.

故易者，變易也，名曰連山，似山出內雲氣，連天地也；歸藏者，萬事莫不歸藏於其中也。」帝又曰：「若使包羲因燧皇而作易，孔子何以不云燧人氏沒包羲氏作乎？」俊不能荅。帝又問曰：「孔子作彖、象，鄭玄作注，雖聖賢不同，其所釋經義一也。

Now the Tuan and Xiang are not joined to the text of the classic, yet the annotated edition joins them. Why is that?” Chunyu Jun replied, “Zheng Xuan combined the Tuan and Xiang with the classic because he wished to make it easy for students to look them up and understand.” The Emperor said, “If Zheng Xuan’s combining them is truly convenient for study, why then did Confucius not combine them to make things clear to students?” Chunyu Jun replied, “Confucius feared that they would be confused with the words of King Wen, so he did not combine them. This was the sage showing modesty by not combining them.”

今彖、象不與經文相連，而注連之，何也？」俊對曰：「鄭玄合彖、象於經者，欲使學者尋省易了也。」帝曰：「若鄭玄合之，於學誠便，則孔子曷為不合以了學者乎？」俊對曰：「孔子恐其與文王相亂，是以不合，此聖人以不合為謙。」

The Emperor said, “If the sage showed modesty by not combining them, why was Zheng Xuan alone not modest?” Chunyu Jun replied, “The ancient meanings are vast and deep, and Your Majesty’s questions are profound and far-reaching; they are beyond what your servant can fully explain.” The Emperor asked again, “The Xici says, ‘The Yellow Emperor, Yao and Shun let their robes hang down, and the realm was well governed.’ This means that in the age of Baoxi and Shennong there were no robes. Since all were sages transforming the realm, why were they so different?” Chunyu Jun replied, “In the time of the Three Sovereigns people were few and birds and beasts many, so feathers and hides were taken from them and the realm had enough for its needs. By the time of the Yellow Emperor people were many and birds and beasts few, so robes were made to meet the change of the times.”

帝曰：「若聖人以不合為謙，則鄭玄何獨不謙邪？」俊對曰：「古義弘深，聖問奧遠，非臣所能詳盡。」帝又問曰：「繫辭云『黃帝、堯、舜垂衣裳而天下治』，此包羲、神農之世為無衣裳。但聖人化天下，何殊異爾邪？」俊對曰：「三皇之時，人寡而禽獸衆，故取其羽皮而天下用足，及至黃帝，人衆而禽獸寡，是以作為衣裳以濟時變也。」

The Emperor asked again, “Qian is heaven, yet it is also metal, jade, and an old horse. Is it to be ranked alongside such trivial things?” Chunyu Jun replied, “When the sages took images, some were far and some near: near at hand they took them from things, and far off from heaven and earth.”

帝又問：「乾為天，而復為金，為玉，為老馬，與細物並邪？」俊對曰：「聖人取象，或遠或近，近取諸物，遠則天地。」

When the lecture on the Changes was over, the Emperor ordered a lecture on the Book of Documents. He asked, “Zheng Xuan says, ‘Jigu means being one with heaven; it says that Yao was one with heaven.’ Wang Su says, ‘Yao followed and examined the ways of antiquity and put them into practice.’ The two interpretations differ. Which is right?” The Erudite Yu Jun replied, “The former scholars each held different and conflicting views, and your servant is not fit to decide between them. Yet the Great Plan says, ‘When three men divine, follow the words of two.’ Jia Kui, Ma Rong and Wang Su all took it to mean ‘followed and examined the ways of antiquity.’

講易畢，復命講尚書。帝問曰：「鄭玄云『稽古同天，言堯同於天也』。王肅云『堯順考古道而行之』。二義不同，何者為是？」博士庾峻對曰：「先儒所執，各有乖異，臣不足以定之。然洪範稱『三人占，從二人之言』。賈、馬及肅皆以為『順考古道』。

Judging by the Great Plan, Wang Su’s interpretation is the better.” The Emperor said, “Zhongni said, ‘Only heaven is great, and only Yao modeled himself on it.’ Yao’s great excellence lay in modeling himself on heaven; following and examining the ways of antiquity was not his highest achievement. Now, at the opening of the book, where the meaning is set out to make clear the sage’s virtue, to pass over what is great in him and praise instead what is small—how could that be the author’s intent?” Yu Jun replied, “Your servant merely reveres and follows his teacher’s explanation and has not grasped the great meaning. As for weighing the two, let it be decided by Your Majesty’s sagely judgment.”

以洪範言之，肅義為長。」帝曰：「仲尼言『唯天為大，唯堯則之』。堯之大美，在乎則天，順考古道，非其至也。今發篇開義以明聖德，而舍其大，更稱其細，豈作者之意邪？」峻對曰：「臣奉遵師說，未喻大義，至於折中，裁之聖思。」

Next they came to the passage where the Four Mountains recommended Gun, and the Emperor asked again, “The great man unites his virtue with heaven and earth and his brightness with the sun and moon; there is nothing his thought does not encompass and nothing his brightness does not illuminate. Yet Wang Su now says, ‘Yao in his mind could not see through Gun, and therefore tried him out.’ In that case, was the sage’s discernment incomplete?” Yu Jun replied, “Even with the breadth of a sage, there are still things left incomplete. That is why Yu said, ‘To know men is wisdom, and even the Emperor found it hard.’ Yet in the end he was able to change his appointment to a sage and a worthy, and brought the many labors to glorious completion; this too is what made him a sage.”

次及四嶽舉鯀，帝又問曰：「夫大人者，與天地合其德，與日月合其明，思無不周，明無不照，今王肅云『堯意不能明鯀，是以試用』。如此，聖人之明有所未盡邪？」峻對曰：「雖聖人之弘，猶有所未盡，故禹曰『知人則哲，惟帝難之』，然卒能改授聖賢，緝熈庶績，亦所以成聖也。」

The Emperor said, “To have a good beginning and a good end—only the sage can do that. If he cannot begin well, how can he be a sage? The saying ‘even the Emperor found it hard,’ followed by his being able in the end to change the appointment, surely means that knowing men is difficult even for a sage; it does not say that he was lacking. The classic says, ‘To know men is wisdom, and then one can appoint men to office.’ If Yao doubted Gun and yet tried him for nine years, he failed in the proper order of appointing men to office; how then could he be called sage and wise?” Yu Jun replied, “Your servant has ventured to look into the classics and their commentaries, and even the sages could not act without error. Thus Yao erred with the Four Villains, the Duke of Zhou erred with his two brothers, and Zhongni erred with Zai Yu.”

帝曰：「夫有始有卒，其唯聖人。若不能始，何以為聖？其言『惟帝難之』，然卒能改授，蓋謂知人，聖人所難，非不盡之言也。經云：『知人則哲，能官人。』若堯疑鯀，試之九年，官人失叙，何得謂之聖哲？」峻對曰：「臣竊觀經傳，聖人行事不能無失，是以堯失之四凶，周公失之二叔，仲尼失之宰予。」

The Emperor said, “When Yao entrusted Gun with the task, nine years passed without success; the Five Phases were thrown into disorder and the people were sunk in the floods. As for Zhongni erring with Zai Yu, that was a matter of words and deeds, and the gravity is not the same. As for the affair of the Duke of Zhou with Guan and Cai, that too is recorded in the Book of Documents, and it is all something an Erudite ought to have mastered.” Yu Jun replied, “These are all things that former worthies had doubts about; they are beyond what your servant, with his limited learning, can fully discuss.” Next they came to the line “There is an unmarried man in a low station, called Shun of Yu,” and the Emperor asked, “In Yao’s time, the flood was doing harm and the Four Villains were at court; it was a time when worthies and sages should have been promptly raised up to rescue the people.

帝曰：「堯之任鯀，九載無成，汨陳五行，民用昏墊。至於仲尼失之宰予，言行之間，輕重不同也。至於周公、管、蔡之事，亦尚書所載，皆博士所當通也。」峻對曰：「此皆先賢所疑，非臣寡見所能究論。」次及「有鰥在下曰虞舜」，帝問曰：「當堯之時，洪水為害，四凶在朝，宜速登賢聖濟斯民之時也。

Shun had already reached the age of thirty and his sagely virtue shone brightly, yet for a long time he was not advanced to office. Why?” Yu Jun replied, “Yao sighed and sought a worthy man, wishing to yield his throne, but the Four Mountains said, ‘We lack the virtue and would disgrace the imperial throne.’ Yao then had the Four Mountains bring forward men from humble and obscure stations, and only then did they recommend Shun. The recommendation of Shun truly originated with Yao; this was probably the sage wishing to draw out the minds of all.” The Emperor said, “Yao had already heard of Shun but did not raise him up, and the loyal ministers of the time did not recommend him either; only after the Four Mountains were made to bring forward the humble and obscure was he recommended. That cannot be called being eager to employ a sage and care for the people.” Yu Jun replied, “That is beyond the reach of your servant’s foolish understanding.”

舜年在旣立，聖德光明，而久不進用，何也？」峻對曰：「堯咨嗟求賢，欲遜己位，嶽曰『否德忝帝位』。堯復使嶽揚舉仄陋，然後薦舜。薦舜之本，實由於堯，此蓋聖人欲盡衆心也。」帝曰：「堯旣聞舜而不登用，又時忠臣亦不進達，乃使嶽揚仄陋而後薦舉，非急於用聖恤民之謂也。」峻對曰：「非臣愚見所能逮及。」

Thereupon the Emperor ordered a lecture on the Book of Rites. He asked, “‘The highest is to establish virtue; next is to strive for giving and repaying.’ In governing, why did the transforming instruction differ in each case? And what government did they all cultivate that they could attain to establishing virtue, and to giving without seeking return?” The Erudite Ma Zhao replied, “‘The highest is to establish virtue’ refers to the age of the Three Sovereigns and Five Emperors, when the people were transformed by virtue. ‘Next is repaying and giving’ refers to the age of the Three Kings, when government was carried on by ritual.” The Emperor said, “The transformation achieved by the two differed in depth. Was that because the rulers were superior or inferior?

於是復命講《禮記》。帝問曰：「『太上立德，其次務施報』。為治何由而教化各異；皆脩何政而能致於立德，施而不報乎？」博士馬照對曰：「太上立德，謂三皇五帝之世以德化民，其次報施，謂三王之世以禮為治也。」帝曰：「二者致化薄厚不同，將主有優劣邪？

Or did the times make it so?” Ma Zhao replied, “It truly came about because the times differed in plainness and refinement; hence the transformation differed in depth.”

時使之然乎？」照對曰：「誠由時有樸文，故化有薄厚也。」¹

In the fifth month, Ye and Shangluo both reported that sweet dew had fallen. In summer, on bingwu of the sixth month, the era name was changed to Ganlu, ‘Sweet Dew.’ On yichou, a green dragon appeared in a well within the bounds of Yuancheng County. In autumn, on jimao of the seventh month, Hu Zun, General of the Guards, died.

五月，鄴及上洛並言甘露降。夏六月丙午，改元為甘露。乙丑，青龍見元城縣界井中。秋七月己卯，衞將軍胡遵薨。

On guiwei, Deng Ai, General Who Pacifies the West, inflicted a crushing defeat on the Shu senior general Jiang Wei at Shanggui. An edict said, “Before our troops had exhausted their might, the vile enemy was smashed and broken, and those beheaded or taken alive are counted by the ten thousand. Of all our recent victories none equals this. Let envoys now be sent to reward the officers and men with gifts, and let there be a great assembly and feast, with drinking and banqueting all day long, in keeping with Our wishes.”

癸未，安西將軍鄧艾大破蜀大將姜維於上邽，詔曰：「兵未極武，醜虜摧破，斬首獲生，動以萬計，自頃戰克，無如此者。今遣使者犒賜將士，大會臨饗，飲宴終日，稱朕意焉。」

On gengwu of the eighth month, the Grand General Sima, King Wen, was given the additional title of Grand Commander-in-Chief, was permitted to have his name left unspoken when reporting on affairs, and was granted the yellow battle-axe. On guiyou, the Grand Commandant Sima Fu was made Grand Tutor. In the ninth month, the Minister over the Masses Gao Rou was made Grand Commandant. In winter, in the tenth month, the Minister of Works Zheng Chong was made Minister over the Masses, and Lu Yu, Left Deputy Director of the Secretariat, was made Minister of Works.

八月庚午，命大將軍司馬文王加號大都督，奏事不名，假黃鉞。癸酉，以太尉司馬孚為太傅。九月，以司徒高柔為太尉。冬十月，以司空鄭沖為司徒，尚書左僕射盧毓為司空。

In spring, in the second month of the second year, a green dragon appeared in a well in Wen County. In the third month, the Minister of Works Lu Yu died.

二年春二月，青龍見溫縣井中。三月，司空盧毓薨。

In summer, on guimao of the fourth month, an edict said, “The officials and people of Gaoxian County in Xuantu Commandery rebelled, and the county chief Zheng Xi was killed by the rebels. A commoner, Wang Jian, carried Zheng Xi’s body on his back, traveling morning and night under the stars, and brought it all the way to his home province. His loyalty is worthy of praise. Let Wang Jian be specially appointed Commandant of Loyalty and Righteousness, to honor his outstanding conduct.”

夏四月癸卯，詔曰：「玄菟郡高顯縣吏民反叛，長鄭熙為賊所殺。民王簡負擔熙喪，晨夜星行，遠致本州，忠節可嘉。其特拜簡為忠義都尉，以旌殊行。」

On jiazi, Zhuge Dan, Grand General Who Conquers the East, was made Minister of Works.

甲子，以征東大將軍諸葛誕為司空。

On xinwei of the fifth month, the Emperor visited the Biyong Hall, where he assembled his ministers and ordered them to compose poems. The Palace Attendant He You, the Master of Writing Chen Qian and others were slow in producing their poems, and the officials concerned proposed that they be dismissed from office. An edict said, “Though I am dull and ignorant, I love elegant letters, and I invited poems and rhapsodies widely in order to learn what is right and wrong. That it should lead to such a commotion truly makes me uneasy. Let He You and the others be pardoned. Those in charge should instruct that from now on all ministers are to study the meanings of antiquity and cultivate and illuminate the classics, in keeping with Our wishes.”

五月辛未，帝幸辟雍，會命羣臣賦詩。侍中和逌、尚書陳騫等作詩稽留，有司奏免官，詔曰：「吾以暗昧，愛好文雅，廣延詩賦，以知得失，而乃爾紛紜，良用反仄。其原逌等。主者宜勑自今以後，羣臣皆當玩習古義，脩明經典，稱朕意焉。」

On yihai, Zhuge Dan refused to answer his summons, raised troops in rebellion, and killed Yue Chen, Inspector of Yang Province. On bingzi, an amnesty was granted to the officers, officials, gentry and people of Huainan who had been misled and implicated by Zhuge Dan. On dingchou, an edict said, “Zhuge Dan has raised a wicked rebellion and overturned Yang Province. In the past, when Qing Bu rebelled, the founder of Han took the field in person; when Wei Xiao defied him, Emperor Guangwu marched west against him; and Emperor Ming, the Exalted Ancestor, personally led campaigns against Wu and Shu. All of this was done to rouse their righteous wrath and display their martial majesty.

乙亥，諸葛誕不就徵，發兵反，殺揚州刺史樂綝。丙子，赦淮南將吏士民為誕所詿誤者。丁丑，詔曰：「諸葛誕造為凶亂，盪覆揚州。昔黥布逆叛，漢祖親戎，隗嚻違戾，光武西伐，及烈祖明皇帝躬征吳、蜀，皆所以奮揚赫斯，震耀威武也。

Now it is fitting that the Empress Dowager and We should for a time go together to the front, swiftly subdue the vile enemy, and promptly bring peace to the eastern lands.” On jimao, an edict said, “When Zhuge Dan contrived his treacherous rebellion and coerced the loyal and righteous, Pang Hui, General Who Pacifies Bandits and Marquis of Linwei Neighborhood, and Lu Fan, Cavalry Commander and Lieutenant General, each led their followers, hacked through the gate and broke out. Their loyalty, vigor and valor deserve to be praised and specially distinguished. Let Pang Hui’s rank be raised to district marquis, and let Lu Fan be enfeoffed as a neighborhood marquis.”

今宜皇太后與朕暫共臨戎，速定醜虜，時寧東夏。」己卯，詔曰：「諸葛誕造構逆亂，迫脅忠義，平寇將軍臨渭亭侯龐會、騎督偏將軍路蕃，各將左右，斬門突出，忠壯勇烈，所宜嘉異。其進會爵鄉侯，蕃封亭侯。」

On yisi of the sixth month, an edict said, “Sun Yi of Wu—Commissioner Bearing Credentials, Commander of the Military Affairs of Xiakou, General Who Guards the Army, and Marquis of Shayi—a scion of the rebel house who held the rank of a senior general, has feared heaven and understood its mandate, deeply weighed fortune and calamity, and, suddenly changing course, led his followers from afar to submit to our great state. Even the Viscount of Wei leaving Yin, or Yue Yi fleeing Yan, could not surpass this. Let Sun Yi be made Palace Attendant, General of Chariots and Cavalry, Bearer of Credentials, Imperial Protector of Jiao Province and Marquis of Wu, with the right to open his own office and appoint staff, and with ceremonial equal to the Three Excellencies; following the ancient rites of the eight investitures for marquises and earls, let him have the ceremonial robe and crown and red slippers, and let everything be done generously.”

六月乙巳，詔：「吳使持節都督夏口諸軍事鎮軍將軍沙羨侯孫壹，賊之枝屬，位為上將，畏天知命，深鑒禍福，翻然舉衆，遠歸大國，雖微子去殷，樂毅遁燕，無以加之。其以壹為侍中車騎將軍、假節、交州牧、吳侯，開府辟召儀同三司，依古侯伯八命之禮，衮冕赤舄，事從豐厚。」¹

On jiazi, an edict said, “Our carriage is now halted at Xiang, and the Grand General, reverently carrying out heaven’s punishment, has advanced to the banks of the Huai. In the past, when the Chancellor of State or the Grand Marshal went on campaign, they always went together with the Masters of Writing; so it should be now as before.” Accordingly Pei Xiu, Cavalier Attendant-in-Ordinary, and Zhong Hui, Gentleman of the Yellow Gate in Attendance, were both ordered to go with the Grand General. In autumn, in the eighth month, an edict said, “In the past, when Prince La of Yan plotted rebellion, Han Yi and others remonstrated with him and died for it, and the Han court honored and promoted their sons.

甲子，詔曰：「今車駕駐項，大將軍恭行天罰，前臨淮浦。昔相國大司馬征討，皆與尚書俱行，今宜如舊。」乃令散騎常侍裴秀、給事黃門侍郎鍾會咸與大將軍俱行。秋八月，詔曰：「昔燕刺王謀反，韓誼等諫而死，漢朝顯登其子。

When Zhuge Dan launched his wicked rebellion, the Registrar Xuan Long and the Commander of Retainers Qin Jie held fast to principle and kept to righteousness, remonstrating firmly at the crucial moment, and were killed by Zhuge Dan. They are what is meant by those who suffered Bigan’s death without being his kin. Let the sons of Xuan Long and Qin Jie be made Chief Commandants of Cavalry, and let posthumous honors and gifts be added, to show this clearly far and near and to distinguish loyalty and righteousness.”

諸葛誕創造凶亂，主簿宣隆、部曲督秦絜秉節守義，臨事固爭，為誕所殺，所謂無比干之親而受其戮者。其以隆、絜子為騎都尉，加以贈賜，光示遠近，以殊忠義。」

In the ninth month, a general amnesty was proclaimed. In winter, in the twelfth month, the Wu senior generals Quan Duan, Quan Yi and others surrendered with their troops.

九月，大赦。冬十二月，吳大將全端、全懌等率衆降。

In spring, in the second month of the third year, the Grand General Sima, King Wen, took the city of Shouchun and beheaded Zhuge Dan. In the third month an edict said, “In ancient times, when an enemy was defeated, the corpses were gathered and heaped into a great mound, to chastise the benighted rebels and to proclaim martial merit. In the Yuanding period, Emperor Xiaowu of Han renamed Tongxiang as Wenxi and Xinxiang as Huojia, to mark the fall of Nanyue. The Grand General personally commanded the six armies and made camp at Qiutou; within he put down the host of evildoers and without he annihilated the invaders. His achievement has saved the multitudes and his fame has shaken the four seas.

三年春二月，大將軍司馬文王陷壽春城，斬諸葛誕。三月，詔曰：「古者克敵，收其屍以為京觀，所以懲昏逆而章武功也。漢孝武元鼎中，改桐鄉為聞喜，新鄉為獲嘉，以著南越之亡。大將軍親總六戎，營據丘頭，內夷羣凶，外殄寇虜，功濟兆民，聲振四海。

The place where the enemy was defeated should bear a fine name. Let Qiutou be renamed Wuqiu, ‘Martial Hill,’ to make plain that the rebellion was put down by martial force, so that later generations will not forget. This too is in the spirit of the great mound and the two renamed towns.”

克敵之地，宜有令名，其改丘頭為武丘，明以武平亂，後世不忘，亦京觀二邑之義也。」

In summer, in the fifth month, it was ordered that the Grand General Sima, King Wen, be made Chancellor of State and enfeoffed as Duke of Jin, with eight commanderies as his fief and the Nine Distinctions added; but King Wen declined nine times in all, and the matter was dropped.

夏五月，命大將軍司馬文王為相國，封晉公，食邑八郡，加之九錫，文王前後九讓乃止。

On bingzi of the sixth month, an edict said, “Once, when mountain bandits in Nanyang Commandery were rampaging and tried to seize the former Prefect Dongli Gun as a hostage, the Officer of Merit Ying Yu shielded Dongli Gun with his own body, and so he escaped harm. Ying Yu fell and perished, giving his life to save his lord. Let this be referred to the Minister over the Masses, and let Ying Yu’s grandson Ying Lun be appointed an official, so that he may receive the reward due to one who died holding to principle.”

六月丙子，詔曰：「昔南陽郡山賊擾攘，欲劫質故太守東里衮，功曹應余獨身捍衮，遂免於難。余顛沛殞斃，殺身濟君。其下司徒，署余孫倫吏，使蒙伏節之報。」¹

On xinmao, the merits of the Huainan campaign were assessed in full, and enfeoffments and rewards were granted, each according to rank.

辛卯，大論淮南之功，封爵行賞各有差。

In autumn, on jiaxu of the eighth month, Wang Chang, General of Agile Cavalry, was made Minister of Works. On bingyin, an edict said, “Caring for the aged and promoting instruction is how the Three Dynasties established moral transformation and handed it down undying. There must be a Thrice Venerable and a Five Times Experienced, to exalt the highest reverence; their words are sought and their counsel received and recorded in the annals of virtue, and only then does all within the six directions receive the current, and those below behold and are transformed. We should carefully select men of virtuous conduct to fill these positions. Wang Xiang, Marquis Within the Pass, treads the path of humaneness and holds to righteousness; his aims are refined, pure and steadfast.

秋八月甲戌，以驃騎將軍王昶為司空。丙寅，詔曰：「夫養老興教，三代所以樹風化垂不朽也，必有三老、五更以崇至敬，乞言納誨，著在惇史，然後六合承流，下觀而化。宜妙簡德行，以充其選。關內侯王祥，履仁秉義，雅志淳固。

Zheng Xiaotong, Marquis Within the Pass, is gentle, respectful, filial and fraternal, and follows the rites without error. Let Wang Xiang be made Thrice Venerable and Zheng Xiaotong Five Times Experienced.” The Emperor in person led the officials and himself performed the ancient rites.

關內侯鄭小同，溫恭孝友，帥禮不忒。其以祥為三老，小同為五更。」車駕親率羣司，躬行古禮焉。¹

In this year green and yellow dragons repeatedly appeared in wells within the bounds of Dunqiu, Guanjun and Yangxia counties.

是歲，青龍、黃龍仍見頓丘、冠軍、陽夏縣界井中。

In spring, in the first month of the fourth year, two yellow dragons appeared in a well within the bounds of Ningling County. In summer, in the sixth month, the Minister of Works Wang Chang died. In autumn, in the seventh month, Cao Jun, Prince of Chenliu, died. In winter, on bingyin of the tenth month, Xincheng Commandery was divided and Shangyong Commandery was re-established. On guimao of the eleventh month, Sun Yi, General of Chariots and Cavalry, was killed by a maidservant.

四年春正月，黃龍二，見寧陵縣界井中。¹夏六月，司空王昶薨。秋七月，陳留王峻薨。冬十月丙寅，分新城郡，復置上庸郡。十一月癸卯，車騎將軍孫壹為婢所殺。

In spring, on the first day of the first month of the fifth year, there was an eclipse of the sun. In summer, in the fourth month, the officials concerned were ordered by edict to follow the earlier command and once again promote the Grand General Sima, King Wen, to Chancellor of State, enfeoff him as Duke of Jin, and grant him the Nine Distinctions.

五年春正月朔，日有蝕之。夏四月，詔有司率遵前命，復進大將軍司馬文王位為相國，封晉公，加九錫。

On jichou of the fifth month, the Duke of Gaoguixiang died, at the age of twenty. The Empress Dowager issued a decree saying, “Through my lack of virtue I have met with misfortune in the family. In the past I raised up Mao, son of the Prince of Donghai, to be the heir of Emperor Ming, because I saw that he loved books and writing and hoped he would turn out well. But his nature was violent and perverse, and it grew worse day by day and month by month. I rebuked him several times, and he only became angrier and more resentful; he concocted foul, treasonous and unprincipled words to slander me, and at last cut off relations between the two palaces.

五月己丑，高貴鄉公卒，年二十。¹皇太后令曰：「吾以不德，遭家不造，昔援立東海王子髦，以為明帝嗣，見其好書疏文章，兾可成濟，而情性暴戾，日月滋甚。吾數呵責，遂更忿恚，造作醜逆不道之言以誣謗吾，遂隔絕兩宮。

What he said was unbearable to hear, something heaven and earth could neither cover nor bear up. I at once sent a secret decree to the Grand General saying that he could not uphold the ancestral temple and that I feared he would overturn the altars of the state, so that I would have no face to meet the late Emperor after my death. The Grand General, because he was still young, said he ought to change his heart and do good, and earnestly held to that view. But this boy grew more wrathful and violent and his conduct worse; he raised a crossbow and shot at my palace from afar, praying that it would strike me in the neck, and an arrow fell right in front of me.

其所言道，不可忍聽，非天地所覆載。吾即密有令語大將軍，不可以奉宗廟，恐顛覆社稷，死無面目以見先帝。大將軍以其尚幼，謂當改心為善，殷勤執據。而此兒忿戾，所行益甚，舉弩遙射吾宮，祝當令中吾項，箭親墮吾前。

I told the Grand General dozens of times, one after another, that he had no choice but to depose him. This boy heard all of it and, knowing how grave his crimes were, at once plotted regicide and treason. He bribed those around me to put poison secretly into my medicine when I took it, laying plot upon plot. When the matter had come to light, he decided to seize the moment, raise troops, enter the Western Palace and kill me, and then go out and seize the Grand General. He summoned the Palace Attendant Wang Shen, the Cavalier Attendant-in-Ordinary Wang Ye and the Master of Writing Wang Jing, took out an edict written on yellow silk from his bosom and showed it to them, saying that it was to be carried out that very day.

吾語大將軍，不可不廢之，前後數十。此兒具聞，自知罪重，便圖為弒逆，賂遺吾左右人，令因吾服藥，密行酖毒，重相設計。事已覺露，直欲因際會舉兵入西宮殺吾，出取大將軍，呼侍中王沈、散騎常侍王業、¹尚書王經，出懷中黃素詔示之，言今日便當施行。

My peril was greater than that of a stack of eggs. I am an old widow—why should I care much for what remains of my life? I grieve only that the late Emperor’s wishes would not be fulfilled and that the altars of the state would be overturned. Thanks to the spirits of the ancestral temple, Wang Shen and Wang Ye at once rode off to inform the Grand General, and strict precautions could be taken in advance. Then this boy led his followers out through the Yunlong Gate, beating the war drums like thunder, drew his blade himself, and together with his motley guards plunged into the ranks of soldiers, where he was killed by the vanguard.

吾之危殆，過於累卵。吾老寡，豈復多惜餘命邪？但傷先帝遺意不遂，社稷顛覆為痛耳。賴宗廟之靈，沈、業即馳語大將軍，得先嚴警，而此兒便將左右出雲龍門，雷戰鼓，躬自拔刃，與左右雜衞共入兵陣間，為前鋒所害。

This boy, having committed perverse and unprincipled treason, has brought great calamity upon himself, and this again grieves me beyond words. In the past, the Prince of Changyi of Han was deposed for his crimes and made a commoner; this boy too should be buried with the rites of a commoner, and all within and without the court should be made to know what he did. Further, the Master of Writing Wang Jing is wicked and treacherous beyond description; let Wang Jing and his family be arrested and all be handed over to the Commandant of Justice.”

此兒旣行悖逆不道，而又自陷大禍，重令吾悼心不可言。昔漢昌邑王以罪廢為庶人，此兒亦宜以民禮葬之，當令內外咸知此兒所行。又尚書王經，凶逆無狀，其收經及家屬皆詣廷尉。」

On gengyin, the Grand Tutor Sima Fu, the Grand General Sima, King Wen, the Grand Commandant Gao Rou and the Minister over the Masses Zheng Chong bowed their heads to the ground and said, “We have humbly read the decree from the palace, which states that the late Duke of Gaoguixiang committed perverse and unprincipled treason and brought great calamity upon himself, and that, following the precedent of the Prince of Changyi of Han, who was deposed for his crimes, he is to be buried with the rites of a commoner. We, who merely fill our posts, were unable to set right and avert the disaster or to check the treacherous rebellion; receiving the decree, we tremble with fear and our hearts are stricken with grief. According to the principles of the Spring and Autumn Annals, a true king has nothing outside his realm, yet it records, ‘King Xiang went out and dwelt in Zheng’; because he could not serve his mother, he was thereby cut off from his throne.

庚寅，太傅孚、大將軍文王、太尉柔、司徒沖稽首言：「伏見中令，故高貴鄉公悖逆不道，自陷大禍，依漢昌邑王罪廢故事，以民禮葬。臣等備位，不能匡救禍亂，式遏姦逆，奉令震悚，肝心悼慄。春秋之義，王者無外，而書『襄王出居于鄭』，不能事母，故絕之於位也。

Now the Duke of Gaoguixiang recklessly did what was lawless and all but endangered the altars of the state; he brought his own ruin upon himself and was cast off by men and spirits alike. To bury him with the rites of a commoner would truly accord with the old statutes. Yet we humbly consider that Your Highness's kindness and compassion are exceedingly great: though you uphold the great principle, you still extend your pity to him, and in our own hearts we truly cannot bear it. We hold that you may add grace and bury him with the rites of a king.” The Empress Dowager followed this.

今高貴鄉公肆行不軌，幾危社稷，自取傾覆，人神所絕，葬以民禮，誠當舊典。然臣等伏惟殿下仁慈過隆，雖存大義，猶垂哀矜，臣等之心實有不忍，以為可加恩以王禮葬之。」太后從之。¹

Sima Yan, bearing the Imperial Credentials, acting Central Protector of the Army and General of the Central Ramparts, was sent north to welcome Cao Huang, Duke of Changdaoxiang, to succeed as heir to Emperor Ming. On the xinmao day the assembled dukes memorialized the Empress Dowager: “Your Highness's sage virtue shines gloriously and has brought peace and deliverance to all within the six directions, yet your commands are still called ‘orders,’ the same as those of a vassal state. We ask that from now on Your Highness's written orders all be called edicts and decrees, according to the precedents of former reigns.”

使使持節行中護軍中壘將軍司馬炎北迎常道鄉公璜嗣明帝後。辛卯，羣公奏太后曰：「殿下聖德光隆，寧濟六合，而猶稱令，與藩國同。請自今殿下令書，皆稱詔制，如先代故事。」

On the guimao day the Grand General firmly declined the honors of Chancellor of State, Duke of Jin, and the Nine Distinctions. The Empress Dowager issued an edict: “Not to conceal merit is a great principle of the Book of Changes; to help others fulfill what is admirable in them was esteemed by the worthies of old. Now we grant what he insists upon, and let his memorial be brought out and shown to all, so as to make manifest the Duke's modest brilliance.”

癸卯，大將軍固讓相國、晉公、九錫之寵。太后詔曰：「夫有功不隱，周易大義，成人之美，古賢所尚，今聽所執，出表示外，以章公之謙光焉。」

On the wushen day the Grand General, King Wen, submitted a statement: “The Duke of Gaoguixiang led the men and soldiers who attended his carriage, drew blades, sounded gongs and drums, and advanced toward where I was staying. Fearing that the weapons would clash, I at once commanded the officers and men that they were to harm no one, and that any who disobeyed would be dealt with by military law. But Cheng Ji, Retainer to the Crown Prince and younger brother of the Cavalry Commander Cheng Cui, burst into the ranks and struck the Duke, so that he lost his life. I immediately arrested Cheng Ji and carried out military law upon him. I have heard that the integrity of a subject means death rather than a divided heart, and that the duty of serving one's superior means not daring to flee from danger.

戊申，大將軍文王上言：「高貴鄉公率將從駕人兵，拔刃鳴金鼓向臣所止；懼兵刃相接，即勑將士不得有所傷害，違令以軍法從事。騎督成倅弟太子舍人濟，橫入兵陣傷公，遂至隕命；輙收濟行軍法。臣聞人臣之節，有死無二，事上之義，不敢逃難。

When the upheaval came so suddenly, the calamity struck like the release of a crossbow trigger. I truly wished to give myself up and hold fast even unto death, submitting to whatever the command might decree. Yet I considered that the real design was to endanger the Empress Dowager above and to overturn the ancestral temples. I have unworthily been charged with a great trust, and my duty lies in keeping the state secure; I feared that even if I died, my guilt and responsibility would only be the heavier. Wishing to follow the expedient measures of Yi Yin and the Duke of Zhou to settle the peril to the altars of the state, I sent command after command in quick succession that no one was to press close to the imperial carriage. But Cheng Ji suddenly rushed in among the ranks, and so brought about this great disaster.

前者變故卒至，禍同發機，誠欲委身守死，唯命所裁。然惟本謀乃欲上危皇太后，傾覆宗廟。臣忝當大任，義在安國，懼雖身死，罪責彌重。欲遵伊、周之權，以安社稷之難，即駱驛申勑，不得迫近輦輿，而濟遽入陣間，以致大變。

My grief and anguish, pain and remorse tear at my very vitals; I do not know where on earth I might cast myself down. The statutes provide that for great treason and depravity, the offender's parents, wife, children and siblings are all to be beheaded. Cheng Ji was savage and rebellious, offended against the state and threw its order into chaos; his crime is too great even for execution to answer. I have at once commanded the Attendant Censors to arrest Cheng Ji's family and hand them over to the Commandant of Justice to settle their guilt.” The Empress Dowager issued an edict: “Among the crimes under the five punishments, none is greater than unfilial conduct. If a person has a son who is unfilial, he may still report him to have him punished; how could this child ever have become a ruler of men?

哀怛痛恨，五內摧裂，不知何地可以隕墜？科律大逆無道，父母妻子同產皆斬。濟凶戾悖逆，干國亂紀，罪不容誅。輒勑侍御史收濟家屬，付廷尉，結正其罪。」¹太后詔曰：「夫五刑之罪，莫大於不孝。夫人有子不孝，尚告治之，此兒豈復成人主邪？

I, being a woman, do not grasp the great principles, and I had thought that Cheng Ji could not simply be treated as guilty of great treason. But the Grand General's intent is earnest and his words are full of sorrow, so I grant what he has memorialized. Let it be proclaimed far and near, so that all may know how this came about from beginning to end.”

吾婦人不達大義，以謂濟不得便為大逆也。然大將軍志意懇切，發言惻愴，故聽如所奏。當班下遠近，使知本末也。」¹

In the sixth month, on the guichou day, an edict was issued: “In ancient times, when rulers chose their names, they made them hard to transgress and easy to avoid. Now the personal name of the Duke of Changdaoxiang is a character very hard to avoid. Let the court officials deliberate widely on changing it and report their proposals.”

六月癸丑，詔曰：「古者人君之為名字，難犯而易諱。今常道鄉公諱字甚難避，其朝臣博議改易，列奏。」

The King of Chenliu

陳留王

The King of Chenliu's personal name was Huan and his courtesy name Jingming. He was a grandson of Emperor Wu and a son of Cao Yu, King of Yan. In the third year of Ganlu he was enfeoffed as Duke of Changdaoxiang in Anci County. When the Duke of Gaoguixiang died, the dukes and ministers deliberated and resolved to welcome and enthrone him. In the sixth month, on the jiayin day, he entered Luoyang and was received by the Empress Dowager, and that same day he ascended the imperial throne in the front hall of the Taiji Palace. He proclaimed a general amnesty, changed the era name, and granted the people ranks, grain and silk, each according to degree.

陳留王諱奐，字景明，武帝孫，燕王宇子也。甘露三年，封安次縣常道鄉公。高貴鄉公卒，公卿議迎立公。六月甲寅，入于洛陽，見皇太后，是日即皇帝位於太極前殿，大赦，改年，賜民爵及穀帛各有差。

In the summer of the first year of Jingyuan, in the sixth month, on the bingchen day, the Grand General Sima, King Wen, was promoted to Chancellor of State and enfeoffed as Duke of Jin, with two more commanderies added to his fief to make ten together with the former ones, and the Nine Distinctions were conferred on him, all as in the former edict. Those of his nephews and younger kinsmen who were not yet marquises were all enfeoffed as village marquises, and he was granted ten million cash and ten thousand bolts of silk. King Wen firmly declined, and so the matter was dropped. On the jiwei day Jie, the consort of the former Han Emperor Xian, died. The Emperor went to mourn her in Hualin Park and sent an envoy bearing the Imperial Credentials to confer on her the posthumous title of Empress Xianmu.

景元元年夏六月丙辰，進大將軍司馬文王位為相國，封晉公，增封二郡，并前滿十，加九錫之禮，一如前詔；諸羣從子弟，其未有侯者皆封亭侯，賜錢千萬，帛萬匹，文王固讓乃止。己未，故漢獻帝夫人節薨，帝臨于華林園，使使持節追謚夫人為獻穆皇后。

At her burial, the carriages, robes and regulations were all according to the precedents of the Han house. On the guihai day the Right Supervisor of the Masters of Writing, Wang Guan, was made Minister of Works. In the winter, in the tenth month, Wang Guan died.

及葬，車服制度皆如漢氏故事。癸亥，以尚書右僕射王觀為司空，冬十月，觀薨。

In the eleventh month the King of Yan submitted a memorial congratulating the Emperor on the winter solstice, in which he called himself a subject. An edict said: “Among the kings of antiquity there were some who did not treat certain persons as subjects, and the King of Yan should be treated according to this principle. Should his memorials not refrain from using the word ‘subject’? Moreover, a reply ought to be made to him. One who becomes heir to the main line lowers the rites due to his own parents—how much more so when what he has inherited is of such weight! Yet to treat his father straightaway like a subject or a servant is also something my feelings cannot rest easy with. Let all be handled according to the codes of ritual, and strive to do what is fitting in every respect.” The officials concerned memorialized: “No rite is more exalted than honoring one's ancestors, and no institution is greater than the correct statutes.

十一月，燕王上表賀冬至，稱臣。詔曰：「古之王者，或有所不臣，王將宜依此義。表不稱臣乎！又當為報。夫後大宗者，降其私親，況所繼者重邪！若便同之臣妾，亦情所未安。其皆依禮典處，當務盡其宜。」有司奏，以為「禮莫崇於尊祖，制莫大於正典。

Your Majesty, having weighed virtue and answered the call of destiny, cherishes and rules over the myriad states, carrying on the weighty charge of the main line and exalting the foundation laid by the Three Ancestors. We humbly consider that the King of Yan, a person of honored kinship, rightly holds his place as a vassal, maintains reverence and solemnity in himself, and walks the path of respectful virtue as an example to the myriad states. By the correct statutes this is to manifest and fulfill the great order of compliance, and it is not something that may be forbidden. Yet the sage court should indeed honor him with extraordinary institutions and treat him with the rites due to one who is not a subject. After fair deliberation we consider that the King of Yan's memorials may be allowed to follow the old form.

陛下稽德期運，撫臨萬國，紹大宗之重，隆三祖之基。伏惟燕王體尊戚屬，正位藩服，躬秉虔肅，率蹈恭德以先萬國；其於正典，闡濟大順，所不得制。聖朝誠宜崇以非常之制，奉以不臣之禮。臣等平議以為燕王章表，可聽如舊式。

Where edicts from within the palace are sent, perhaps to inquire after his well-being, then by the analogy of principle this falls under ‘the respect of a banquet audience.’ We may somewhat follow Your Majesty's reverent feeling and add honorific forms of address to show that you do not presume to name him directly; it should read, ‘The Emperor respectfully inquires of the attendants of the Great King.’ As for decrees, they are the correct statutes of the state, by which the court distinguishes and makes clear public institutions and proclaims its standards to the realm; these should follow the law, and so they should read, ‘Decree to the King of Yan.’ In all edicts, decrees, memorials and petitions, wherever the King of Yan is named, the name may be raised to the head of the line.

中詔所施，或存好問，準之義類，則『燕覿之敬』也，可少順聖敬，加崇儀稱，示不敢斥，宜曰『皇帝敬問大王侍御』。至於制書，國之正典，朝廷所以辨章公制，宣昭軌儀於天下者也，宜循法，故曰『制詔燕王』。凡詔命、制書、奏事、上書諸稱燕王者，可皆上平。

Except in matters of assisting at sacrifices in the ancestral temple, no one should use the King's personal name; in memorials, petitions and documents, and among officials and commoners alike, none should transgress the taboo on the King's name. Thus the special rites shown him will be made plain, above those of all other lords. Above, this follows the royal statutes' institution of honoring ancestors; below, it accords with Your Majesty's reverent and devoted filial heart. Neither is violated, and it truly accords with ritual. It may be proclaimed everywhere and put into effect.”

其非宗廟助祭之事，皆不得稱王名，奏事、上書、文書及吏民皆不得觸王諱，以彰殊禮，加于羣后。上遵王典尊祖之制，俯順聖敬烝烝之心，二者不愆，禮實宜之，可普告施行。」

In the twelfth month, on the jiashen day, a yellow dragon appeared in a well in Huayin County. On the jiawu day the Colonel-Director of Retainers, Wang Xiang, was made Minister of Works.

十二月甲申，黃龍見華陰縣井中。甲午，以司隷校尉王祥為司空。

In the second year, in the summer, on the first day of the fifth month, there was an eclipse of the sun. In the autumn, in the seventh month, the Han and the Huimo, foreign peoples beyond Lelang, each led their followers to court to present tribute. In the eighth month, on the wuyin day, Cao Gan, King of Zhao, died. On the jiayin day the Grand General was again commanded to be raised in rank to Duke of Jin and given the office of Chancellor of State, with full rites and exalted bestowals, all as in the former edict; again he firmly declined, and so the matter was dropped.

二年夏五月朔，日有蝕之。秋七月，樂浪外夷韓、濊貊各率其屬來朝貢。八月戊寅，趙王幹薨。甲寅，復命大將軍進爵晉公，加位相國，備禮崇錫，一如前詔；又固辭乃止。

In the third year, in the spring, in the second month, a green dragon appeared in a well in Zhi County. In the summer, in the fourth month, Liaodong Commandery reported that the state of Sushen had sent envoys who, through a chain of interpreters, came to present tribute: thirty bows of their country, three feet five inches long; arrows of hu wood one foot eight inches long; three hundred stone arrowheads; twenty suits of armor of mixed hide, bone and iron; and four hundred sable pelts. In the winter, in the tenth month, the great Shu general Jiang Wei raided Taoyang. The General Who Guards the West, Deng Ai, resisted him and defeated him at Houhe, and Jiang Wei fled. In this year an edict ordered that the late Army Libationer Guo Jia be given sacrifices in the court of the temple of Taizu.

三年春二月，青龍見於軹縣井中。夏四月，遼東郡言肅慎國遣使重譯入貢，獻其國弓三十張，長三尺五寸，楛矢長一尺八寸，石砮三百枚，皮骨鐵雜鎧二十領，貂皮四百枚。冬十月，蜀大將姜維寇洮陽，鎮西將軍鄧艾拒之，破維於侯和，維遁走。是歲，詔祀故軍祭酒郭嘉於太祖廟庭。

In the fourth year, in the spring, in the second month, the Grand General was again commanded to be advanced in office, rank and bestowals as in the former edict; again he firmly declined, and so the matter was dropped.

四年春二月，復命大將軍進位爵賜一如前詔，又固辭乃止。

In the summer, in the fifth month, an edict said: “Shu is a petty little state, its land narrow and its people few, yet Jiang Wei drives its multitudes cruelly and has never given up his ambitions. Even after his defeat in years past he went on farming at Tazhong, fleecing the Qiang tribes and imposing labor without end, so that the people cannot bear his commands. To absorb the weak and attack the benighted is the sound rule of war; to draw the enemy to you and not be drawn by him is the highest strategy of the military school. What Shu relies upon is Jiang Wei alone, and since he is now far from his lair, it will be easy to bring force to bear.

夏五月，詔曰：「蜀，蕞爾小國，土狹民寡，而姜維虐用其衆，曾無廢志；往歲破敗之後，猶復耕種沓中，刻剥衆羌，勞役無已，民不堪命。夫兼弱攻昧，武之善經，致人而不致於人，兵家之上略。蜀所恃賴，唯維而已，因其遠離巢窟，用力為易。

I now send the General Who Conquers the West, Deng Ai, to direct and lead the armies toward Gansong and Tazhong to net and capture Jiang Wei, while the Inspector of Yong Province, Zhuge Xu, directs the armies toward Wudu and Gaolou, so that they may press and strike him from head and tail. If Jiang Wei is taken, then we shall advance side by side from east and west and sweep away Ba and Shu.” The General Who Guards the West, Zhong Hui, was also commanded to attack Shu by way of the Luo Valley.

今使征西將軍鄧艾督帥諸軍，趣甘松、沓中以羅取維，雍州刺史諸葛緒督諸軍趣武都、高樓，首尾踧討。若禽維，便當東西並進，掃滅巴蜀也。」又命鎮西將軍鍾會由駱谷伐蜀。

In the autumn, in the ninth month, the Grand Commandant Gao Rou died. In the winter, in the tenth month, on the jiayin day, the Grand General was again commanded to be advanced in office, rank and bestowals as in the former edict. On the guimao day Lady Bian was installed as Empress. In the eleventh month there was a general amnesty.

秋九月，太尉高柔薨。冬十月甲寅，復命大將軍進位爵賜一如前詔。癸卯，立皇后卞氏，十一月，大赦。

From the time Deng Ai and Zhong Hui led their hosts against Shu, they won victory wherever they went. In that month the ruler of Shu, Liu Shan, went to Deng Ai and surrendered, and Ba and Shu were entirely pacified. In the twelfth month, on the gengxu day, the Minister over the Masses Zheng Chong was made Grand Guardian. On the renzi day Liang Province was separated from Yi Province. On the guichou day a special amnesty was granted to the gentry and people of Yi Province, and they were exempted from half their land tax and levies for five years. On the yimao day the General Who Conquers the West, Deng Ai, was made Grand Commandant, and the General Who Guards the West, Zhong Hui, was made Minister over the Masses. The Empress Dowager passed away.

自鄧艾、鍾會率衆伐蜀，所至輙克。是月，蜀主劉禪詣艾降，巴蜀皆平。十二月庚戌，以司徒鄭沖為太保。壬子，分益州為梁州。癸丑，特赦益州士民，復除租賦之半五年。乙卯，以征西將軍鄧艾為太尉，鎮西將軍鍾會為司徒。皇太后崩。

In the spring of the first year of Xianxi, in the first month, on the renxu day, Deng Ai was summoned back in a cage cart. On the jiazi day the Emperor made a progress to Changan. On the renshen day envoys were sent to sacrifice to Mount Hua with jade discs and silk. In that month Zhong Hui rebelled in Shu and was attacked by his troops; Deng Ai was also killed. In the second month, on the xinmao day, a special amnesty was granted to all who were in the land of Yi. On the gengshen day the Mingyuan Empress, Lady Guo, was buried. In the third month, on the dingchou day, the Minister of Works Wang Xiang was made Grand Commandant, the General Who Conquers the North He Zeng was made Minister over the Masses, and the Left Supervisor of the Masters of Writing Xun Yi was made Minister of Works.

咸熙元年春正月壬戌，檻車徵鄧艾。甲子，行幸長安。壬申，使使者以璧幣祀華山。是月，鍾會反於蜀，為衆所討；鄧艾亦見殺。二月辛卯，特赦諸在益土者。庚申，葬明元郭后。三月丁丑，以司空王祥為太尉，征北將軍何曾為司徒，尚書左僕射荀顗為司空。

On the jimao day the Duke of Jin was raised in rank to King, with ten more commanderies enfeoffed to make twenty together with the former ones. On the dinghai day Liu Shan was enfeoffed as Duke of Anle. In the summer, in the fifth month, on the gengshen day, the Chancellor of State, the King of Jin, memorialized that the five ranks of nobility be restored. On the jiaxu day the era name was changed. On the guiwei day the Marquis Xuanwen of Wuyang was posthumously named King Xuan of Jin, and the Marquis Zhongwu of Wuyang King Jing of Jin. In the sixth month the General Who Guards the West, Wei Guan, reported that soldiers of Yong Province had found a jade disc and a jade seal, one of each, in Chengdu County, and that the inscription on the seal resembled the characters “Cheng Xin.” Following the principle of King Cheng of Zhou's sending on of the grain, they were displayed to all the officials and stored in the office of the Chancellor of State.

己卯，進晉公爵為王，封十郡，并前二十。¹丁亥，封劉禪為安樂公。夏五月庚申，相國晉王奏復五等爵。甲戌，改年。癸未，追命舞陽宣文侯為晉宣王，舞陽忠武侯為晉景王。六月，鎮西將軍衞瓘上雍州兵於成都縣獲璧玉印各一，印文似「成信」字，依周成王歸禾之義，宣示百官，藏于相國府。²

Earlier, after Shu had been pacified, Wu raiders garrisoned near Yongan and pressed upon it, and the armies of Jing and Yu provinces were sent to relieve it, attacking in concert from two sides. In the seventh month the bandits all fled and withdrew. In the eighth month, on the gengyin day, the Central General Who Pacifies the Army, Sima Yan, was commanded to serve as deputy in the affairs of the Chancellor of State, in keeping with the precedent of the Duke of Lu being appointed successor.

初，自平蜀之後，吳寇屯逼永安，遣荊、豫諸軍掎角赴救。七月，賊皆遁退。八月庚寅，命中撫軍司馬炎副貳相國事，以同魯公拜後之義。

On the guisi day an edict said: “Formerly the rebellious subject Zhong Hui plotted revolt. He gathered the officers and men of the expedition, coerced them with the threat of arms, and first disclosed his treacherous scheme, uttering violent and seditious words, threatening everyone and making them all deliberate on it under duress. In that sudden moment there was no one who was not shocked and terrified. Xiahou He, Left Marshal to the Chancellor of State, and Zhu Fu, Clerk of the Cavalry Bureau, were then in Chengdu on missions, while Jia Fu, Marshal under the Central Commander of the Army, and Yang Xiu, Gentleman of the Palace, were each taking part in Zhong Hui's military affairs. Xiahou He, Yang Xiu and Zhu Fu all held fast to their integrity and would not bend; they rejected Zhong Hui's wicked words, faced danger without regard for themselves, and spoke with upright and fiery purpose.

癸巳，詔曰：「前逆臣鍾會構造反亂，聚集征行將士，劫以兵威，始吐姦謀，發言桀逆，逼脅衆人，皆使下議，倉卒之際，莫不驚懾。相國左司馬夏侯和、騎士曹屬朱撫時使在成都，中領軍司馬賈輔、郎中羊琇各參會軍事；和、琇、撫皆抗節不撓，拒會凶言，臨危不顧，詞指正烈。

Jia Fu told the unattached officer Wang Qi that ‘Zhong Hui is treacherous and brutal and means to kill all the officers and men,’ and further that ‘the Chancellor of State has already set out west with three hundred thousand troops to punish Zhong Hui,’ wishing thereby to magnify the situation and stir the hearts of the men. Wang Qi went out and spread Jia Fu's words among the armies, so that the officers and men were all the more roused to courage. It is fitting to bestow conspicuous favor on them to make their loyalty and righteousness known. Let Xiahou He and Jia Fu be raised in rank to district marquises, and Yang Xiu and Zhu Fu to Marquises Within the Passes.

輔語散將王起，說『會姦逆凶暴，欲盡殺將士』，又云『相國已率三十萬衆西行討會』，欲以稱張形勢，感激衆心。起出，以輔言宣語諸軍，遂使將士益懷奮勵。宜加顯寵，以彰忠義。其進和、輔爵為鄉侯，琇、撫爵關內侯。

Wang Qi proclaimed and passed on Jia Fu's words and made them known to the officers and men; he deserves a special reward. Let Wang Qi be made a Unit Commander.”

起宣傳輔言，告令將士，所宜賞異。其以起為部曲將。」

On the guimao day the General of the Guards, Sima Wang, was made General of Swift Cavalry. In the ninth month, on the wuwu day, the Central General Who Pacifies the Army, Sima Yan, was made Grand General Who Pacifies the Army.

癸卯，以衞將軍司馬望為驃騎將軍。九月戊午，以中撫軍司馬炎為撫軍大將軍。

On the xinwei day an edict said: “The Wu bandits are tyrannical in their government and punishments, and there is no limit to their taxes and levies. Sun Xiu sent his envoy Deng Ju to order the Grand Administrator of Jiaozhi to send its people in chains to be conscripted as soldiers. The Wu general Lü Xing, taking advantage of the people's anger, and also following upon the royal army's pacification of Ba and Shu, at once rallied the local heroes, put Deng Ju and the others to death, drove out the Grand Administrator and the senior officials, pacified and reconciled the officials and people, and awaited the commands of the state. When Jiuzhen and Rinan commanderies heard that Lü Xing had forsaken rebellion and turned to obedience, they too responded with one heart and joined forces with him.

辛未，詔曰：「吳賊政刑暴虐，賦斂無極。孫休遣使鄧句，勑交阯太守鎖送其民，發以為兵。吳將呂興因民心憤怒，又承王師平定巴蜀，即糾合豪傑，誅除句等，驅逐太守長吏，撫和吏民，以待國命。九真、日南郡聞興去逆即順，亦齊心響應，與興恊同。

Lü Xing sent letters to the provinces and commanderies such as Rinan, disclosing his great plan; he brought troops up to Hepu and warned them of the consequences of good and ill fortune. He sent the Commandant Tang Pu and others to Jincheng County, and through Huo Yi, Area Commander of Nanzhong and Army Protector, submitted a memorial setting out his own case. The officers and officials of Jiaozhi each also submitted memorials, saying, ‘Lü Xing began this undertaking, and in matters great and small we accept his commands. There are mountain bandits in the commandery who have ties with the other commanderies, and we fear they may take a different course and each harbor a divided allegiance. As a temporary expedient we have made Lü Xing Commander of all military affairs of Jiaozhi, Senior Grand General and Marquis of Dingan County. We beg that he be granted honors and rewards to comfort the distant frontier.’

興移書日南州郡，開示大計，兵臨合浦，告以禍福；遣都尉唐譜等詣進乘縣，因南中都督護軍霍弋上表自陳。又交阯將吏各上表，言『興創造事業，大小承命。郡有山寇，入連諸郡，懼其計異，各有攜貳。權時之宜，以興為督交阯諸軍事、上大將軍、定安縣侯，乞賜褒獎，以慰邊荒』。

The sincerity of their hearts is plain in the substance of their words. Of old, when Yifu came to the court of Lu, the Spring and Autumn Annals praised him; when Dou Rong submitted to the Han, he was treated with special honors. Now the might of the state shakes distant lands and cherishes all within the six directions; we are about to embrace even the remotest peoples and unite the four quarters as one. Lü Xing was the first to turn toward royal civilization, leading his people to bow in submission; from ten thousand li away he has hastened to the cause of right, asking for officials to be appointed and pledging to carry out his duties. It is fitting to bestow favor upon him and raise his rank. If Lü Xing and the others are made to cherish loyalty with gratitude and joy, then the people of distant parts, hearing of it, will surely all vie to follow his example.

乃心欵誠，形於辭旨。昔儀父朝魯，春秋所美；竇融歸漢，待以殊禮。今國威遠震，撫懷六合，方包舉殊裔，混一四表。興首向王化，舉衆稽服，萬里馳義，請吏帥職，宜加寵遇，崇其爵位。旣使興等懷忠感悅，遠人聞之，必皆競勸。

Let Lü Xing be made Bearer of the Imperial Credentials, Commander of all military affairs of Jiao Province and Grand General of Nanzhong, and enfeoffed as Marquis of Dingan County, with authority to act at his own discretion, carrying matters out first and reporting afterward.” Before the patent of appointment arrived, Lü Xing was killed by his own subordinates.

其以興為使持節、都督交州諸軍事、南中大將軍，封定安縣侯，得以便宜從事，先行後上。」策命未至，興為下人所殺。

In the winter, in the tenth month, on the dinghai day, an edict said: “The sage emperors and enlightened kings of old quelled disorder and delivered the age, preserved what was great and secured their achievements. Civil and martial ways took different paths, but their accomplishments came to the same end. Thus some performed the dance of shield and axe to instruct those who did not come to court, while others arrayed their armies to overawe the violent and arrogant. But when it came to loving the people, keeping the state whole, and bringing peace and kindness to all living things, they always first cultivated civil teaching and showed the proper standards, and only when there was no other choice did they use arms. In this all men of abundant virtue were alike. In times past, when the last years of the Han fell apart and the nine regions were overturned, Liu Bei and Sun Quan seized the opportunity to make trouble.

冬十月丁亥，詔曰：「昔聖帝明王，靜亂濟世，保大定功，文武殊塗，勳烈同歸。是故或舞干戚以訓不庭，或陳師旅以威暴慢。至於愛民全國，康惠庶類，必先脩文教，示之軌儀，不得已然後用兵，此盛德之所同也。往者季漢分崩，九土顛覆，劉備、孫權乘間作禍。

The Three Ancestors, in bringing peace to the central lands, had scarcely a day to spare, and so the remaining bandits were left to usurp and rebel for generations. Fortunately, relying on the awesome spirits of the ancestral temples and the loyalty and martial prowess of the chief minister, we sent forth troops from all quarters and opened up and pacified Yong and Shu; the campaign did not last a single season, and one expedition brought victory. Lately the lands south of the Yangzi have grown weak and exhausted, their government and punishments neglected and benighted; with Ba and Hanzhong pacified, they stand isolated and imperiled with no one to help them, and Jiao, Jing, Yang and Yue are all bending toward us like grass before the wind. Now Lü Xing, the false general of Jiaozhi, has already led three commanderies to submit from ten thousand li away; Yan, Chancellor of a marquisate in Wuling, and others have rallied five counties and asked to become our subjects; and the mountain people of Yuzhang and Luling have risen in a body against Wu, calling themselves ‘Generals Who Aid the North.’

三祖綏寧中夏，日不暇給，遂使遺寇僭逆歷世。幸賴宗廟威靈，宰輔忠武，爰發四方，拓定庸、蜀，役不浹時，一征而克。自頃江表衰弊，政刑荒闇，巴、漢平定，孤危無援，交、荊、揚、越靡然向風。今交阯偽將呂興已帥三郡，萬里歸命；武陵邑侯相嚴等糾合五縣，請為臣妾；豫章廬陵山民舉衆叛吳，以助北將軍為號。

Moreover, Sun Xiu has died of illness and their ruler has changed; the realm is at odds with itself, and every man has his own mind. The false general Shi Ji, a famous minister among the bandits, is full of doubt and suspicion and is deeply resented and hated. With the multitude in revolt and their kin estranged, none of them has any firm resolve; from ancient times to the present there have never been signs of doom as extreme as these. If the Six Armies display their might and advance south to the Yangzi and Han rivers, the people of the Wu and Kuaiji region will surely come out supporting the old and leading the young by the hand to welcome the royal army. This is certain.

又孫休病死，主帥改易，國內乖違，人各有心。偽將施績，賊之名臣，懷疑自猜，深見忌惡。衆叛親離，莫有固志，自古及今，未有亡徵若此之甚。若六軍震曜，南臨江、漢，吳會之域必扶老攜幼以迎王師，必然之理也。

Yet to set great hosts in motion still involves toil and expense. It is fitting to announce our might and virtue, and display our benevolence and good faith, so that they may know the advantages of submitting and joining with us in harmony. Xu Shao, Military Adviser to the Chancellor of State, and Sun Yu, Clerk of the Water Bureau, were both captured long ago at Shouchun. Xu Shao was formerly the false Commander at Nanling, a man of open and vigorous talent; Sun Yu is a collateral kinsman of Sun Quan, loyal and good, and clear in his grasp of affairs. Let Xu Shao be sent back south, with Sun Yu as his deputy, to proclaim the commands of the state and instruct the people of Wu, and let all they show and say be grounded in fact. If the Wu are brought to understanding, it will do no harm to our plans for a campaign; for victory won by planning in the ancestral temple is the far-reaching strategy that has been the way since ancient times.

然興動大衆，猶有勞費，宜告喻威德，開示仁信，使知順附和同之利。相國參軍事徐紹、水曹掾孫彧，昔在壽春，並見虜獲。紹本偽南陵督，才質開壯；彧，孫權支屬，忠良見事。其遣紹南還，以彧為副，宣揚國命，告喻吳人，諸所示語，皆以事實，若其覺悟，不損征伐之計，蓋廟勝長筭，自古之道也。

Let Xu Shao concurrently be made Cavalier Regular Attendant, with the added title of Chief Commandant of Imperial Carriages, and be enfeoffed as Marquis of a Chief Village; let Sun Yu concurrently be made Gentleman of the Yellow Gate in Attendance and be granted the rank of Marquis Within the Passes. The concubines granted to Xu Shao and the others, and their sons, daughters and household members who are here, may all accompany them, to make plain the grace of the state; nor need they be made to return, so as to show our great good faith far and wide.”

其以紹兼散騎常侍，加奉車都尉，封都亭侯；彧兼給事黃門侍郎，賜爵關內侯。紹等所賜妾及男女家人在此者，悉聽自隨，以明國恩，不必使還，以開廣大信。」

On the bingwu day Sima Yan, Grand General Who Pacifies the Army and Marquis of Xinchangxiang, was appointed heir of Jin. In this year the offices of the agricultural garrisons were abolished to equalize government levies and labor service: the agricultural commandants all became Grand Administrators, and the commandants all became county magistrates and chiefs. People of Shu who were able to move to the interior were encouraged and recruited with two years of grain rations and exemption from levies for twenty years. Anmi and Fulu counties each reported that auspicious grain had sprung up.

丙午，命撫軍大將軍新昌鄉侯炎為晉世子。是歲，罷屯田官以均政役，諸典農皆為太守，都尉皆為令長；勸募蜀人能內移者，給廩二年，復除二十歲。安彌、福祿縣各言嘉禾生。

In the second year, in the spring, in the second month, on the jiachen day, Quren County caught a sacred tortoise and presented it; it was sent to the office of the Chancellor of State. On the gengxu day, because the Rapid-as-Tiger guardsman Zhang Xiu had formerly galloped to the various camps in Chengdu to report Zhong Hui's rebellion and had lost his life for it, Zhang Xiu's younger brother Zhang Yi was granted the rank of Marquis Within the Passes. In the summer, in the fourth month, Nanshenze County reported that sweet dew had fallen. Wu sent the envoys Ji Zhi and Hong Qiu to ask for peace.

二年春二月甲辰，朐䏰縣獲靈龜以獻，歸之于相國府。庚戌，以虎賁張脩昔於成都馳馬至諸營言鍾會反逆，以至沒身，賜脩弟倚爵關內侯。夏四月，南深澤縣言甘露降。吳遣使紀陟、弘璆請和。

In the fifth month an edict said: “The Chancellor of State, the King of Jin, has spread wide his divine wisdom, and its light covers the four seas. When he displays his martial achievements, his might overshadows even the remotest wilds; when he spreads his influence and advances civilization, it reaches everywhere without limit. Pitying the lands south of the Yangzi, he has striven to rescue and nurture them, sheathing his arms and exalting benevolence, and showing them both might and virtue. Wherever his written proclamations have reached, they have received his influence and turned in admiration; they have sent envoys bearing tribute to show their submission, gladly offering the treasures of their region and delicate rarities to express their goodwill. Yet the King, in the extremity of his modesty, has listed it all in a register and sent it on to us. This is not the way to comfort those who have newly submitted and to fulfill their earnest wishes.

五月，詔曰：「相國晉王誕敷神慮，光被四海；震燿武功，則威蓋殊荒，流風邁化，則旁洽無外。愍卹江表，務存濟育，戢武崇仁，示以威德。文告所加，承風嚮慕，遣使納獻，以明委順，方寶纖珍，歡以效意。而王謙讓之至，一皆簿送，非所以慰副初附，從其款願也。

Let all that Sun Hao has presented be sent back and given to the King, in accordance with the principles of antiquity.” The King firmly declined, and so the matter was dropped. The King of Jin was further commanded to wear a crown with twelve pendants of beads, to raise the banners and flags of the Son of Heaven, to have the roads cleared and guarded when he went out and came in, to ride in the golden-root carriage drawn by six horses, with a full set of spare carriages of the five seasons, to have yak-tail banners and cloud-net flags, to have music and dances in eight rows, and to set up bell stands on all four sides in the palace manner. The Queen Consort was raised to Queen, and the heir to Crown Prince, and the titles of rank for the princes, princesses and royal grandchildren were as in the old rites.

孫皓諸所獻致，其皆還送，歸之于王，以恊古義。」王固辭乃止。又命晉王冕十有二旒，建天子旌旗，出警入蹕，乘金根車、六馬，備五時副車，置旄頭雲䍐，樂舞八佾，設鍾虡宮縣。進王妃為王后，世子為太子，王子、王女、王孫，爵命之號如舊儀。

On the guiwei day there was a general amnesty. In the autumn, in the eighth month, on the xinmao day, the Chancellor of State, the King of Jin, died. On the renchen day Sima Yan, Crown Prince of Jin, succeeded to the fief and inherited the position, taking charge of all the offices of government, with the regalia and patents of appointment all as before. In that month Xiangwu County reported that a giant had appeared, more than three zhang tall, with footprints three feet two inches long. He had white hair, wore an unlined yellow robe and a yellow headcloth, leaned on a staff, and called to a commoner named Wang Shi, saying, “Now there shall be great peace.” In the ninth month, on the yiwei day, there was a general amnesty.

癸未，大赦。秋八月辛卯，相國晉王薨。壬辰，晉太子炎紹封襲位，總攝百揆，備物典冊，一皆如前。是月，襄武縣言有大人見，長三丈餘，迹長三尺二寸，白髮，著黃單衣，黃巾，拄杖，呼民王始語云：「今當太平。」九月乙未，大赦。

On the wuwu day the Minister over the Masses He Zeng became Chancellor of Jin. On the guihai day the General of Swift Cavalry Sima Wang was made Minister over the Masses, the Grand General Who Conquers the East Shi Bao was made General of Swift Cavalry, and the Grand General Who Conquers the South Chen Qian was made General of Chariots and Cavalry. On the yihai day King Wen of Jin was buried. In the intercalary month, on the gengchen day, Kangju and Dayuan presented famous horses, which were sent to the office of the Chancellor of State to display his merit in drawing the myriad states to allegiance and bringing distant peoples to court.

戊午，司徒何曾為晉丞相。癸亥，以驃騎將軍司馬望為司徒，征東大將軍石苞為驃騎將軍，征南大將軍陳騫為車騎將軍。乙亥，葬晉文王。閏月庚辰，康居、大宛獻名馬，歸于相國府，以顯懷萬國致遠之勳。

In the twelfth month, on the renxu day, Heaven's bounty came to its end forever, and the succession passed to Jin. An edict ordered the dukes, ministers and officials to prepare the ceremonies and set up an altar in the southern suburbs, and envoys were sent bearing the imperial seals, ribbons and patent to cede the throne to the heir-king of Jin, according to the precedents of the Han and Wei. On the jiazi day envoys were sent bearing the patent. He then moved his residence to Jinyong Fortress and in the end lived out his days in Ye. He was then twenty years old.

十二月壬戌，天祿永終，歷數在晉。詔羣公卿士具儀設壇于南郊，使使者奉皇帝璽綬冊，禪位于晉嗣王，如漢魏故事。甲子，使使者奉策。遂改次于金墉城，而終館于鄴，時年二十。¹

Appraisal

評

Appraisal: In ancient times the realm was held to belong to all, and it was given only to the worthy. In later ages the throne became hereditary, and the son of the principal wife was made heir. If there was no principal heir to continue the line, then a collateral kinsman of bright virtue should be chosen, as with Emperors Wen and Xuan of the Han; this is an unchanging and constant standard. Emperor Ming was unable to do this. His feelings were bound up in private affection, and he raised an infant and handed down to him the great vessel of state. Nor did he entrust the regency to one man alone, but insisted on involving a member of the collateral branches; in the end Cao Shuang was executed with his clan, and the King of Qi was deposed.

評曰：古者以天下為公，唯賢是與。後代世位，立子以適；若適嗣不繼，則宜取旁親明德，若漢之文、宣者，斯不易之常準也。明帝旣不能然，情繫私愛，撫養嬰孩，傳以大器，託付不專，必參枝族，終於曹爽誅夷，齊王替位。

The Duke of Gaoguixiang was talented and clever from an early age, fond of asking questions and devoted to letters; in this he surely carried on the refined spirit of Emperor Wen. But he was rash, hot-tempered and wilful, and walked into great disaster of his own accord. The King of Chenliu sat reverently facing south while the chief minister ran the government. Looking up to the former precedents, he yielded the throne with ceremonial courtesy, and so enjoyed enfeoffment in a great state and became an honored guest of Jin; compared with the Duke of Shanyang, the favors bestowed on him were even greater.

高貴公才慧夙成，好問尚辭，蓋亦文帝之風流也；然輕躁忿肆，自蹈大禍。陳留王恭己南面，宰輔統政，仰遵前式，揖讓而禪，遂饗封大國，作賔于晉，比之山陽，班寵有加焉。