Records of Wu 2: Biography of the Ruler of Wu

Records of Wu 2: Biography of the Ruler of Wu

Sun Quan

孫權

Sun Quan, courtesy name Zhongmou. When his elder brother Sun Ce had subdued the various commanderies, Sun Quan was fifteen and was made Chief of Yangxian. His commandery nominated him as Filial and Incorrupt, his province recommended him as Flourishing Talent, and he served as acting Colonel Who Upholds Righteousness. Because Sun Ce, though far away, dutifully sent the tribute owed by his office, the Han court sent the envoy Liu Wan to confer honors upon him. Liu Wan told people, “As I see it, the Sun brothers are each gifted, brilliant and perceptive, yet none of them will enjoy his fortune to the end. Only the middle brother, the Filial and Incorrupt, has an extraordinary and imposing appearance and an uncommon frame; he bears the marks of great nobility and will also live the longest. Remember what I say.”

孫權，字仲謀。兄策旣定諸郡，時權年十五，以爲陽羨長。¹郡察孝廉，州舉茂才，行奉義校尉。漢以策遠修職貢，遣使者劉琬加錫命。琬語人曰：「吾觀孫氏兄弟雖各才秀明達，然皆祿祚不終。惟中弟孝廉，形貌奇偉，骨體不恆，有大貴之表，年又最壽。爾試識之。」

In the fourth year of Jian'an, Sun Quan followed Sun Ce on the campaign against Liu Xun, Prefect of Lujiang. When Liu Xun was defeated, they advanced to attack Huang Zu at Shaxian. In the fifth year Sun Ce died and entrusted his affairs to Sun Quan, whose weeping would not cease. Sun Ce's Chief Clerk Zhang Zhao said to Sun Quan, “Filial and Incorrupt, is this any time for weeping? Moreover, the Duke of Zhou established the rites, yet Boqin did not follow them; it was not that he wished to defy his father, but that the times did not allow them to be practiced. How much more so now, when villains race one another and jackals and wolves fill the roads! If you wish to mourn your kin and heed the rules of ritual, it is like opening the gate and bowing in the robbers. That cannot be called benevolence.”

建安四年，從策征廬江太守劉勳。勳破，進討黃祖於沙羨。五年。策薨，以事授權，權哭未及息。策長史張昭謂權曰：「孝廉，此寧哭時邪?且周公立法而伯禽不師，非欲違父，時不得行也。¹況今奸宄競逐，豺狼滿道，乃欲哀親戚，顧禮制，是猶開門而揖盜，未可以爲仁也。」

So they changed Sun Quan's clothes, helped him onto his horse, and had him go out to review the troops. At this time only Kuaiji, Wu Commandery, Danyang, Yuzhang and Luling were held, and even there the remote and rugged areas had not all submitted. The heroes and men of mettle of the realm were scattered among the provinces and commanderies, and the gentlemen who had come as guests and sojourners decided whether to stay or leave according to their safety; there was as yet no firm bond of lord and subject. Zhang Zhao, Zhou Yu and others considered that Sun Quan was someone with whom a great enterprise could be accomplished, and so they gave him their hearts and served him.

乃改易權服，扶令上馬，使出巡軍。是時，惟有會稽、吳郡、丹楊、豫章、廬陵，然深險之地猶未盡從，而天下英豪布在州郡，賓旅寄寓之士以安危去就爲意，未有君臣之固。張昭、周瑜等謂權可與共成大業，故委心而服事焉。

Lord Cao memorialized that Sun Quan be made General Who Punishes Caitiffs and take charge of Kuaiji as Prefect. Sun Quan garrisoned Wu and sent his Assistant to the commandery to handle its documents and business. He treated Zhang Zhao with the courtesy due a tutor, and made Zhou Yu, Cheng Pu, Lü Fan and others his generals. He invited men of outstanding talent and sought out renowned scholars, and Lu Su, Zhuge Jin and others first joined him as guests at this time. He divided his generals among separate districts to subdue and pacify the Shanyue and to attack those who would not obey his commands.

曹公表權爲討虜將軍，領會稽太守，屯吳，使丞之郡行文書事。待張昭以師傅之禮，而周瑜、程普、呂範等爲將率。招延俊秀，聘求名士，魯肅、諸葛瑾等始爲賓客。分部諸將，鎮撫山越，討不從命。¹

In the seventh year, Sun Quan's mother, Lady Wu, died.

七年，權母吳氏薨。

In the eighth year, Sun Quan attacked Huang Zu to the west and destroyed his fleet, though he could not take the city, and the mountain bandits rose again. On his way back he passed through Yuzhang and had Lü Fan pacify Poyang and Cheng Pu attack Le'an. Taishi Ci took charge of Haihun, and Han Dang, Zhou Tai, Lü Meng and others became magistrates and chiefs of troublesome counties.

八年，權西伐黃祖，破其舟軍，惟城未克，而山寇復動。還過豫章，使呂範平鄱陽，程普討樂安。太史慈領海昏，韓當、周泰、呂蒙等爲劇縣令長。

In the ninth year, Sun Quan's younger brother Sun Yi, Prefect of Danyang, was murdered by his own attendants, and Sun Quan had his cousin Sun Yu replace Sun Yi.

九年，權弟丹楊太守翊爲左右所害，以從兄瑜代翊。¹

In the tenth year, Sun Quan sent He Qi to attack Shangrao, and part of it was separated off as Jianping County.

十年，權使賀齊討上饒，分爲建平縣。

In the twelfth year, he campaigned west against Huang Zu, carried off his people as captives, and returned.

十二年，西征黃祖。虜其人民而還。

In the spring of the thirteenth year, Sun Quan again campaigned against Huang Zu. Huang Zu first sent his fleet to resist, but the Commandant Lü Meng broke its vanguard. Ling Tong, Dong Xi and others then attacked with all their best troops and at last put the city to the sword. Huang Zu escaped alone and fled, but the horseman Feng Ze pursued him and cut off his head for display, and they took several tens of thousands of men and women captive. That year he sent He Qi to attack Yi and She; She was divided to form the counties of Shixin, Xinding, Liyang and Xiuyang, and these six counties became Xindu Commandery.

十三年春，權復征黃祖，祖先遣舟兵拒軍，都尉呂蒙破其前鋒。而淩統、董襲等盡銳攻之，遂屠其城。祖挺身亡走，騎士馮則追梟其首，虜其男女數萬口。是歳，使賀齊討黟、歙，¹分歙爲始新、新定、²犂陽、休陽縣，³以六縣爲新都郡。

When Liu Biao, Imperial Protector of Jing Province, died, Lu Su asked to be sent to offer condolences to Liu Biao's two sons and at the same time to observe how things were changing. Before Lu Su arrived, Lord Cao had already reached the borders, and Liu Biao's son Liu Cong surrendered with all his followers. Liu Bei intended to cross the Yangzi to the south; Lu Su met him, conveyed Sun Quan's intentions, and laid out for him the prospects of success and failure. Liu Bei advanced and stationed himself at Xiakou and sent Zhuge Liang to Sun Quan, and Sun Quan dispatched Zhou Yu, Cheng Pu and others. At this time Lord Cao had newly gained Liu Biao's forces, and his position was extremely strong.

荊州牧劉表死，魯肅乞奉命弔表二子，且以觀變。肅未到，而曹公已臨其境，表子琮舉眾以降。劉備欲南濟江，肅與相見，因傳權旨，爲陳成敗。備進住夏口，使諸葛亮詣權，權遣周瑜、程普等行。是時曹公新得表眾，形勢甚盛。

Those in the council all took fright at the enemy's momentum, and most urged Sun Quan to welcome Lord Cao. Only Zhou Yu and Lu Su firmly held to the view that he should be resisted, and in this they were of the same mind as Sun Quan. Zhou Yu and Cheng Pu became the Left and Right Area Commanders, each leading ten thousand men, and advanced together with Liu Bei. They met the enemy at the Red Cliffs and inflicted a great defeat on Lord Cao's army. Lord Cao burned his remaining ships and withdrew; his soldiers suffered from hunger and pestilence, and more than half of them died. Liu Bei, Zhou Yu and the others pursued him as far as Nan Commandery. Lord Cao then returned north, leaving Cao Ren and Xu Huang at Jiangling and having Yue Jin guard Xiangyang.

諸議者皆望風畏懼，多勸權迎之。¹惟瑜、肅執拒之儀，意與權同。瑜、普爲左右督，各領萬人，與備俱進，遇於赤壁，大破曹公軍。公燒其餘船引退，士卒饑疫，死者大半。備、瑜等復追至南郡。曹公遂北還，留曹仁、徐晃於江陵，使樂進守襄陽。

At that time Gan Ning was at Yiling, where he was surrounded by Cao Ren's forces. Following Lü Meng's plan, they left Ling Tong to hold off Cao Ren and used half the army to relieve Gan Ning, and the army returned victorious. Sun Quan personally led his forces to besiege Hefei and sent Zhang Zhao to attack Dangtu in Jiujiang. Zhang Zhao's troops fared badly, and Sun Quan attacked the city for more than a month without taking it. Lord Cao, returning from Jing Province, sent Zhang Xi with cavalry to hasten to Hefei; before he arrived, Sun Quan withdrew.

時甘寧在夷陵，爲仁黨所圍，用呂蒙計，留淩統以拒仁，以其半救寧，軍以勝反。權自率眾圍合肥，使張昭攻九江之當塗。昭兵不利，權攻城逾月不能下。曹公自荊州還，遣張喜將騎赴合肥。未至，權退。

In the fourteenth year, Zhou Yu and Cao Ren held each other at bay for over a year, and very many were killed or wounded. Cao Ren abandoned the city and fled. Sun Quan made Zhou Yu Prefect of Nan Commandery. Liu Bei memorialized that Sun Quan be acting General of Chariots and Cavalry and take charge of Xu Province as Imperial Protector. Liu Bei himself took charge of Jing Province as Imperial Protector and garrisoned Gong'an.

十四年，瑜、仁相守歳餘，所殺傷甚眾。仁委城走。權以瑜爲南郡太守。劉備表權行車騎將軍，領徐州牧。備領荊州牧，屯公安。

In the fifteenth year, Yuzhang was divided to form Poyang Commandery, and Changsha was divided to form Hanchang Commandery. Lu Su was made its Prefect and garrisoned Lukou.

十五年，分豫章爲鄱陽郡；分長沙爲漢昌郡。以魯肅爲太守，屯陸口。

In the sixteenth year, Sun Quan moved his seat of government to Moling. The next year he built walls at Shitou and renamed Moling as Jianye. Hearing that Lord Cao was about to invade, he built the fort at Ruxu.

十六年，權徙治秣陵。明年，城石頭，改秣陵爲建業。聞曹公將來侵，作濡須塢。

In the first month of the eighteenth year, Lord Cao attacked Ruxu, and Sun Quan held out against him for over a month. Lord Cao gazed at Sun Quan's army, sighed in admiration at its order and discipline, and withdrew. Earlier, fearing that the commanderies and counties along the Yangzi would be plundered by Sun Quan, Lord Cao had ordered their people to move inland. The people alarmed one another, and more than a hundred thousand households from Lujiang, Jiujiang, Qichun and Guangling all crossed the river to the east. The lands west of the river were thus emptied, and south of Hefei only Wancheng remained.

十八年正月，曹公攻濡須，權與相拒月餘。曹公望權軍，歎其齊肅，乃退。¹初，曹公恐江濱郡縣爲權所略，徵令內移。民轉相驚，自廬江、九江、蘄春、廣陵戸十餘萬皆東渡江。江西遂虛，合肥以南惟有皖城。

In the fifth month of the nineteenth year, Sun Quan campaigned against Wancheng and took it in the intercalary month. He captured the Prefect of Lujiang, Zhu Guang, and the Army Adviser Dong He, together with several tens of thousands of men and women. That year Liu Bei subdued Shu. Since Liu Bei had now gained Yi Province, Sun Quan had Zhuge Jin ask him to hand over the commanderies of Jing Province. Liu Bei refused, saying, “I am now planning to take Liang Province. Once Liang Province is settled, I will give all of Jing Province to Wu.” Sun Quan said, “He borrowed it and will not return it, and he means to drag out the years with empty words.”

十九年五月，權征皖城。閏月，克之。獲廬江太守朱光及參軍董和，男女數萬口。是歳劉備定蜀。權以備已得益州，令諸葛瑾從求荊州諸郡。備不許，曰：「吾方圖涼州，涼州定，乃盡以荊州與吳耳。」權曰：「此假而不反，而欲以虛辭引歳。」

So Sun Quan installed senior officials in the three southern commanderies, but Guan Yu drove them all out. Sun Quan was furious and sent Lü Meng in command of twenty thousand troops under Xianyu Dan, Xu Zhong, Sun Gui and others to seize the three commanderies of Changsha, Lingling and Guiyang, and had Lu Su garrison Baqiu with ten thousand men to hold off Guan Yu. Sun Quan stayed at Lukou and directed the armies. When Lü Meng arrived, two of the commanderies submitted, and only the Prefect of Lingling, Hao Pu, held out. Just then Liu Bei arrived at Gong'an and sent Guan Yu with thirty thousand troops to Yiyang, so Sun Quan recalled Lü Meng and the others to go back and support Lu Su.

遂置南三郡長吏，關羽盡逐之。權大怒，乃遣呂蒙督鮮于丹、徐忠、孫規等兵二萬取長沙、零陵、桂陽三郡；使魯肅以萬人屯巴丘¹以御關羽。權住陸口，爲諸軍節度。蒙到，二郡皆服，惟零陵太守郝普未下。會備到公安，使關羽將三萬兵至益陽，權乃召蒙等使還助肅。

Lü Meng sent someone to entice Hao Pu, and Hao Pu surrendered, so he secured the generals and prefects of all three commanderies. He then led his army back and, together with Sun Jiao, Pan Zhang and Lu Su's troops, advanced to hold off Guan Yu at Yiyang. Before any battle took place, Lord Cao happened to enter Hanzhong, and Liu Bei, fearing he would lose Yi Province, sent an envoy to sue for peace. Sun Quan had Zhuge Jin reply, and they renewed their alliance. Jing Province was then divided: Changsha, Jiangxia and Guiyang and the lands to the east belonged to Sun Quan, while Nan Commandery, Lingling and Wuling and the lands to the west belonged to Liu Bei.

蒙使人誘普，普降，盡得三郡將守。因引軍還，與孫皎、潘璋並魯肅兵並進，拒羽於益陽。未戰，會曹公入漢中，備懼失益州，使使求和。權令諸葛瑾報，更尋盟好。遂分荊州、長沙、江夏、桂陽以東屬權，南郡、零陵、武陵以西屬備。

Liu Bei went back, but Lord Cao had already returned. Sun Quan came back from Lukou and went on to campaign against Hefei. When Hefei did not fall, he pulled his army out and returned. After his troops had all set out on the road, Sun Quan, who was north of the ford with Ling Tong, Gan Ning and others, was attacked by the Wei general Zhang Liao; Ling Tong and the others defended Sun Quan to the death. Sun Quan rode his fine horse, leapt across the bridge at the ford, and got away.

備歸，而曹公已還。權反自陸口，遂征合肥。合肥未下，徹軍還。兵皆就路，權與淩統、甘寧等在津北爲魏將張遼所襲，統等以死扞權。權乘駿馬越津橋得去。¹

In the winter of the twenty-first year, Lord Cao encamped at Juchao and then attacked Ruxu.

二十一年冬，曹公次於居巢，遂攻濡須。

In the spring of the twenty-second year, Sun Quan sent the Commandant Xu Xiang to Lord Cao to ask to submit. Lord Cao sent an envoy in reply to restore good relations and swore to renew their marriage ties.

二十二年春，權令都尉徐詳詣曹公請降，公報使修好，誓重結婚。

In the tenth month of the twenty-third year, as Sun Quan was about to go to Wu, he rode out in person and shot at a tiger at Chengting. When his horse was wounded by the tiger, Sun Quan hurled a pair of halberds at it, and the tiger fell back, crippled. His attendant Zhang Shi struck it with a dagger-axe and took it.

二十三年十月，權將如吳，親乘馬射虎於庱亭。¹馬爲虎所傷，權投以雙戟，虎卻廢。常從張世擊以戈，獲之。

In the twenty-fourth year, Guan Yu besieged Cao Ren at Xiangyang, and Lord Cao sent the General of the Left, Yu Jin, to relieve him. The Han River happened to flood suddenly, and Guan Yu used his fleet to take alive Yu Jin and his thirty thousand foot and horse and send them to Jiangling; only the city was not taken. Sun Quan privately feared Guan Yu, and outwardly wished to make this his own achievement, so he wrote to Lord Cao asking to prove himself by attacking Guan Yu. Lord Cao, wishing for the moment to set Guan Yu and Sun Quan against each other and make them fight, had Sun Quan's letter carried by relay post and had Cao Ren shoot it by crossbow into Guan Yu's camp to show him.

二十四年，關羽圍曹仁於襄陽，曹公遣左將軍于禁救之。會漢水暴起，羽以舟兵盡生虜禁等步騎三萬送江陵，惟城未拔。權內憚羽，外欲以爲己功，箋與曹公，乞以討羽自效。曹公且欲使羽與權相持以鬬之，驛傳權書，使曹仁以弩射示羽。

Guan Yu hesitated and could not bring himself to leave. In the intercalary month, Sun Quan campaigned against Guan Yu. He first sent Lü Meng to take Gong'an by surprise, capturing the general Shi Ren. When Lü Meng reached Nan Commandery, its Prefect Mi Fang surrendered the city. Lü Meng occupied Jiangling, comforted its old and weak, and freed Yu Jin and the other prisoners. Lu Xun separately took Yidu, gained Zigui, Zhijiang and Yidao, and then returned to garrison Yiling, guarding the mouth of the Gorges against Shu. Guan Yu fell back to Dangyang and to the west held Maicheng.

羽猶豫不能去。閏月，權征羽，先遣呂蒙襲公安，獲將軍士仁。蒙到南郡，南郡太守糜芳以城降，蒙據江陵，撫其老弱，釋于禁之囚。陸遜別取宜都，獲秭歸、枝江、夷道，還屯夷陵，守峽口以備蜀。關羽還當陽，西保麥城。

Sun Quan sent men to induce Guan Yu to surrender. Guan Yu pretended to surrender, set up banners and figures of men on the city walls, and meanwhile slipped away; his troops all scattered, leaving only a little more than ten horsemen. Sun Quan had already sent Zhu Ran and Pan Zhang to cut off his escape routes. In the twelfth month, Pan Zhang's Major Ma Zhong captured Guan Yu, his son Guan Ping, the Area Commander Zhao Lei and others at Zhangxiang, and Jing Province was at last pacified. That year there was a great pestilence, and all land taxes of the people of Jing Province were remitted. Lord Cao memorialized that Sun Quan be made General of Agile Cavalry, granted the Staff of Authority, and take charge of Jing Province as Imperial Protector, and he was enfeoffed as Marquis of Nanchang.

權使誘之。羽偽降，立幡旗爲像人於城上，因遁走，兵皆解散，尚十餘騎。權先使朱然、潘璋斷其徑路。十二月，璋司馬馬忠獲羽及其子平、都督趙累等於章鄉，遂定荊州。是歳大疫，盡除荊州民租稅。曹公表權爲驃騎將軍，假節領荊州牧，封南昌侯。

Sun Quan sent the Colonel Liang Yu to present tribute to the Han court. He also had Wang Dun buy horses, and sent Zhu Guang and others back.

權遣校尉梁寓奉貢於漢。及令王惇市馬，又遣朱光等歸。¹

In the first month of spring of the twenty-fifth year, Lord Cao died. The Crown Prince Cao Pi succeeded him as Chancellor and King of Wei and changed the era name to Yankang. In autumn, the Wei general Mei Fu sent Zhang Jian to ask Sun Quan to take him under his protection. Five thousand households from the five counties of Yin, Cuo, Zhuyang, Shandu and Zhonglu in Nanyang came over to him. In winter, the successor King of Wei assumed the imperial title and changed the era name to Huangchu.

二十五年春正月，曹公薨。太子丕代爲丞相魏王，改年爲延康。秋，魏將梅敷使張儉求見撫納。南陽陰、酇、築陽、¹山都、中廬五縣民五千家來附。冬，魏嗣王稱尊號，改元爲黃初。

In the fourth month of the second year, Liu Bei proclaimed himself emperor in Shu. Sun Quan moved his capital from Gong'an to E and renamed it Wuchang, making the six counties of Wuchang, Xiazhi, Xunyang, Yangxin, Chaisang and Shaxian into Wuchang Commandery. In the fifth month, Jianye reported that sweet dew had fallen. In the eighth month he walled Wuchang and issued an order to his generals: “To remember ruin while one survives, and to think of danger while one is at peace, is the good teaching of the ancients. In the past Juan Buyi, a famous minister of Han, never let his sword leave his side even in times of peace and order. For the gentleman, military preparedness can never be set aside.

二年四月，劉備稱帝於蜀。¹權自公安都鄂，改名武昌，以武昌、下雉、尋陽、陽新、柴桑、沙羨六縣爲武昌郡。五月，建業言甘露降。八月，城武昌，下令諸將曰：「夫存不忘亡，安必慮危，古之善教。昔雋不疑漢之名臣，於安平之世刀劍不離於身，蓋君子之於武備，不可以已。

How much more so now, when we are stationed on the frontier and face jackals and wolves at close quarters—how can we be careless and give no thought to sudden danger? I hear that lately, when my generals go out and come in, each prizes modesty and frugality and goes without an escort of troops. This is by no means the way to be prepared and to take care of oneself. Preserving oneself and leaving a good name so as to give peace to one's lord and parents—how can that be compared with falling into danger and disgrace? You must be deeply vigilant and strive to honor what is of greatest weight, in keeping with my wishes.” After Emperor Wen of Wei ascended the throne, Sun Quan sent envoys declaring himself a vassal and sent Yu Jin and others back.

況今處身疆畔，豺狼交接，而可輕忽不思變難哉?頃聞諸將出入，各尚謙約，不從人兵，甚非備慮愛身之謂。夫保己遺名，以安君親，孰與危辱?宜深警戒，務崇其大，副孤意焉。」自魏文帝踐阼，權使命稱藩，及遣于禁等還。

In the eleventh month, a patent of investiture was issued to Sun Quan, which said: “The law of the sage kings is to bestow ranks according to virtue and to fix emoluments according to merit; those whose labors are great receive rich emoluments, and those whose virtue is abundant receive ample honors. Thus Shu Dan, the Duke of Zhou, had the merit of supporting the royal house, and the Grand Duke had the achievement of rising like a soaring hawk; both were granted territories and both received the full array of regalia. This was to make manifest the foremost merit and to distinguish the worthy and wise. In more recent times, when Emperor Gaozu of Han first received the Mandate, he divided up the richest lands and made kings of men of eight surnames.

十一月，策命權曰：「蓋聖王之法，以德設爵，以功制祿；勞大者祿厚，德盛者禮豐。故叔旦有夾輔之勳，太公有鷹揚之功，並啟土宇，並受備物，所以表章元功，殊異賢哲也。近漢髙祖受命之初，分裂膏腴以王八姓。

This was a splendid deed of former ages and a great mirror for later kings. We, though lacking in virtue, have inherited the turn of fortune and changed the Mandate, ruling over the myriad states and holding the reins of Heaven's workings. Wishing to equal the former ages, We sit up waiting for the dawn. You, Sir, are by nature loyal and clear-sighted, a minister of renown in your generation; you have looked deeply into the succession of the heavenly count and clearly discerned what rises and what falls. From afar you sent envoys floating down the Qian and the Han; seeing which way the wind blew, you attached yourself to Us like a shadow, submitted a memorial calling yourself a vassal, presented as well the fine linen that is the tribute of the south, and sent all our generals back to this court.

斯則前世之懿事，後王之元龜也。朕以不德，承運革命，君臨萬國，秉統天機。思齊先代，坐而待旦。惟君天資忠亮，命世作佐，深睹歷數，達見廢興。遠遣行人，浮於潛漢。¹望風影附，抗疏稱藩，兼納纖絺南方之貢，普遣諸將來還本朝。

Loyalty and reverence spring from within you and sincerity shines forth outwardly; your good faith is as firm as metal and stone, and your righteousness covers mountains and rivers. We commend this highly. We now enfeoff you as King of Wu and send the Minister of Ceremonies, the Marquis of Gaoping, Xing Zhen, bearing the Staff of Authority, to confer upon you the seal and ribbon and the patent, the bronze tiger tallies numbered one to five, and the left halves of the bamboo envoy tallies numbered one to ten. As General-in-Chief bearing the Staff of Authority you shall supervise Jiao Province and take charge of the affairs of Jing Province as Imperial Protector. We bestow on you green earth wrapped in white rushes. Respond to and proclaim Our command, and govern the eastern lands of Xia.

忠肅內發，款誠外昭，信著金石，義蓋山河。朕甚嘉焉。今封君爲吳王，使使持節太常髙平侯貞，授君璽綬策書、金虎符第一至第五、左竹使符第一至第十，以大將軍使持節督交州，領荊州牧事，錫君靑土，苴以白茅，對揚朕命，以尹東夏。

You shall return the seal, ribbon, tallies and patent of your former office of General of Agile Cavalry and Marquis of Nanchang. Now We further add to you the Nine Distinctions; hearken respectfully to the commands that follow. Because you have brought peace to the southeast and ordered the lands beyond the Yangzi, so that both the people and the Yi are secure in their livelihoods and none are disloyal, We bestow on you one Great Carriage and one War Carriage, with two teams of four black stallions. Because you have devoted yourself to wealth and encouraged agriculture so that the granaries and storehouses are full, We bestow on you the dragon robe and crown, with red slippers to go with them. Because you have transformed the people by virtue so that ritual and teaching flourish and prevail, We bestow on you the music of bells and chimes hung on three sides.

其上故驃騎將軍南昌侯印綬符策。今又加君九錫，其敬聽後命。以君綏安東南，綱紀江外，民夷安業，無或攜貳。是用錫君大輅、戎輅各一，玄牡二駟。君務財勸農，倉庫盈積，是用錫君袞冕之服，赤舄副焉。君化民以德，禮教興行，是用錫君軒縣之樂。

Because you have spread and guided good customs and won over the Hundred Yue, We bestow on you vermilion doors for your residence. Because you have employed your talents and plans, set the offices in order, and entrusted them to the worthy, We bestow on you the recessed stairway by which to ascend. Because you have exerted both loyalty and valor and swept away the wicked, We bestow on you a hundred Tiger Guards. Because you have displayed your might and pressed forward boldly, exerted your strength south of Jing, and destroyed the vicious villains so that the guilty were taken, We bestow on you an axe and a battle-axe, one of each. Because you have been harmonious in civil affairs at home and trusted for your martial power abroad, We bestow on you one red bow and a hundred red arrows, ten black bows and a thousand black arrows.

君宣導休風，懷柔百越，是用錫君朱戸以居。君運其才謀，官方任賢，是用錫君納陛以登。君忠勇並奮，清除姦慝，是用錫君虎賁之士百人。君振威陵邁，宣力荊南，梟滅兇醜，罪人斯得。是用錫君鈇鉞各一，君文和於內，武信於外，是用錫君彤弓一、彤矢百、玈弓十、玈矢千。

Because you have taken loyalty and reverence as your foundation and courtesy and frugality as your virtue, We bestow on you one jar of black-millet sacrificial wine, with a jade-handled ladle to go with it. Be reverent! Respectfully spread the teachings and statutes so as to obey Our command, strive to assist Our state, and carry your illustrious achievements through to the end forever.”

君以忠肅爲基，恭儉爲德，是用錫君秬鬯一卣，圭瓚副焉。欽哉!敬敷訓典，以服朕命，以勖相我國家，永終爾顯烈。」¹

That year Liu Bei led his army to invade and reached Wushan and Zigui. He sent envoys to entice the Man and Yi tribes of Wuling, giving them seals and passes and promising them fiefs and rewards. As a result the various counties and the people of Wuxi all rebelled and went over to Shu. Sun Quan made Lu Xun Area Commander, leading Zhu Ran, Pan Zhang and others to resist them. He sent the Commandant Zhao Zi as envoy to Wei. The Wei emperor asked, “What sort of ruler is the King of Wu?” Zhao Zi replied, “A ruler who is intelligent, clear-sighted, benevolent and wise, with heroic strategy.”

是歳，劉備師軍來伐，至巫山、秭歸，使使誘導武陵蠻夷，假與印傳，許之封賞。於是諸縣及五谿民皆反爲蜀。權以陸遜爲督，督朱然、潘璋等以拒之。遣都尉趙咨使魏。魏帝問曰：「吳王何等主也?」咨對曰：「聰明仁智，雄略之主也。」

When the emperor asked for particulars, Zhao Zi said, “He took in Lu Su from among ordinary men—that is his intelligence. He raised Lü Meng from the ranks—that is his clear-sightedness. He captured Yu Jin and did him no harm—that is his benevolence. He took Jing Province without bloodying a blade—that is his wisdom. He holds three provinces and eyes the realm like a tiger—that is his heroism. He bows himself before Your Majesty—that is his strategy.” The emperor wished to enfeoff Sun Quan's son Sun Deng, but Sun Quan, on the grounds that Sun Deng was still young, submitted a letter declining the fief, and again sent the Clerk of the Western Bureau, Shen Heng, to express his thanks and to present local products. He established Sun Deng as Crown Prince of his kingdom.

帝問其狀，咨曰：「納魯肅於凡品，是其聰也；拔呂蒙於行陳，是其明也；獲于禁而不害，是其仁也；取荊州而兵不血刃，是其智也；據三州虎視於天下，是其雄也；屈身於陛下，是其略也。」¹帝欲封權子登，權以登年幼，上書辭封，重遣西曹掾沈珩陳謝，並獻方物。²立登爲王太子。³

In the first month of spring in the first year of Huangwu, the general Song Qian and others under Lu Xun attacked five Shu encampments, broke them all, and beheaded their commanders. In the third month, Poyang reported that a yellow dragon had appeared. The Shu army had occupied the strategic points separately, with more than fifty camps one behind another. Lu Xun sent troops to resist each according to its importance, and from the first month to the intercalary month he inflicted a great defeat on them. Those beheaded on the battlefield and those who threw down their weapons and surrendered numbered several tens of thousands. Liu Bei fled and barely escaped with his life.

黃武元年春正月，陸遜部將軍宋謙等攻蜀五屯，皆破之，斬其將。三月，鄱陽言黃龍見。蜀軍分據險地，前後五十餘營。遜隨輕重以兵應拒，自正月至閏月，大破之。臨陳所斬及投兵降首數萬人。劉備奔走，僅以身免。¹

At first Sun Quan outwardly professed to serve Wei, but his heart was not sincere. Wei intended to send the Palace Attendant Xin Pi and the Master of Writing Huan Jie to swear a covenant with him and also to demand a son as hostage, but Sun Quan declined and would not accept. In the ninth month, in autumn, Wei therefore ordered Cao Xiu, Zhang Liao and Zang Ba to advance by way of Dongkou, Cao Ren to advance on Ruxu, and Cao Zhen, Xiahou Shang, Zhang He and Xu Huang to besiege Nan Commandery. Sun Quan sent Lü Fan and others in command of five armies to resist Cao Xiu and the others with the fleet, had Zhuge Jin, Pan Zhang and Yang Can relieve Nan Commandery, and had Zhu Huan, as Area Commander of Ruxu, resist Cao Ren.

初權外託事魏，而誠心不款。魏欲遣侍中辛毗、尚書桓階往與盟誓，並征任子，權辭讓不受。秋九月，魏乃命曹休、張遼、臧霸出洞口，曹仁出濡須，曹眞、夏侯尚、張郃、徐晃圍南郡。權遣呂範等督五軍，以舟軍拒休等，諸葛瑾、潘璋、楊粲救南郡，朱桓以濡須督拒仁。

At that time many of the Man and Yi tribes of Yang and Yue had not yet been pacified, and the internal troubles had not been quelled, so Sun Quan wrote in humble terms, asking to be allowed to reform himself: “If my offense is too great to be removed and I am certainly not to be pardoned, I will respectfully return my lands and people. I ask only to entrust my life to Jiao Province and live out my remaining years there.”

時揚、越蠻夷多未平集，內難未弭，故權卑辭上書，求自改厲，「若罪在難除，必不見置，當奉還土地民人。乞寄命交州，以終餘年。」

Emperor Wen replied: “You were born in an age of turmoil and originally harbored ambitions of forming alliances and playing one side against another, but you lowered yourself to serve the state, and so you enjoy your present fortune. Ever since you entered your name as a subject, your tribute has filled the roads. The achievement of punishing Liu Bei was one the court looked to you to accomplish. To bury something and then dig it up again is what the ancients were ashamed of. The great principle between Us and you is already settled; how could We take pleasure in wearying the army and coming from afar to the Jiang and the Han? The deliberations of the court are something even a king cannot decide alone. The Three Excellencies reported your faults, all with full particulars from beginning to end, and We, being unenlightened,

文帝報曰：「君生於擾攘之際，本有從橫之志，降身奉國，以享茲祚。自君策名已來，貢獻盈路。討備之功，國朝仰成。埋而掘之，古人之所恥。¹朕之與君，大義已定，豈樂勞師遠臨江漢？廊廟之議，王者所不得專；三公上君過失，皆有本末、朕以不明。

though We had doubts like those of Zeng Shen’s mother when she threw down her shuttle, We still hoped that those who spoke were not to be believed, and regarded that as a blessing for the state. Therefore We first sent envoys to reward your men, and then sent a Master of Writing and a Palace Attendant to fulfill the earlier words and settle the matter of the hostage son. You then made excuses and would not let him come forward, and the deliberators found this strange. Moreover, when the former Commandant Hao Zhou urged you to send your son, this was in fact a plan devised jointly by the court officials to test you. You did indeed make excuses: outwardly you cited Wei Xiao, who sent his son yet did not remain loyal to the end, and inwardly you likened yourself to Dou Rong, who merely kept his loyalty.

雖有曾母投杼之疑，猶冀言者不信，以爲國福。故先遣使者犒勞，又遣尚書、侍中踐修前言，以定任子。君遂設辭，不欲使進，議者怪之。¹又前都尉浩周勸君遣子，乃實朝臣交謀，以此卜君，君果有辭，外引隗囂遣子不終，內喩竇融守忠而已。

Ages differ and times change, and each man has a heart of his own. When Hao Zhou returned and reported your instructions by word of mouth, the deliberators brought all their suspicions into the open still more, and since there was nothing on which to base a judgment of your conduct from first to last, We in the end bowed to the views of Our ministers. Now, reading what you have submitted, We find your sincerity deep and profound; Our heart is stirred, and We are moved to sorrow. This very day We shall issue an edict ordering the armies only to dig their moats deep and raise their ramparts high, and not to advance rashly. If you will truly show your loyalty and dispel the doubts, then if Sun Deng arrives in the morning, We shall recall the troops by evening. We swear to the truth of these words by the great River!”

世殊時異，人各有心。浩周之還，口陳指麾，益令議者發明眾嫌，終始之本，無所據杖，故遂俛仰從群臣議。今省上事，款誠深至，心用慨然，淒愴動容。即日下詔，敕諸軍但深溝髙壘，不得妄進。若君必效忠節，以解疑議，登身朝到，夕召兵還。此言之誠，有如大江！」¹

Sun Quan thereupon changed the era name and held the line of the Yangzi in defense. In winter, the eleventh month, there was a great wind. Several thousand of Lü Fan’s soldiers drowned, and the rest of the army returned south of the river. Cao Xiu had Zang Ba attack Xuling by surprise with five hundred light boats and ten thousand men sworn to die; he burned the siege carts and killed or carried off several thousand people. The generals Quan Cong and Xu Sheng pursued him and beheaded the Wei general Yin Lu, killing or capturing several hundred. In the twelfth month Sun Quan sent the Grand Palace Grandee Zheng Quan on a courtesy mission to Liu Bei at Baidi, and for the first time relations were resumed.

權遂改年，臨江拒守。冬十一月，大風。呂範等兵溺死者數千，餘軍還江南。曹休使臧霸以輕船五百、敢死萬人襲攻徐陵，燒攻城車，殺略數千人。將軍全琮、徐盛追斬魏將尹盧。殺獲數百。十二月，權使太中大夫鄭泉聘劉備於白帝，始復通也。¹

Nevertheless he continued to exchange envoys with Emperor Wen of Wei, and it was not until the year after next that relations were broken off. That year Yiling was renamed Xiling.

然猶與魏文帝相往來，至後年乃絶。是歳，改夷陵爲西陵。

In spring, the first month of the second year, Cao Zhen divided his army and occupied the island in the river at Jiangling. That month walls were built on Mount Jiangxia. The Quarter Remainder calendar was abandoned and the Qianxiang calendar adopted. In the third month Cao Ren sent the general Chang Diao and others with five thousand troops in oiled boats to cross at dawn to the island in the river at Ruxu. Cao Ren’s son Cao Tai then led his army in a fierce attack on Zhu Huan, but Zhu Huan’s troops held him off. The generals Yan Gui and others were sent to attack Chang Diao and his men and defeated them. That month the Wei armies all withdrew.

二年春正月，曹眞分軍據江陵中州。是月，城江夏山。改四分，用《乾象歷》。¹三月，曹仁遣將軍常彫等，以兵五千，乘油船，晨渡濡須中州。仁子泰因引軍急攻朱桓，桓兵拒之。遣將軍嚴圭等擊破彫等。是月，魏軍皆退。

In summer, the fourth month, Sun Quan’s ministers urged him to assume the imperial title, but he would not allow it. Liu Bei died at Baidi. In the fifth month Qu’e reported that sweet dew had fallen. Earlier, Jin Zong, the garrison commander at Xikou, had killed the general Wang Zhi and defected to Wei with his troops. Wei made him Prefect of Qichun, and he repeatedly raided the border. In the sixth month Sun Quan ordered the generals He Qi, Mi Fang, Liu Shao and others to make a surprise attack on Qichun, and Liu Shao and the others took Jin Zong alive. In winter, the eleventh month, Shu sent the General of the Household Deng Zhi on a courtesy mission.

夏四月，權群臣勸即尊號，權不許。¹劉備薨於白帝。²五月，曲阿言甘露降。先是戲口守將晉宗殺將王直，以眾叛如魏，魏以爲蘄春太守，數犯邊境。六月，權令將軍賀齊、糜芳、劉邵等襲蘄春，邵等生虜宗。冬十一月，蜀使中郎將鄧芝來聘。³

In summer of the third year, Sun Quan sent Zhang Wen, General of the Household Who Assists Righteousness, on a courtesy mission to Shu. In autumn, the eighth month, those condemned to death were pardoned. In the ninth month Emperor Wen of Wei came out to Guangling, gazed at the great River and said, “They have men over there; they cannot be conquered yet,” and went back.

三年夏，遣輔義中郎將張溫聘於蜀。秋八月，赦死罪。九月，魏文帝出廣陵，望大江，曰「彼有人焉，未可圖也」，乃還。¹

In summer, the fifth month of the fourth year, the Chancellor Sun Shao died. In the sixth month the Minister of Ceremonies Gu Yong was made Chancellor. Wankou reported trees whose branches had grown together. In winter, the twelfth month, the Poyang bandit Peng Qi styled himself a general and attacked and took several counties; his followers numbered several tens of thousands. That year there were repeated earthquakes.

四年夏五月，丞相孫邵卒。¹六月，以太常顧雍爲丞相。²皖口言木連理。冬十二月，鄱陽賊彭綺自稱將軍，攻沒諸縣，眾數萬人。是歳地連震。³

In spring of the fifth year, Sun Quan issued an order: “The armies have been in the field a long time; the people have left their farms, and fathers and sons, husbands and wives cannot look after one another. I pity them deeply. Now the northern caitiffs have shrunk back into hiding and there is no trouble beyond our borders; let this be sent down to the provinces and commanderies so that the people may be given relief and rest.” At that time Lu Xun, because grain was scarce where he was stationed, memorialized asking that the generals be ordered to extend their farmland. Sun Quan replied, “Very good. Now I and my sons will take up fields ourselves, and the eight oxen of my carriage will make four plow teams. Though we fall short of the ancients, I too wish to share the labor equally with everyone.”

五年春，令曰：「軍興日久，民離農畔，父子夫婦，不聽相卹，孤甚愍之。今北虜縮竄，方外無事，其下州郡，有以寬息。」是時，陸遜以所在少穀，表令諸將增廣農畝。權報曰：「甚善。今孤父子親自受田，車中八牛以爲四耦，雖未及古人，亦欲與眾均等其勞也。」

In autumn, the seventh month, Sun Quan heard that Emperor Wen of Wei had died, and he campaigned against Jiangxia and besieged Shiyang, but could not take it and returned. Cangwu reported that a phoenix had appeared. Ten counties of poor land were taken from three commanderies to establish Dongan Commandery, with Quan Cong as its Prefect, to subdue the Shanyue. In winter, the tenth month, Lu Xun set out a number of expedient measures, urging Sun Quan to dispense kindness and relax punishments, to lighten the taxes and suspend the levies. He also said, “Loyal and forthright words cannot be fully spoken, while petty officials seeking favor keep bringing up matters of profit.”

秋七月，權聞魏文帝崩，征江夏，圍石陽，不克而還。蒼梧言鳳凰見。分三郡惡地十縣置東安郡，¹以全琮爲太守，平討山越。冬十月，陸遜陳便宜，勸以施德緩刑，寬賦息調。又云：「忠讜之言，不能極陳，求容小臣，數以利聞」。

Sun Quan replied: “Laws and ordinances are established to check evil and guard against wickedness, and to give warning before wrongs occur. How can there be no punishments to overawe petty men? This is to command first and punish afterward, only so that no one will offend. As for what you consider too severe, what advantage would I gain from its being so? I do it only because I cannot help it. Now that I have received your views, I shall consult again carefully and make every effort to follow what is right. Moreover, close ministers offer admonitions that exhaust their counsel, and kinsmen offer warnings that mend and scrutinize; this is how they correct their lord, set their ruler right and make plain their loyalty and good faith.

權報曰：夫法令之設，欲以遏惡防邪，儆戒未然也。焉得不有刑罰以威小人乎?此爲先令後誅，不欲使有犯者耳。君以爲太重者，孤亦何利其然，但不得已而爲之耳。今承來意，當重咨謀，務從其可。且近臣有盡規之諫，親戚有補察之箴，所以匡君正主明忠信也。

The Documents records, ‘If I go astray, you must correct me; do not merely agree to my face.’ How could I not delight in loyal words to help and improve myself? Yet you say you ‘dare not speak fully’—how can that be called loyal and forthright? If among the petty officials there is one whose advice can be accepted and used, how could I reject what he says because of who he is and fail to adopt it? But flattery to win favor—dim as I am, I recognize it clearly. As for the levies, it is only because the realm is not yet settled and our undertakings must be accomplished by the efforts of the many.

《書》載『予違汝弼，汝無面從』，孤豈不樂忠言以自裨補邪?而云『不敢極陳』，何得爲忠讜哉?若小臣之中，有可納用者，寧得以人廢言而不采擇乎?但諂媚取容，雖闇亦所明識也。至於發調者，徒以天下未定，事以眾濟。

If we merely held Jiangdong and cultivated a lenient government, our troops would be sufficient of themselves; what need would there be to use more? But simply sitting still and guarding ourselves would be contemptible. If we do not levy in advance, I fear that when the time comes the men will not be ready for use. Moreover, the bond of duty between you and me is exceptional, and we truly share in honor and in sorrow. In your memorial you say you would not dare go along with the crowd merely to keep your place and escape blame; that is exactly what I sincerely hope for from you.”

若徒守江東，修崇寬政，兵自足用，復用多爲?顧坐自守可陋耳。若不豫調，恐臨時未可便用也。又孤與君分義特異，榮戚實同，來表云不敢隨眾容身苟免，此實甘心所望於君也。

He then ordered the officials concerned to write out all the legal articles in full and had the Gentleman of the Palace Chu Feng take them to Lu Xun and Zhuge Jin, so that they might cut or add to anything they were uneasy about. That year Jiao Province was divided to establish Guang Province, but it was soon restored as before.

於是令有司盡寫科條，使郎中褚逢齎以就遜及諸葛瑾，意所不安，令損益之。是歳，分交州置廣州。俄復舊。¹

In spring, the first month of the sixth year, the generals captured Peng Qi. In the intercalary month Han Dang’s son Han Zong surrendered to Wei with his troops.

六年春正月，諸將獲彭綺。閏月，韓當子綜以其眾降魏。

In the third month of the seventh year, Sun Quan enfeoffed his son Sun Lü as Marquis of Jianchang and abolished Dongan Commandery. In summer, the fifth month, Zhou Fang, Prefect of Poyang, feigned rebellion to lure the Wei general Cao Xiu. In autumn, the eighth month, Sun Quan went to Wankou and had General Lu Xun command the generals, and they inflicted a great defeat on Cao Xiu at Shiting. The Grand Marshal Lü Fan died. That year Hepu was renamed Zhuguan Commandery.

七年三月，封子慮爲建昌侯，罷東安郡。夏五月，鄱陽太守周魴偽叛，誘魏將曹休。秋八月，權至皖口，使將軍陸遜督諸將大破休於石亭。大司馬呂範卒。是歳，改合浦爲珠官郡。¹

In spring of the first year of Huanglong, the high ministers and all the officials urged Sun Quan to assume the imperial title formally. In summer, the fourth month, Xiakou and Wuchang both reported that a yellow dragon and a phoenix had appeared. On the day bingshen he ascended the imperial throne at the southern suburb. On that day there was a general amnesty. He changed the era name and posthumously honored his father, the General Who Smashes Caitiffs Sun Jian, as Emperor Wulie, his mother Lady Wu as Empress Wulie, and his elder brother, the General Who Attacks Rebels Sun Ce, as King Huan of Changsha. Sun Deng, Heir of the King of Wu, was made Crown Prince. The generals and officials all were advanced in rank and given additional rewards.

黃龍元年春，公卿百司皆勸權正尊號。夏四月，夏口、武昌並言黃龍、鳳凰見。丙申，南郊即皇帝位。¹是日大赦。改年，追尊父破虜將軍堅爲武烈皇帝，母吳氏爲武烈皇后，兄討逆將軍策爲長沙桓王。吳王太子登爲皇太子。將吏皆進爵加賞。

Earlier, during the Xingping era, children in Wu had sung a ditty: “A carriage of yellow gold, with ears of dappled hue;
open the Chang Gate, and out comes the Son of Heaven.” In the fifth month Sun Quan sent the Colonels Zhang Gang and Guan Du to Liaodong. In the sixth month Shu sent the Commandant of the Guards Chen Zhen to congratulate Sun Quan on his accession. Sun Quan then divided the realm: Yu, Qing, Xu and You Provinces were to belong to Wu, and Yan, Ji, Bing and Liang Provinces to Shu. The territory of Si Province was divided at Hangu Pass. They drew up a covenant which said: “Heaven sent down calamity and disorder, and the imperial bonds fell out of order. Rebellious subjects took advantage of the breach to seize the authority of the state, beginning with Dong Zhuo and ending with Cao Cao. Utterly vicious and wicked, they overturned the four seas,

初，興平中，吳中童謠曰：「黃金車，班蘭耳，闓昌門，出天子。」¹五月，使校尉張剛、管篤之遼東。六月，蜀遣衞尉陳震慶權踐位。權乃參分天下，豫、靑、徐、幽屬吳，兗，冀，并，涼屬蜀。其司州之土，以函谷關爲界，造爲盟曰：天降喪亂，皇綱失敘，逆臣乘釁，劫奪國柄，始於董卓，終於曹操，窮兇極惡，以覆四海。

until the nine provinces were torn asunder and all under Heaven had no one to unite it; people and spirits grieved and resented, with nowhere to find rest. Then came Cao Cao’s son Cao Pi, a remnant of that rebellious brood, who compounded their treachery and stole the throne of Heaven. And the petty wretch Cao Rui follows in Cao Pi’s evil footsteps, relying on arms and stealing territory, and has not yet submitted to his punishment. In ancient times, when Gonggong disordered the heavens, Gaoxin sent his army against him; when the Three Miao violated the norms, Shun of Yu marched against them. Today, to destroy the Cao and capture their followers—if not Shu-Han and Eastern Wu, who else could be charged with the task? Whoever punishes evil and cuts down tyranny must proclaim its crimes.

至令九州幅裂，普天無統，民神痛怨，靡所戾止。及操子丕，桀逆遺醜，薦作姦回，偷取天位。而睿麼麼，尋丕兇跡，阻兵盜土，未伏厥誅。昔共工亂象而髙辛行師，三苗干度虞舜征焉。今日滅曹，禽其徒黨，非蜀漢與東吳，將復誰任?夫討惡翦暴，必聲其罪。

We should first partition their lands and take them away, so that the hearts of the gentry and the common people will each know where they belong. Thus in the Spring and Autumn Annals, when the Marquis of Jin attacked Wey, he first divided up its fields and gave them to the people of Song; such is the principle. Moreover, in ancient times great undertakings were always preceded by covenants and oaths; that is why the Rites of Zhou has an office of Director of Covenants and the Book of Documents contains proclamations and oaths. Though the trust between Han and Wu comes from the heart, when lands are divided and borders drawn there ought to be a covenant. Zhuge Liang’s virtue and might are renowned far and wide; he supports and upholds his state and directs its armies abroad, and his good faith moves yin and yang

宜先分裂，奪其土地，使士民之心，各知所歸。是以《春秋》晉侯伐衞。先分其田以畀宋人，斯其義也。且古建大事，必先盟誓，故《周禮》有司盟之官，《尚書》有告誓之文，漢之與吳，雖信由中。然分土裂境，宜有盟約。諸葛亮德威遠著，翼戴本國，典戎在外，信感陰陽。

and his sincerity stirs Heaven and Earth. Now we renew and reaffirm our alliance and broaden the sincerity of our oath, so that the gentry and people of east and west may all hear of it and know it. Therefore we have raised an altar and slain the victims, and solemnly announce this to the spirits. Once more we smear our lips with blood and add this written text, depositing a copy in the heavenly archive. Heaven is high yet hears what is below, and the spirits’ might assists the sincere; the Director of Vigilance and the Director of Covenants, all the gods and all the spirits that receive sacrifice, are present to witness this. From this day, now that Han and Wu have sworn this covenant, let us join our strength and be of one heart, together punish the Wei bandits, rescue each other in danger and relieve each other in trouble, share calamity and share rejoicing, have the same likes and dislikes, and never be of two minds.

誠動天地，重復結盟，廣誠約誓，使東西士民咸共聞知。故立壇殺牲，昭告神明，再歃加書，副之天府，天髙聽下，靈威棐諶，司愼司盟，群神群祀，莫不臨之。自今日漢、吳旣盟之後，戮力一心，同討魏賊，救危恤患，分災共慶，好惡齊之，無或攜貳。

If anyone harms Han, Wu shall attack him; if anyone harms Wu, Han shall attack him. Each shall keep to its allotted territory and neither shall encroach upon the other. Let this be handed down to later generations, and let the end be as the beginning. All our many undertakings are as set down in this written covenant; trustworthy words need no adornment, and their substance lies in true friendship. Should either break this covenant, stirring up calamity and starting disorder, straying into divided loyalty and discord, or scorning the mandate of Heaven, may the bright spirits and the Lord on High punish him and call him to account, may the hundred gods of the mountains and rivers arraign him and put him to death, cause his armies to fall and let his state not endure. O you great spirits, clearly witness this!”

若有害漢，則吳伐之；若有害吳，則漢伐之。各守分土，無相侵犯。傳之後葉，克終若始。凡百之約，皆如載書，信言不艷，實居於好。有渝此盟，創禍先亂，違貳不協，慆慢天命，明神上帝是討是督，山川百神是糾是殛，俾墜其師，無克祚國。於爾大神，其明鑒之！

In autumn, the ninth month, Sun Quan moved his capital to Jianye, where he used the old government buildings without rebuilding his residence. He called on the Senior Grand General Lu Xun to assist the Crown Prince Sun Deng and take charge of affairs left behind at Wuchang.

秋九月，權遷都建業，因固府不改館，徵上大將軍陸遜輔太子登，掌武昌留事。

In spring, the first month of the second year, Wei built the new city of Hefei. By edict Sun Quan established Libationer Lecturers to teach his sons. He sent the generals Wei Wen and Zhuge Zhi with ten thousand armored soldiers across the sea to seek Yizhou and Danzhou. Danzhou lies in the midst of the sea. The elders say that the First Emperor of Qin sent the magician Xu Fu with several thousand boys and girls out to sea to seek the divine mountain of Penglai and the elixir of immortality, and that they stopped on this island and never returned.

二年春正月，魏作合肥新城。詔立都講祭酒，以教學諸子。遣將軍衞溫、諸葛直將甲士萬人，浮海求夷洲及亶洲。亶洲在海中，長老傳言：秦始皇帝遣方士徐福將童男童女數千人入海，求蓬萊神山及仙藥，止此洲不還。

Over the generations they had grown to several tens of thousands of households. The people there sometimes came to Kuaiji to trade cloth, and people of the eastern counties of Kuaiji traveling by sea had sometimes been blown off course to Danzhou. It was so remote that in the end the expedition could not reach it, and brought back only several thousand people from Yizhou.

世相承有數萬家，其上人民。時有至會稽貨布，會稽東縣人海行，亦有遭風流移至亶洲者。所在絶遠，卒不可得至，但得夷洲數千人還。

In spring, the second month of the third year, Sun Quan sent the Minister of Ceremonies Pan Jun at the head of fifty thousand men to punish the Man and Yi tribes of Wuling. Wei Wen and Zhuge Zhi were both imprisoned and executed for disobeying the edict and achieving nothing. In summer wild silkworms spun cocoons as large as eggs. At Youquan wild rice grew of its own accord, and the place was renamed Hexing County. The General of the Household Sun Bu feigned surrender to lure the Wei general Wang Ling, and Wang Ling came out with his army to receive him. In winter, the tenth month, Sun Quan lay in wait with a large army hidden at Fuling, but Wang Ling realized it and fled.

三年春二月，遣太常潘濬率眾五萬，討武陵蠻夷。衞溫、諸葛直皆以違詔無功，下獄誅。夏有野蠶成繭，大如卵。由拳野稻自生，改爲禾興縣。中郎將孫布詐降以誘魏將王淩，淩以軍迎布。冬十月，權以大兵潛伏於阜陵俟之，淩覺而走。

Nanshiping in Kuaiji reported that auspicious grain had grown. On the day dingmao of the twelfth month there was a general amnesty, and the era name was changed for the following year.

會稽南始平言嘉禾生。十二月丁卯，大赦，改明年元也。

In spring, the first month of the first year of Jiahe, Sun Lü, Marquis of Jianchang, died. In the third month Sun Quan sent the general Zhou He and the Colonel Pei Qian by sea to Liaodong. In autumn, the ninth month, the Wei general Tian Yu intercepted them and beheaded Zhou He at Chengshan. In winter, the tenth month, Wei’s Prefect of Liaodong Gongsun Yuan sent the Colonel Su Shu and the Prefect of the Palace Gentlemen Sun Zong to declare himself a vassal of Sun Quan, presenting sable furs and horses as well. Sun Quan was delighted and conferred additional titles on Gongsun Yuan.

嘉禾元年春正月，建昌侯慮卒。三月，遣將軍周賀、校尉裴潛乘海之遼東。秋九月，魏將田豫要擊，斬賀於成山。冬十月，魏遼東太守公孫淵遣校尉宿舒、郎中令孫綜稱藩於權，並獻貂馬。權大悅，加淵爵位。¹

In spring, the first month of the second year, an edict was issued: “We, lacking in virtue, first received the great mandate, and day and night We have been anxious and wary, without leisure even to rest. We have thought to quell the troubles of the age and rescue the common people, above to answer the spirits of Heaven and Earth and below to comfort the hopes of the people. Therefore We have earnestly and diligently sought out men of outstanding talent, to join forces with them and together bring order to all within the seas. Whoever is truly of one heart with Us, We shall grow old together with him. Now the King of Yan—Commissioned with the Tally, Area Commander of You Province, Governor of Qing Province and Prefect of Liaodong—has long been menaced by the bandit caitiffs and cut off in a distant region; though his heart was with Our state, he had no road by which to reach it.

二年春正月，詔曰：「朕以不德，肇受元命，夙夜兢兢，不遑假寢。思平世難，救濟黎庶，上答神祇，下慰民望；是以眷眷，勤求俊傑，將與戮力，共定海內。苟在同心，與之偕老。今使持節督幽州領靑州牧遼東太守燕王，久脅賊虜，隔在一方，雖乃心於國，其路靡緣。

Now, in accordance with Heaven’s mandate, he has sent two envoys from afar; his sincerity is plainly revealed and his memorials are earnest. That We have gained this—what joy could compare! Even Tang’s meeting with Yi Yin, Zhou’s winning of Lü Wang, or Shizu (Emperor Guangwu) gaining the lands west of the River before his realm was settled—how could any of them surpass what has happened today? The unification of all under Heaven is hereby assured. Does not the Documents say, ‘When the One Man has blessings, the millions of the people rely on them’? Let there be a general amnesty throughout the realm, a new beginning together with them. Send this down clearly to the provinces and commanderies, so that all may hear and know of it.

今因天命。遠遣二使，款誠顯露，章表殷勤，朕之得此，何喜如之！雖湯遇伊尹，周獲呂望，世祖未定而得河右，方之今日。豈復是過？普天一統，於是定矣。《書》不云乎。『一人有慶，兆民賴之』。其大赦天下，與之更始，其明下州郡，咸使聞知。

And let it be sent down especially to the state of Yan to proclaim Our gracious edict, so that now all under Heaven, to the ends of the earth, may hear of this happy event.” In the third month Sun Quan sent Su Shu and Sun Zong home, and had the Minister of Ceremonies Zhang Mi, the Bearer of the Golden Mace Xu Yan, the general He Da and others lead ten thousand soldiers by sea, with gold, jewels and rare goods and the full insignia of the Nine Distinctions, to confer them on Gongsun Yuan. All the great ministers of the court, from the Chancellor Gu Yong down, remonstrated, holding that Gongsun Yuan could not yet be trusted and that the favor and honors shown him were too generous; it would be enough, they said, to send a few hundred officers and soldiers to escort Su Shu and Sun Zong. Sun Quan in the end would not listen.

特下燕國，奉宣詔恩，今普天率土備聞斯慶。」三月，遣舒、綜還，使太常張彌、執金吾許晏、將軍賀達等將兵萬人，金寶珍貨，九錫備物，乘海授淵。¹舉朝大臣，自丞相雍已下皆諫，以爲淵未可信，而寵待太厚。但可遣吏兵數百護送舒、綜，權終不聽。²

Gongsun Yuan did indeed behead Zhang Mi and the others and sent their heads to Wei, seizing their troops and goods. Sun Quan was furious and wanted to march against Gongsun Yuan himself, but the Deputy Director of the Secretariat Xue Zong and others remonstrated earnestly, and he desisted. That year Sun Quan advanced on the new city of Hefei and sent General Quan Cong to attack Luan, but neither succeeded and both returned.

淵果斬彌等，送其首於魏，沒其兵資。權大怒，欲自征淵，¹尚書僕射薛綜等切諫乃止。是歳，權嚮合肥新城，遣將軍全琮征六安，皆不克還。²

In spring, the first month of the third year, an edict was issued: “Warfare has long been unceasing, the people are worn out by labor service, and in some years the harvest fails. Let all arrears be leniently remitted and no longer pressed for.” In summer, the fifth month, Sun Quan sent Lu Xun, Zhuge Jin and others to garrison Jiangxia and Miankou, sent Sun Shao, Zhang Cheng and others toward Guangling and Huaiyang, and himself led a great host to besiege the new city of Hefei. At that time the Shu Chancellor Zhuge Liang had come out to Wugong, and Sun Quan thought that Emperor Ming of Wei would be unable to come far. But the emperor sent troops to help Sima Yi (King Xuan) resist Zhuge Liang,

三年春正月，詔曰：「兵久不輟，民困於役，歳或不登。其寬諸逋，勿復督課。」夏五月，權遣陸遜、諸葛瑾等屯江夏、沔口，孫韶、張承等嚮廣陵、淮陽，權率大眾圍合肥新城。是時蜀相諸葛亮出武功，權謂魏明帝不能遠出，而帝遣兵助司馬宣王拒亮。

while he himself led a naval force on an eastern campaign. Before the emperor reached Shouchun, Sun Quan withdrew and returned, and Sun Shao also broke off his operations. In autumn, the eighth month, Zhuge Ke was made Prefect of Danyang to punish the Shanyue. On the first day of the ninth month frost fell and damaged the grain. In winter, the eleventh month, the Minister of Ceremonies Pan Jun pacified the Man and Yi tribes of Wuling, and when the task was done he returned to Wuchang. By edict Qu’e was renamed Yunyang again and Dantu renamed Wujin again. The Luling bandits Li Huan, Luo Li and others rose in revolt.

自率水軍東征。未至壽春，權退還，孫韶亦罷。秋八月，以諸葛恪爲丹楊太守，討山越。九月朔，隕霜傷穀。冬十一月，太常潘濬平武陵蠻夷，事畢，還武昌。詔復曲阿爲雲陽，丹徒爲武進。廬陵賊李桓、羅厲等爲亂。

In summer of the fourth year, Sun Quan sent Lü Dai to punish Li Huan and the others. In autumn, the seventh month, there was hail. Envoys from Wei asked to exchange horses for pearls, kingfisher feathers and tortoiseshell. Sun Quan said, “These are all things I have no use for, and with them we can get horses. Why should we be so reluctant as to refuse the trade?”

四年夏，遣呂岱討桓等。秋七月，有雹。魏使以馬求易珠璣、翡翠、瑇瑁，權曰：「此皆孤所不用，而可得馬。何苦而不聽其交易?」

In spring of the fifth year, large coins were cast, each worth five hundred. By edict officials and commoners were ordered to hand in copper, which was weighed and paid for at its value. Statutes were established against private minting. In the second month Wuchang reported that sweet dew had fallen on the Hall of Ceremonial Guests. Zhang Zhao, General Who Assists Wu, died. The General of the Household Wu Can captured Li Huan, and General Tang Zi captured Luo Li and others. From the tenth month no rain fell until the summer. In winter, the tenth month, a comet appeared in the east. The Poyang bandits Peng Dan and others rose in revolt.

五年春，鑄大錢，一當五百。詔使吏民輸銅，計銅畀直。設盜鑄之科。二月，武昌言甘露降於禮賓殿。輔吳將軍張昭卒。中郎將吾粲獲李桓，將軍唐咨獲羅厲等。自十月不雨，至於夏。冬十月，彗星見於東方。鄱陽賊彭旦等爲亂。

In spring, the first month of the sixth year, an edict was issued: “The three-year mourning is a rule that holds throughout the realm and the deepest pain of human feeling. The worthy restrain their grief to conform to the rites, and the unworthy strive to reach it. When the world is well governed, the Way prevails, and neither high nor low has pressing business, the gentleman does not take away a man’s feelings. So for three years no summons reaches the gate of a filial son. But when there is pressing business, the rites are reduced to suit the circumstances, and a man handles affairs with the mourning sash still tied at his waist. Thus when the sages made their laws, a rite that did not suit its time was not carried out.

六年春正月，詔曰：夫三年之喪，天下之達制，人情之極痛也。賢者割哀以從禮，不肖者勉而致之。世治道泰，上下無事，君子不奪人情。故三年不逮孝子之門。至於有事，則殺禮以從宜，要絰而處事。故聖人制法；有禮無時則不行。

Not hastening home on the death of a parent was not the ancient practice; it is, in general, a matter of suiting the times and cutting off private affection for the sake of duty. We earlier deliberately set a regulation that senior local officials in office must wait to hand over to a successor, yet they deliberately violate it. Even though they are then investigated and punished, their posts have already been abandoned and left empty. At a time when affairs are pressing and the state faces many difficulties, all who hold office ought each to exert their loyalty to the utmost, putting the public first and the private after; failing to obey respectfully is most improper. Let the officials at court and in the provinces deliberate on this afresh, strive to reach a balanced view, and set out the rules in detail.”

遭喪不奔非古也，蓋隨時之宜，以義斷恩也。前故設科，長吏在官，當須交代，而故犯之。雖隨糾坐，猶已廢曠。方事之殷，國家多難，凡在官司，宜各盡節，先公後私，而不恭承，甚非謂也。中外群僚，其更平議，務令得中，詳爲節度。

Gu Tan proposed: “If a regulation is set on hastening home for mourning, then if it is light it will not suffice to restrain the feelings of a filial son, and if it is heavy, the offense is by nature not one deserving death. Even if harsher penalties are added, few will be turned from their purpose. If someone happens to offend, to apply the penalty is something mercy cannot bear, and to reduce it means the law collapses and is not enforced. In my humble view, when a senior official is far away, he has no way of knowing unless someone tells him. If, in the interval until a successor is chosen to take over, anyone passes the news to him, that person should be put to death without fail. Then the official will bear no blame for abandoning his post, and the filial son will suffer no penalty for a grave offense.”

顧譚議，以爲「奔喪立科，輕則不足以禁孝子之情，重則本非應死之罪，雖嚴刑益設，違奪必少。若偶有犯者，加其刑則恩所不忍，有減則法廢不行。愚以爲長吏在遠，苟不告語，勢不得知。比選代之間，若有傳者，必加大辟，則長吏無廢職之負，孝子無犯重之刑。」

General Hu Zong proposed: “Although the rites of mourning have their canonical rules, when the time is not right they cannot be carried out. At present military affairs have changed the face of the army and the state, yet senior officials who suffer a bereavement, knowing full well that a prohibition exists, openly dare to break it. They think only of the shame of not hastening home on hearing of a parent’s death, and take no account of the crime of a subject violating a prohibition. This comes about because the regulation is too light to begin with. Loyalty is fulfilled for the state, and filial piety is established in the family; once a man has put himself forward to become a subject, how can he do both? Therefore one who is a loyal subject cannot be a filial son.

將軍胡綜議，以爲「喪紀之禮，雖有典制，苟無其時，所不得行。方今戎事軍國異容，而長吏遭喪，知有科禁，公敢干突，苟念聞憂不奔之恥，不計爲臣犯禁之罪，此由科防本輕所致。忠節在國，孝道立家，出身爲臣，焉得兼之?故爲忠臣不得爲孝子。

The regulation should be fixed in writing and the death penalty proclaimed. Whoever deliberately violates it should be found guilty and not pardoned. This is using execution to put an end to executions: once it is carried out on a single man, the practice will surely cease thereafter.” The Chancellor Gu Yong memorialized in favor of the death penalty.

宜定科文，示以大辟。若故違犯，有罪無赦。以殺止殺，行之一人，其後必絶。」丞相雍奏從大辟。

Later Meng Zong, Magistrate of Wu, hastened home on the death of his mother, and afterwards went to Wuchang, placed himself under arrest, and awaited punishment. Lu Xun set out his record of good conduct and pleaded on his behalf, so Sun Quan reduced Meng Zong’s penalty by one degree, but ruled that it could not be cited as a precedent afterwards, and from then on the practice ceased. In the second month Lu Xun campaigned against Peng Dan and others, and within the year defeated them all. In winter, the tenth month, the General of the Guards Quan Cong was sent to make a surprise attack on Luan, but did not succeed. Zhuge Ke, having finished pacifying the Shanyue, went north and garrisoned Lujiang.

其後吳令孟宗喪母奔赴，已而自拘於武昌以聽刑。陸遜陳其素行，因爲之請，權乃減宗一等，後不得以爲比，因此遂絶。二月，陸遜討彭旦等，其年，皆破之。冬十月，遣衞將軍全琮襲六安，不克。諸葛恪平山越事畢，北屯廬江。

In spring of the first year of Chiwu, large coins worth a thousand cash each were cast. In summer Lü Dai suppressed the bandits of Luling, and when he had finished returned to Lukou. In autumn, the eighth month, Wuchang reported that a qilin had appeared. The officials in charge memorialized that the qilin was a response to an age of great peace and that the era name should be changed. An edict said: “Recently red crows gathered in front of the palace hall, and We saw them with Our own eyes. If the spirits regard this as an auspicious sign, then in changing the era name We should take Chiwu, Red Crow, for the first year.” The officials memorialized: “In the past, when King Wu attacked Zhou, there was the omen of the red crow; ruler and ministers beheld it, and he went on to possess the realm. The books of the sages record this in the fullest detail, because the recent event was auspicious and what was seen with their own eyes was clear.”

赤烏元年春，鑄當千大錢。夏，呂岱討廬陵賊，畢，還陸口。秋八月，武昌言麒麟見。有司奏言麒麟者太平之應，宜改年號。詔曰：「間者赤烏集於殿前，朕所親見。若神靈以爲嘉祥者，改年宜以赤烏爲元。」群臣奏曰：「昔武王伐紂，有赤烏之祥，君臣觀之，遂有天下，聖人書策載述最詳者，以爲近事旣嘉，親見又明也。」

So the era name was changed. Lady Bu died and was posthumously named Empress. Earlier, Sun Quan had placed his trust in the Investigator Lü Yi. Lü Yi was harsh and cruel by nature and applied the law with deep severity. The Heir Apparent Sun Deng remonstrated several times, but Sun Quan would not listen, and because of this none of the great ministers dared to speak. Later Lü Yi’s wicked crimes came to light and he was executed. Sun Quan took the blame upon himself and reproached himself, and sent the Gentleman of the Palace Writers Yuan Li to convey his apologies to the senior generals and to ask them what in current affairs ought to be reduced or increased. When Yuan Li returned, Sun Quan issued a further edict reproaching Zhuge Jin, Bu Zhi, Zhu Ran, Lü Dai and others: “Yuan Li has come back and says that he met Ziyu, Zishan, Yifeng and Dinggong, and that although each of them held that current affairs had matters that should come first and matters that should come later, each said that since he did not manage civil affairs he was unwilling to offer his views directly, and all of them passed it on to Boyan and Chengming.

於是改年。步夫人卒，追贈皇后。初，權信任校事呂壹，壹性苛慘，用法深刻。太子登數諫，權不納，大臣由是莫敢言。後壹姦罪發露伏誅，權引咎責躬，乃使中書郎袁禮告謝諸大將，因問時事所當損益。禮還，復有詔責數諸葛瑾、步騭、朱然，呂岱等曰：袁禮還，云與子瑜、子山、義封、定公相見，並以時事當有所先後，各自以不掌民事，不肯便有所陳，悉推之伯言、承明。

When Boyan and Chengming met Yuan Li, they wept with sincere distress; their words were bitter and anguished, to the point that they harbored fear of danger and could not feel at ease. When I heard this I was saddened, and I reproached myself deeply and wondered at it. Why? Only a sage can be free of faulty conduct; a clear-sighted man can merely see himself as he is. How can a man’s every action hit the mark? Surely I must have done something that wounded and rebuffed the feelings of others without realizing it myself, and that is why you gentlemen feel misgivings. Otherwise, how could things have come to this?

伯言、承明見禮，泣涕懇惻，辭旨辛苦，至乃懷執危怖，有不自安之心。聞此悵然，深自刻怪。何者?夫惟聖人能無過行，明者能自見耳。人之舉措，何能悉中，獨當己有傷拒眾意，忽不自覺，故諸君有嫌難耳。不爾，何緣乃至於此乎？

It is fifty years since I raised troops, and every levy of labor and taxes has come from the people. The realm is not yet settled and evil factions still survive, and I know full well how the gentry and the common people toil and suffer. But burdening the people is simply unavoidable. I have worked with you gentlemen from youth to maturity, until our hair has turned two colors; I believed that our inner and outer selves were fully laid bare to one another, and that, weighing public and private separately, we had ample grounds to stand by each other. Speaking out fully and remonstrating frankly is what I hope for from you, and I also hope you will pick up what I have missed and make good what I lack.

自孤興軍五十年，所役賦凡百皆出於民。天下未定，孼類猶存，士民勤苦，誠所貫知。然勞百姓，事不得已耳。與諸君從事，自少至長，發有二色，以謂表裡足以明露，公私分計，足用相保。盡言直諫，所望諸君，拾遺補闕，孤亦望之。

In the past Duke Wu of Wei, though advanced in years, was vigorous in spirit; he diligently sought ministers to assist him and often sighed alone and reproached himself. Moreover, even commoners in plain cloth and leather belts, once they have formed a friendship and their bond has grown close, will share even dirt and grime without distinction. Now you gentlemen serve with me, and although the duty between ruler and subject stands, I feel that not even flesh and blood could surpass our bond. Honor and fortune, joy and sorrow, we share together. The loyal do not conceal their feelings, and the wise leave no plan unspoken; when matters turn on right and wrong, how can you gentlemen simply take your ease? We cross the river in the same boat; with whom would you change places? Duke Huan of Qi was merely the hegemon among the feudal lords, yet whenever he did well Guanzi never failed to praise him, and whenever he erred Guanzi never failed to remonstrate; and when his remonstrance was not heeded, he never ceased remonstrating.

昔衞武公年過志壯，勤求輔弼，每獨歎責。¹且布衣韋帶，相與交結，分成好合，尚污垢不異。今日諸君與孤從事，雖君臣義存，猶謂骨肉不復是過。榮福喜戚，相與共之。忠不匿情，智無遺計，事統是非，諸君豈得從容而已哉?同船濟水，將誰與易?齊桓諸侯之霸者耳，有善管子未嘗不歎，有過未嘗不諫，諫而不得，終諫不止。

Now I examine myself and find I have none of Duke Huan’s virtue, yet you gentlemen do not let a word of remonstrance pass your lips, but still hold back with misgivings. Put that way, I am truly better than Duke Huan of Qi, but I do not know how you gentlemen compare with Guanzi. We have not met for a long time; let us take this occasion to laugh together. Who else is there with whom to settle the great enterprise and bring order to the realm? On all the essentials of what should be reduced or increased in every matter, I will gladly hear differing plans; correct me where I fall short.”

今孤自省無桓公之德，而諸君諫諍未出於口，仍執嫌難。以此言之，孤於齊桓良優，未知諸君於管子何如耳?久不相見，因事當笑。共定大業，整齊天下，當復有誰?凡百事要所當損益，樂聞異計，匡所不逮。

In spring, the third month of the second year, the envoys Yang Dao and Zheng Zhou and General Sun Yi were sent to Liaodong. They attacked the Wei garrison commanders Zhang Chi, Gao Lu and others and carried off men and women as captives. Lingling reported that sweet dew had fallen. In summer, the fifth month, walls were built at Shayi. In winter, the tenth month, General Jiang Mi went south to suppress barbarian bandits. Liao Shi, an area commander under Jiang Mi, killed Yan Gang, Prefect of Linhe, and others, styled himself General Who Pacifies the South, and with his younger brother Liao Qian attacked Lingling and Guiyang and stirred up the commanderies of Cangwu and Yulin in Jiao Province; his followers numbered several tens of thousands. The generals Lü Dai and Tang Zi were sent against them, and after a little more than a year all were defeated.

二年春¹三月，遣使者羊衜、鄭冑、將軍孫怡之遼東。擊魏守將張持、髙慮等，虜得男女。²零陵言甘露降。夏五月，城沙羨。冬十月，將軍蔣秘南討夷賊。秘所領都督廖式殺臨賀太守嚴綱等，自稱平南將軍，與弟潛共攻零陵、桂陽，及搖動交州蒼梧、鬱林諸郡，眾數萬人。遣將軍呂岱、唐咨討之，歳餘皆破。

In spring, the first month of the third year, an edict said: “A ruler cannot stand without the people, and the people cannot live without grain. Of late the people have been subject to many levies and labor services, and each year there have also been floods and droughts that have reduced the harvest, while some officials, being unscrupulous, have encroached upon the people’s farming season and driven them to hunger and distress. From now on, let the army supervisors and commandery administrators watch carefully for abuses, and whoever disturbs the people with labor services during the season of farming and sericulture is to be exposed, corrected and reported.” In summer, the fourth month, a general amnesty was proclaimed, and an edict ordered the commanderies and counties to repair their city walls, build watchtowers, and dig moats and channels as a defense against bandits. In winter, the eleventh month, the people suffered famine, and an edict ordered the granaries opened to relieve the poor and destitute.

三年春正月，詔曰：「蓋君非民不立，民非穀不生。頃者以來。民多徵役，歳又水旱，年穀有損，而吏或不良，侵奪民時，以致饑困。自今以來，督軍郡守，其謹察非法，當農桑時，以役事擾民者，舉正以聞。」夏四月，大赦，詔諸郡縣治城郭，起譙樓，穿塹發渠，以備盜賊。冬十一月，民饑，詔開倉廩以賑貧窮。

In spring, the first month of the fourth year, heavy snow fell three feet deep on level ground, and more than half of the birds and beasts died. In summer, the fourth month, the General of the Guards Quan Cong was sent to raid Huainan. He broke the dikes of Quebei, burned the storehouses at Ancheng, and carried off its people. The General Who Awes the North, Zhuge Ke, attacked Luan. Quan Cong fought the Wei general Wang Ling at Quebei, and more than ten men, including the General of the Household Qin Huang, were killed in battle. The General of Chariots and Cavalry, Zhu Ran, besieged Fan, and the Grand General Zhuge Jin took Zhazhong.

四年春正月，大雪平地深三尺，鳥獸死者大半。夏四月，遣衞將軍全琮略淮南。決芍陂，燒安城邸閣，收其人民。威北將軍諸葛恪攻六安。琮與魏將王淩戰於芍陂，中郎將秦晃等十餘人戰死。車騎將軍朱然圍樊，大將軍諸葛瑾取柤中。¹

In the fifth month the Heir Apparent Sun Deng died. That month the Wei Grand Tutor Sima Yi (King Xuan) came to the relief of Fan. In the sixth month the army returned. In the intercalary month the Grand General Zhuge Jin died. In autumn, the eighth month, Lu Xun built walls at Zhu.

五月，太子登卒。是月，魏太傅司馬宣王救樊。六月，軍還。閏月，大將軍瑾卒。秋八月，陸遜城邾。

In spring, the first month of the fifth year, his son Sun He was made Heir Apparent and a general amnesty was proclaimed. Hexing was renamed Jiaxing. The officials memorialized asking that an Empress and four kings be installed, and an edict said: “The realm is not yet settled, the people and all things are worn out and ailing, some who have rendered service have not yet been recorded, and the hungry and cold have not yet been relieved. To carve up the land recklessly to enrich my sons and brothers, and to raise ranks and titles to favor consorts and concubines, is something I utterly reject. Let this proposal be dropped.” In the third month Haiyan County reported that a yellow dragon had appeared.

五年春正月，立子和爲太子，大赦。改禾興爲嘉興。百官奏立皇后及四王，詔曰：「今天下未定，民物勞瘁，且有功者或未錄，饑寒者尚未恤，猥割土壤以豐子弟，崇爵位以寵妃妾，孤甚不取。其釋此議。」三月，海鹽縣言黃龍見。

In summer, the fourth month, offerings of tribute for the imperial table were forbidden and the meals of the Grand Provisioner were reduced. In autumn, the seventh month, General Nie You and Colonel Lu Kai were sent with thirty thousand troops to attack Zhuya and Dan’er. That year there was a great epidemic, and the officials in charge again memorialized asking that an Empress and the kings be installed. In the eighth month his son Sun Ba was made King of Lu.

夏四月，禁進獻御，減太官膳。秋七月，遣將軍聶友、校尉陸凱以兵三萬討珠崖、儋耳。是歳，大疫，有司又奏立后及諸王。八月，立子霸爲魯王。

In spring, the first month of the sixth year, Xindu reported that a white tiger had appeared. Zhuge Ke campaigned against Luan, broke the camp of the Wei general Xie Shun, and carried off his people. In winter, the eleventh month, the Chancellor Gu Yong died. In the twelfth month Fan Zhan, King of Funan, sent envoys to present musicians and local products. That year Sima Yi led an army into Shu County, and Zhuge Ke moved from Wan to Chaisang.

六年春正月，新都言白虎見。諸葛恪征六安，破魏將謝順營，收其民人。冬十一月，丞相顧雍卒。十二月，扶南王范旃遣使獻樂人及方物。是歳，司馬宣王率軍入舒，諸葛恪自皖遷於柴桑。

In spring, the first month of the seventh year, the Senior Grand General Lu Xun was made Chancellor. In autumn Wanling reported that auspicious grain had grown. That year Bu Zhi, Zhu Ran and others each sent up memorials saying: “Those who have returned from Shu all say that Shu intends to break the alliance and enter into dealings with Wei, that it is building many boats and repairing its city walls, and moreover that Jiang Wan, who held Hanzhong, on hearing that Sima Yi was heading south, did not send out troops to take advantage of the opening and catch him in a pincer, but instead abandoned Hanzhong and pulled back closer to Chengdu.

七年春正月，以上大將軍陸遜爲丞相。秋，宛陵言嘉禾生。是歳，步騭、朱然等各上疏云：「自蜀還者，咸言欲背盟與魏交通，多作舟船，繕治城郭，又蔣琬守漢中。聞司馬懿南向，不出兵乘虛以掎角之，反委漢中，還近成都。

The matter is already plain and leaves no further room for doubt; we should prepare against it.” Sun Quan judged that it was not so, and said: “I have not treated Shu meanly; we have exchanged envoys and gifts and sworn oaths of alliance, and I have given them no cause for grievance. How could it come to this? Besides, when Sima Yi entered Shu County earlier, he withdrew within ten days; Shu is ten thousand li away, so how could it know whether the danger was pressing or not and send out troops at once? In the past, when Wei was about to enter Hanchuan, we here likewise put ourselves on alert, yet we too made no move, and stood down on hearing that Wei had turned back.

事已彰灼，無所復疑，宜爲之備。」權揆其不然，曰：「吾待蜀不薄，聘享盟誓，無所負之。何以致此?又司馬懿前來入舒，旬日便退，蜀在萬里，何知緩急而便出兵乎？昔魏欲入漢川，此間始嚴，亦未舉動，會聞魏還而止。

How then can we suspect Shu again on these grounds? Moreover, when another house governs its state, how could it fail to look after its boats and walls? And when we here put our army in order, is it with any intention of guarding against Shu? What people say is sorely unreliable; I will stake my own house on it for you gentlemen.” In the end Shu had no such designs at all, just as Sun Quan had reckoned.

蜀寧可復以此有疑邪?又人家治國，舟船城郭，何得不護?今此間治軍，寧復欲以御蜀邪?人言苦不可信，朕爲諸君破家保之。」蜀竟自無謀，如權所籌。¹

In spring, the second month of the eighth year, the Chancellor Lu Xun died. In summer lightning struck a pillar of the palace gate and also struck a pillar of the great bridge at Nanjin. In Tuling County floodwaters overflowed and swept away more than two hundred households. In autumn, the seventh month, General Ma Mao and others plotted rebellion, and their clans were exterminated to the third degree. In the eighth month a general amnesty was proclaimed. Colonel Chen Xun was sent with thirty thousand military colonists and laborers to cut the middle road through Jurong, running from Xiaoqi to the western walls of Yunyang, linking it to the markets and building storehouses.

八年春二月，丞相陸遜卒。夏，雷霆犯宮門柱，又擊南津大橋楹。茶陵縣鴻水溢出，流漂居民二百餘家。秋七月，將軍馬茂等圖逆，夷三族。八月，大赦。遣校尉陳勳將屯田及作士三萬人鑿句容中道，自小其至雲陽西城，通會市，作邸閣。¹

In spring, the second month of the ninth year, the General of Chariots and Cavalry Zhu Ran campaigned against Wei’s Zhazhong and killed or captured more than a thousand. In summer, the fourth month, Wuchang reported that sweet dew had fallen. In autumn, the ninth month, the General of Agile Cavalry Bu Zhi was made Chancellor, the General of Chariots and Cavalry Zhu Ran was made Grand Marshal of the Left, the General of the Guards Quan Cong was made Grand Marshal of the Right, the General Who Guards the South Lü Dai was made Senior Grand General, and the General Who Awes the North Zhuge Ke was made Grand General.

九年春二月，車騎將軍朱然征魏柤中，斬獲千餘。夏四月，武昌言甘露降。秋九月，以驃騎步騭爲丞相，車騎朱然爲左大司馬，衞將軍全琮爲右大司馬，鎮南呂岱爲上大將軍，威北將軍諸葛恪爲大將軍。¹

In spring, the first month of the tenth year, the Grand Marshal of the Right Quan Cong died. In the second month Sun Quan moved to the Southern Palace. In the third month the Taichu Palace was rebuilt, and the generals and the provinces and commanderies all contributed labor voluntarily. In summer, the fifth month, the Chancellor Bu Zhi died. In winter, the tenth month, those condemned to death were pardoned.

十年春正月，右大司馬全琮卒。¹二月，權適南宮。三月，改作太初宮，諸將及州郡皆義作。²夏五月，丞相步騭卒。冬十月，赦死罪。

In spring, the first month of the eleventh year, Zhu Ran built walls at Jiangling. In the second month the earth quaked repeatedly. In the third month the palace was completed. In summer, the fourth month, hail fell, and Yunyang reported that a yellow dragon had appeared. In the fifth month Poyang reported a benevolent white tiger. An edict said: “The sage kings of old accumulated good deeds and heaped up virtue, cultivated themselves and practiced the Way, and so came to possess the realm. Therefore auspicious omens responded to them, as a manifestation of their virtue. Unenlightened as We are, how have We come to this? The Book of Documents says, ‘Though it be excellent, do not deem it excellent.’ Let the ministers and all the officials strive to cultivate their duties and correct Us where We fall short.”

十一年春正月，朱然城江陵。二月，地仍震。¹三月，宮成。夏四月，雨雹，雲陽言黃龍見。五月，鄱陽言白虎仁。²詔曰：「古者聖王積行累善，修身行道，以有天下。故符瑞應之，所以表德也。朕以不明，何以臻茲?《尚書》云『雖休勿休』，公卿百司，其勉修所職，以匡不逮。」

In spring, the third month of the twelfth year, the Grand Marshal of the Left Zhu Ran died. In the fourth month two crows carrying a magpie in their beaks fell into the Eastern Lodge. On the day bingyin the General of Agile Cavalry Zhu Ju took charge as Chancellor, and burned the magpie as a sacrifice.

十二年春三月，左大司馬朱然卒。四月，有兩烏銜鵲墮東館。丙寅，驃騎將軍朱據領丞相，燎鵲以祭。¹

In summer, the fifth month of the thirteenth year, at the solstice, Yinghuo, the planet Mars, entered the Southern Dipper. In autumn, the seventh month, it trespassed on the second star of the Kui and moved east. In the eighth month mountains collapsed at Danyang and Jurong and at Guzhang and Ningguo, and floodwaters overflowed. An edict remitted overdue debts and lent out seed and grain. The Heir Apparent Sun He was deposed and made to live at Guzhang. Sun Ba, King of Lu, was ordered to take his own life. In winter, the tenth month, the Wei general Wen Qin feigned defection in order to lure out Zhu Yi, and Sun Quan sent Lü Ju to join Zhu Yi and receive Wen Qin.

十三年夏五月，日至，熒惑入南斗。秋七月，犯魁第二星而東。八月，丹陽、句容及故鄣、寧國諸山崩，鴻水溢。詔原逋責，給貸種食。廢太子和，處故鄣。魯王霸賜死。冬十月，魏將文欽偽叛以誘朱異，權遣呂據就異以迎欽。

Zhu Yi and the others waited with a heavy force, and Wen Qin did not dare to advance. In the eleventh month his son Sun Liang was made Heir Apparent. An army of a hundred thousand was sent to build the Tutang dike at Tangyi so as to flood the northern roads. In the twelfth month the Wei Grand General Wang Chang besieged Nan Commandery and the Inspector of Jing Province Wang Ji attacked Xiling; the generals Dai Lie and Lu Kai were sent to resist them, and both withdrew. That year a divine being handed down a writing announcing that the era name should be changed and an Empress installed.

異等待重，欽不敢進。十一月，立子亮爲太子。遣軍十萬，作堂邑塗塘以淹北道。十二月，魏大將軍王昶圍南郡，荊州刺史王基攻西陵，遣將軍戴烈、陸凱往拒之，皆引還。¹是歳，神人授書，告以改年、立后。

In summer, the fifth month of the first year of Taiyuan, Lady Pan was made Empress, a general amnesty was proclaimed, and the era name was changed. Earlier, in Luoyang County of Linhai Commandery there had been a spirit calling itself Wang Biao. It went about among the people, speaking, eating and drinking no differently from a human being, but its form could not be seen. It also had a maidservant named Fangji. That month the Gentleman of the Palace Writers Li Chong was sent with the seal and ribbon of General Who Supports the State and King of Luoyang to welcome Wang Biao. Wang Biao came out together with Li Chong and conversed with Li Chong and with the commandery administrators, magistrates and chiefs of the places they passed through, and Li Chong and the others could not get the better of him.

太元元年夏五月，立皇后潘氏，大赦，改年。初臨海羅陽縣有神，自稱王表。¹周旋民間，語言飲食，與人無異，然不見其形。又有一婢，名紡績。是月，遣中書郎李崇齎輔國將軍羅陽王印綬迎表。表隨崇俱出，與崇及所在郡守令長談論，崇等無以易。

At every mountain and river they passed, he would send the maidservant to exchange messages with its spirit. In autumn, the seventh month, Li Chong and Wang Biao arrived, and Sun Quan had a residence built for him outside the Canglong Gate and repeatedly sent close attendants to bring him wine and food. When Wang Biao spoke of minor matters such as floods and droughts, he was often proved right. In autumn, on the first day of the eighth month, a great wind blew. The Yangtze and the sea surged and overflowed until the water stood eight feet deep on level ground; the pines and cypresses at Gaoling in Wu were uprooted, and the south gate of the commandery city was blown off and fell. In winter, the eleventh month, a general amnesty was proclaimed.

所歷山川，輒遣婢與其神相聞。秋七月，崇與表至，權於蒼龍門外爲立第舍，數使近臣齎酒食往。表說水旱小事，往往有驗。¹秋八月朔，大風。江海湧溢，平地深八尺，吳髙陵松柏斯拔，郡城南門飛落。冬十一月，大赦。

After returning from the sacrifice at the southern suburb, Sun Quan took to his bed with illness. In the twelfth month he summoned the Grand General Zhuge Ke by post-horse and appointed him Grand Tutor to the Heir Apparent. An edict reduced labor services, lowered levies and taxes, and removed what the people found burdensome.

權祭南郊還，寢疾。¹十二月，驛徵大將軍恪，拜爲太子太傅。詔省徭役，減徵賦，除民所患苦。

In spring, the first month of the second year, the former Heir Apparent Sun He was made King of Nanyang and resided at Changsha. His son Sun Fen was made King of Qi and resided at Wuchang, and his son Sun Xiu was made King of Langya and resided at Hulin. In the second month a general amnesty was proclaimed and the era name was changed to Shenfeng. The Empress, Lady Pan, died. The generals and officials repeatedly went to Wang Biao to pray for blessings, and Wang Biao fled and vanished. In summer, the fourth month, Sun Quan died at the age of seventy-one, and was given the posthumous title Great Emperor. In autumn, the seventh month, he was buried at the Jiang Mausoleum.

二年春正月，立故太子和爲南陽王，居長沙。子奮爲齊王，居武昌。子休爲琅邪王，居虎林。二月，大赦，改元爲神鳳。皇后潘氏薨。諸將吏數詣王表請福，表亡去。夏四月，權薨，時年七十一，謚曰大皇帝。秋七月，葬蔣陵。¹

Appraisal

評

Appraisal: Sun Quan bent himself and endured humiliation, entrusted affairs to men of talent and valued sound strategy; he had the extraordinary quality of Goujian and was outstanding among heroic men. Thus he was able to make the lands east of the Yangtze his own and achieve the enterprise of standing as one leg of a tripod. But he was by nature full of suspicion and jealousy and quick to kill, and as he reached his final years this grew ever worse. When slanderous talk cut short good conduct and his heirs were deposed and put to death, how could this be what is called “leaving plans to his descendants, to give peace and support to his sons”? That his later generations declined until the state was at last overthrown may well have stemmed from this.

評曰：「孫權屈身忍辱，任才尚計，有勾踐之奇，英人之傑矣。故能自擅江表，成鼎峙之業。然性多嫌忌，果於殺戮，暨臻末年，彌以滋甚。至於讒說殄行，胤嗣廢斃，¹豈所謂貽厥孫謀以燕翼子者哉?其後葉陵遲，遂致覆國，未必不由此也。²」