Records of Wu 19: Biographies of Zhuge Ke, Teng Yin, Sun Jun, Sun Chen and Puyang Xing

Records of Wu 19: Biographies of Zhuge Ke, Teng Yin, Sun Jun, Sun Chen and Puyang Xing

Zhuge Ke

諸葛恪

Zhuge Ke, courtesy name Yuanxun, was the eldest son of Zhuge Jin. He was well known from his youth. At about twenty he was appointed Chief Commandant of Cavalry, and together with Gu Tan, Zhang Xiu and others he attended the Heir Apparent Sun Deng, discussing the Way and the arts, and they all became the Heir Apparent's guests and friends. From Palace Cadet he was transferred to Commandant of the Left Assistant. Zhuge Ke's father Zhuge Jin had a long face like a donkey's. Once, when Sun Quan held a great assembly of his officials, he had someone lead in a donkey with a long label on its face that read “Zhuge Ziyu.” Zhuge Ke knelt and said, “I beg for a brush so that I may add two characters.”

諸葛恪字元遜，瑾長子也。少知名。¹弱冠拜騎都尉，與顧譚、張休等侍太子登講論道藝，並為賓友。從中庶子轉為左輔都尉。恪父瑾面長似驢。孫權大會群臣，使人牽一驢入，長檢其面，題曰諸葛子瑜。恪跪曰：「乞請筆益兩字。」

So Sun Quan allowed him to be given a brush. Beneath it Zhuge Ke continued: “'s donkey.” The whole assembly laughed with delight, and Sun Quan gave the donkey to Zhuge Ke. Another day, when he again had audience, Sun Quan asked Zhuge Ke, “Who is the worthier, your father or your uncle?” He replied, “My father is the better.” Sun Quan asked why. He replied, “My father knows whom to serve; my uncle does not. That is why he is the better.” Sun Quan again roared with laughter. He ordered Zhuge Ke to pour the wine round, and when he came before Zhang Zhao, Zhang Zhao, who already showed the flush of wine, would not drink.

因聽與筆。恪續其下曰：「之驢」。舉座歡笑，乃以驢賜恪。他日復見，權問恪曰：「卿父與叔父孰賢？」對曰：「臣父為優。」權問其故。對曰：「臣父知所事，叔父不知，以是為優。」權又大噱。命恪行酒，至張昭前，昭先有酒色，不肯飲。

and said, “This is no way to honor the aged.” Sun Quan said, “If you can make Lord Zhang yield in argument, then he shall have to drink it.” Zhuge Ke challenged Zhang Zhao, saying, “Long ago the Preceptor Shangfu, at ninety, still grasped the banner and leaned on the battle-axe, and had not yet retired on account of age. Now in matters of war, General, you stay in the rear; in matters of wine and food, General, you come first. How can you say you are not being honored as an elder?” Zhang Zhao in the end had no reply, and drained his cup. Later, when an envoy from Shu arrived and the officials were all assembled, Sun Quan said to the envoy, “This Zhuge Ke is very fond of riding. When you return, tell the Chancellor to send him a fine horse.”

曰：「此非養老之禮也。」權曰：「卿其能令張公辭屈，乃當飲之耳。」恪難昭曰：「昔師尚父九十，秉旄仗鉞，猶未告老也。今軍旅之事，將軍在後，酒食之事，將軍在先，何謂不養老也？」昭卒無辭，遂為盡爵。後蜀使至，群臣並會，權謂使曰：「此諸葛恪雅好騎乘，還告丞相，為致好馬。」

Zhuge Ke thereupon stepped down to give thanks, and Sun Quan said, “Why give thanks when the horse has not yet come?” Zhuge Ke replied, “Shu is Your Majesty's outer stable. Now that there has been a gracious edict, the horse is sure to come. How could I dare not give thanks?” Zhuge Ke's quickness of wit was all of this kind. Sun Quan thought him quite extraordinary and wanted to test him with practical business, so he had him act as Controller. The Controller was in charge of the army's provisions and grain, and its paperwork was voluminous and petty; it was not to his liking.

恪因下謝，權曰：「馬未至而謝何也？」恪對曰：「夫蜀者陛下之外廄，今有恩詔，馬必至也，安敢不謝？」恪之才捷，皆此類也。¹權甚異之，欲試以事，令守節度。節度掌軍糧谷，文書繁猥，非其好也。²

Zhuge Ke considered that Danyang's mountains were steep and many of its people bold and tough; although troops had been sent before, they had captured only the commoners of the outer counties, and the rest, deep in the remote interior, could not all be taken. He repeatedly asked to be given office so that he could bring them out, saying that in three years he could obtain forty thousand armored soldiers. The general opinion was unanimous: “Danyang's terrain is steep and obstructed; it borders on the four commanderies of Wu, Kuaiji, Xindu and Poyang, its circumference is several thousand li, and its mountains and valleys lie ten thousand layers deep. The people in its remote depths have never entered a walled town or faced a county official; they all live wild with weapons in hand and grow white-haired in the forests and thickets.

恪以丹楊山險，民多果勁，雖前發兵，徒得外縣平民而已。其餘深遠，莫能禽盡，屢自求乞為官出之。三年可得甲士四萬。眾議咸以「丹楊地勢險阻，與吳郡、會稽、新都、鄱陽四郡鄰接，周旋數千里，山谷萬重，其幽邃民人，未嘗入城邑，對長吏，皆仗兵野逸，白首於林莽。

Fugitives and hardened villains all flee there together. The mountains produce copper and iron, from which they cast their own armor and weapons. By custom they love martial pursuits and practice fighting, and they prize strength and vigor. When they climb mountains, rush into steep places and charge through thickets of thorns, it is like fish darting through a deep pool or monkeys leaping through the trees. From time to time they watch for an opening and come out to raid and plunder; each time troops are sent to punish them, and their dens and hideouts are sought out. When they fight they swarm like bees; when defeated they scatter like birds. Since former ages no one has been able to bridle them.”

逋亡宿惡，咸共逃竄。山出銅鐵，自鑄甲兵。俗好武習戰，高尚氣力，其升山赴險，抵突叢棘。若魚之走淵，猿狖之騰木也。時觀間隙，出為寇盜，每致兵征伐，尋其窟藏。其戰則蜂至，敗則鳥竄，自前世以來，不能羈也」。

Everyone thought it too difficult. When Zhuge Ke's father Zhuge Jin heard of it, he too thought the matter would never succeed and sighed, “If Ke does not greatly raise our house, he will bring our whole clan to utter ruin.” Zhuge Ke set out at length why he would surely succeed. Sun Quan appointed Zhuge Ke General Who Pacifies Yue and made him Prefect of Danyang, granting him ceremonial halberds and three hundred armed cavalry. When the appointment was done, he had Zhuge Ke put on full ceremonial array, with drums and pipes playing, and escorted him home. He was then thirty-two years old. On reaching his headquarters, Zhuge Ke sent a dispatch to the chief officials of the subordinate towns of the four commanderies,

皆以為難。恪父瑾聞之，亦以事終不逮，歎曰：「恪不大興吾家，將大赤吾族也。」恪盛陳其必捷。權拜恪撫越將軍，領丹楊太守，授棨戟武騎三百。拜畢，命恪備威儀，作鼓吹，導引歸家，時年三十二。恪到府，乃移書四部屬城長吏。

ordering each to guard its borders, clearly organize its units, and settle all the commoners who had submitted to civilizing rule in camps. He then divided his generals and sent them in, deploying troops across the remote defiles; they only repaired the stockades and did not cross blades with the enemy. Whenever the mountain people's crops were about to ripen, he would let his troops loose to cut them down, leaving not a seed behind. With their old grain exhausted, nothing harvested from new fields, and the commoners gathered in the camps so that there was almost nothing to be taken, the mountain people grew hungry and destitute and gradually came out to surrender. Zhuge Ke then issued a further order to his subordinates: “The mountain people who abandon evil and submit to civilizing rule are all to be comforted and moved out to the outer counties. None are to be suspected and detained.”

令各保其疆界，明立部伍，其從化平民，悉令屯居。乃分內諸將，羅兵幽阻，但繕藩籬，不與交鋒，候其穀稼將熟，輒縱兵芟刈，使無遺種。舊谷既盡，新田不收，平民屯居，略無所入，於是山民饑窮，漸出降首。恪乃復敕下曰：「山民去惡從化，皆當撫慰，徙出外縣，不得嫌疑，有所執拘。」

Hu Kang, Chief of Jiuyang, obtained a surrendered man named Zhou Yi. Zhou Yi had long been a wicked man; he had come out only for a time because he was hard pressed, and inwardly he was plotting rebellion. Hu Kang bound him and sent him to headquarters with a report. Zhuge Ke held that Hu Kang had disobeyed his orders, so he beheaded him as a public example and reported the matter to the throne. When the people heard that Hu Kang had been executed for seizing a man, they knew that the authorities wanted only to bring them out. So old and young came out hand in hand, and within a year the numbers were all as originally planned. Zhuge Ke himself commanded ten thousand men and distributed the rest among the generals.

臼陽長胡伉得降民周遺，遺舊惡民，困迫暫出，內圖叛逆，伉縛送言府。恪以伉違教，遂斬以徇，以狀表上。民聞伉坐執人被戮，知官惟欲出之而已，於是老幼相攜而出，歲期，人數皆如本規。恪自領萬人，餘分給諸將。

Sun Quan commended his achievement and sent Xue Zong, Deputy Director of the Imperial Secretariat, to reward the army. Xue Zong first sent a dispatch to Zhuge Ke and the others, saying: “The Shanyue, relying on their fastnesses, have refused submission for generations. When pressed lightly they dither like rats at their holes; when pressed hard they look back like wolves. The Emperor rose in his wrath and commanded his general to march west; divine strategy was bestowed from within, and the martial host shook the lands without. No blade was stained, no armor wet with sweat. The chief villains have been beheaded and their heads displayed, and their kin and followers have turned to righteousness; the mountains and marshes have been swept clean, and a hundred thousand fighting men have been presented. No bandits remain in the countryside, and no villains are left in the towns.

權嘉其功，遣尚書僕射薛綜勞軍。綜先移恪等曰：山越恃阻，不賓歷世，緩則首鼠，急則狼顧。皇帝赫然，命將西征，神策內授，武師外震。兵不染鍔，甲不沾汗。元惡既梟，種黨歸義，蕩滌山藪，獻戎十萬。野無遺寇，邑罔殘姦。

Not only have the vicious been swept away, but the army's needs have been filled as well. Goosefoot and bamboo, darnel and foxtail have been changed into good grasses; the goblins and sprites of hill and stream have been turned into tiger-like warriors. Although this was truly brought about by the awesome majesty of the state, it was also indeed the result of the commander's taking the field in person. The Odes may praise the taking of captives for questioning, and the Changes may commend the breaking of heads, but how could Fang Shu and Shao Hu of Zhou, or Wei Qing and Huo Qubing of Han, bear comparison? Your achievement exceeds the ancients, and your merit surpasses former ages. His Majesty is overjoyed and sighs in admiration from afar.

既掃兇慝，又充軍用。藜筱稂莠，化為善草。魑魅魍魎，更成虎士。雖實國家威靈之所加，亦信元帥臨履之所致也。雖《詩》美執訊，《易》嘉折首，周之方、召，漢之衛、霍，豈足以談？功軼古人，勳超前世。主上歡然，遙用歎息。

Moved by the precedent left in the ode “Four Stallions,” he recalls the ancient rite of drinking in the ancestral temple on a triumphant return. He has therefore sent a close official of the Central Terrace to meet you and deliver rewards and gifts, to honor your splendid achievement and to console you for your toil.”

感《四牡》之遺典，思飲至之舊章。故遣中台近官，迎致犒賜，以旌茂功，以慰劬勞。

Zhuge Ke was appointed General Who Awes the North and enfeoffed as Marquis of a Chief District. He asked to lead his men to farm at Wankou in Lujiang, and taking the opportunity, he raided Shu with light troops, seized its people by surprise and returned. He also sent scouts far afield to survey the routes and strategic points, intending to go after Shouchun, but Sun Quan considered it inadvisable.

拜恪威北將軍，封都鄉侯。恪乞率眾佃廬江皖口，因輕兵襲舒，掩得其民而還。復遠遣斥候，觀相徑要，欲圖壽春，權以為不可。

During the Chiwu era, Sima Yi (King Xuan) of Wei plotted to attack Zhuge Ke. Sun Quan was about to send troops to meet him, but the observers of vapors held it to be inauspicious, so Zhuge Ke was moved to garrison Chaisang. Zhuge Ke wrote to the Chancellor Lu Xun: “Yang Jingshu passed on to me some pure discourse, holding that at present men of quality have withered away and those who uphold virtue and achievement are few indeed, so they ought to support one another, becoming like the cheek-guard and the carriage, glorifying the affairs of state above and cherishing one another below. He also deplored the common fondness for slandering one another, which causes men of proven capacity to be damaged midway.

赤烏中，魏司馬宣王謀欲攻恪。權方發兵應之，望氣者以為不利，於是徙恪屯於柴桑。與丞相陸遜書曰：楊敬叔傳述清論，以為方今人物凋盡，守德業者不能復幾，宜相左右。更為輔車，上熙國事，下相珍惜。又疾世俗好相謗毀，使已成之器，中有損累。

Those who are about to be advanced become uneasy at heart. On hearing this I sighed, and I alone truly beat time in agreement. In my humble opinion, a gentleman does not demand completeness in one man. The disciples of Confucius numbered about three thousand, of whom seventy-two were distinguished. As for Zizhang, Zilu, Zigong and the rest of the seventy, though they had virtue second only to a sage, each still had his shortcomings: Zizhang was one-sided, Zilu was coarse, and Zigong did not accept his lot. How much less could those beneath them be without faults?

將進之徒，意不歡笑，聞此喟然，誠獨擊節。愚以為君子不求備於一人，自孔氏門徒大數三千，其見異者七十二人。至於子張、子路、子貢等七十之徒，亞聖之德，然猶各有所短，師辟由喭，賜不受命，豈況下此而無所闕？

Moreover, Zhongni did not hold these few men's lack of completeness against them but drew them in as friends; he did not discard people's strengths because of their shortcomings. Besides, in selecting men today we should be more lenient than in ancient times. Why? The demands of the times are tangled in every direction, while good men are few and far between, and the offices of state constantly suffer from being unfilled. So long as a man is not evil by nature and his aim is to exert his strength, he may be encouraged into office and given free rein in his charge. If he falls short in petty matters of propriety or in his private conduct, all this should be passed over broadly and not censured in detail.

且仲尼不以數子之不備而引以為友，不以人所短棄其所長也。加以當今取士，宜寬於往古，何者？時務從橫，而善人單少，國家職司，常苦不充。苟令性不邪惡，志在陳力，便可獎就，騁其所任。若於小小宜適，私行不足，皆宜闊略，不足縷責。

Furthermore, men truly must not be judged minutely and harshly; judged harshly, even the worthies and sages would not be found whole, let alone those who fall short of them. Hence it is said, ‘To measure men by the Way is hard; to measure men by men is easy,’ and by this the worthy and the foolish may be known. Since the end of Han, the reason why gentlemen of the Central Plains such as Xu Zijiang and his like slandered one another, sometimes to the point of disaster, was, if we trace it to its origin, not any great enmity. It was simply that in governing themselves they could not wholly conform to propriety, while in reproaching others they held them strictly to righteousness.

且士誠不可纖論苛克，苛克則彼賢聖猶將不全，況其出入者邪？故曰以道望人則難，以人望人則易，賢愚可知。自漢末以來，中國士大夫如許子將輩，所以更相謗訕，或至為禍，原其本起。非為大仇，惟坐克己不能盡如禮，而責人專以正義。

If one's own conduct does not accord with propriety, others will not submit; if one reproaches others by strict righteousness, they cannot bear it. When inwardly they do not submit to one's conduct and outwardly cannot bear one's reproaches, they cannot help resenting one another. Once mutual resentment arises, petty men find room to slip in between. Once they find room to slip in, words repeated three times and slanders that soak in little by little arrive in a confused and tangled flood. Even if the most discerning and closest of men were to deal with it, he would still find it hard to settle his own mind; how much more so those already estranged and lacking in discernment?

夫己不如禮，則人不服。責人以正義，則人不堪。內不服其行，外不堪其責，則不得不相怨。相怨一生，則小人得容其間。得容其間，則三至之言，浸潤之譖，紛錯交至。雖使至明至親者處之，猶難以自定。況已為隙，且未能明者乎？

That is why Zhang Er and Chen Yu came to bloodshed, and Xiao Yu and Zhu Bo could not keep their friendship to the end: the root was nothing but this. If small faults are not overlooked and people reproach one another over trifles, in time every household will harbor resentment, and in the whole state there will no longer be a single man of unblemished conduct.”

是故張、陳至於血刃，蕭、朱不終其好，本由於此而已。夫不捨小過，纖微相責，久乃至於家戶為怨，一國無復全行之士也。

Zhuge Ke knew that Lu Xun disapproved of him on this account, and so he broadened the argument and endorsed its point. When Lu Xun happened to die, Zhuge Ke was promoted to Grand General, granted the Tally, and stationed at Wuchang, taking charge of the affairs of Jing Province in Lu Xun's place.

恪知遜以此嫌己，故遂廣其理而贊其旨也。會遜卒，恪遷大將軍，假節，駐武昌，代遜領荊州事。

After a long while Sun Quan fell ill, and since the Heir Apparent was young, he summoned Zhuge Ke and made him Grand Tutor of the Heir Apparent while remaining Grand General, and made Sun Hong, Prefect of the Palace Writers, Junior Tutor. When Sun Quan's illness became grave, he summoned Zhuge Ke, Sun Hong, the Minister of Ceremonies Teng Yin, General Lü Ju and the Palace Attendant Sun Jun, and entrusted them with the affairs to follow his death.

久之，權不豫，而太子少，乃徵恪以大將軍領太子太傅，中書令孫弘領少傅。權疾困，召恪、弘及太常滕胤、將軍呂據、侍中孫峻，屬以後事。¹

The next day Sun Quan died. Sun Hong had long been on bad terms with Zhuge Ke and, fearing he would be punished by him, kept the news of Sun Quan's death secret and planned to forge an edict to get rid of Zhuge Ke. Sun Jun told Zhuge Ke of this, and Zhuge Ke invited Sun Hong to consult on affairs and killed him where he sat. Only then did he announce the death and put on mourning. He wrote to his younger brother Zhuge Rong, Area Commander of Gong'an: “On the yiwei day, the sixteenth of this month, the late Emperor forsook the myriad realms, and among his subjects great and small there is none who does not grieve. As for us, father, sons and brothers, we have all received his special favor and are no mere common servants; therefore our grief is such that liver and heart are crumbling and torn.

翌日，權薨。弘素與恪不平，懼為恪所治，秘權死問，欲矯詔除恪。峻以告恪，恪請弘諮事，於坐中誅之，乃發喪制服。與弟公安督融書曰：今月十六日乙未，大行皇帝委棄萬國，群下大小，莫不傷悼。至吾父子兄弟，並受殊恩，非徒凡庸之隸，是以悲慟，肝心圮裂。

The Imperial Heir Apparent ascended to the imperial title on the dingyou day, and grief and joy come together so that I do not know what to do. I myself have received the deathbed charge to assist the young sovereign. Privately weighing myself, I find that I lack the talent of the Marquis of Bolu (Huo Guang), yet I have received a charge like that of the Duke of Zhou in the picture carrying the young king; I fear I shall disgrace the achievements of the Chancellor (Zhuge Liang) in assisting Han, and I fear I shall tarnish the discernment the late Emperor showed in entrusting me. So I am anxious, ashamed and fearful, and my worries are without end. Moreover, the people resent those above them, and one's every move is watched; when was it ever easy?

皇太子以丁酉踐尊號，哀喜交並，不知所措。吾身受顧命，輔相幼主，竊自揆度；才非博陸而受姬公負圖之託，懼忝丞相輔漢之效；恐損先帝委付之明，是以憂慚惶惶，所慮萬端。且民惡其上，動見瞻觀，何時易哉？

Now, with dull and stubborn endowments, I occupy the position of guardian and tutor; the difficulties are many and my wisdom slight, the charge heavy and my plans shallow. Who will be lips and teeth to me? In the recent age of Han, the King of Yan and the Princess of Gai conspired together and there was the uprising of Shangguan Jie. Finding myself in such a position, how could I dare take my ease? Furthermore, where you are, the enemy's territory interlocks with ours like a dog's teeth. At this time you should put your military equipment in order, lead and spur on your officers and men, and keep a watch stricter than usual, resolved to go forth to face ten thousand deaths without a thought for your one life, so as to repay the court and not disgrace your forebears.

今以頑鈍之姿，處保傅之位，艱多智寡，任重謀淺，誰為唇齒？近漢之世，燕、蓋交遘，有上官之變，以身值此，何敢怡豫邪？又弟所在，與賊犬牙相錯，當於今時整頓軍具，率厲將士，警備過常，念出萬死，無顧一生，以報朝廷，無忝爾先。

The generals' defenses each have their own bounds, yet I still fear that the enemy caitiffs, hearing of the Emperor's death, will run wild raiding and plundering. I have already sent separate orders to the offices of the frontier towns that the area commanders and generals under them must not recklessly abandon their garrisons and come rushing straight here. Though they may feel grief and anguish they cannot bear, public duty overrides private feeling: Boqin put on armor while in mourning. If any should disobey, it will be no small matter. To set the distant right by beginning with one's kin is the clear admonition of the ancients.”

又諸將備守各有境界，猶恐賊虜聞諱，恣睢寇竊。邊邑諸曹，已別下約敕，所部督將，不得妄委所戍，逕來奔赴。雖懷愴怛不忍之心，公義奪私，伯禽服戎，若苟違戾，非徒小故。以親正疏，古人明戒也。

Zhuge Ke was further appointed Grand Tutor. He then abolished surveillance, discontinued the inspectors, remitted arrears of debts and taxes, and removed customs duties; in all matters he stressed kindness and favor, and there was no one who was not pleased. Every time Zhuge Ke went out or came in, the common people craned their necks, eager to catch sight of him.

恪更拜太傅。於是罷視聽，息校官，原逋責，除關稅，事崇恩澤，眾莫不悅。恪每出入，百姓延頸思見其狀。

Earlier, in the first year of Huanglong, Sun Quan had moved the capital to Jianye. In the second year he built a dike at Dongxing to dam the waters of the lake. Later, when he campaigned in Huainan and was defeated, it was used to bring the boats inside, and because of this it was abandoned and never repaired again. In the tenth month of the first year of Jianxing, Zhuge Ke assembled his men at Dongxing and built a great dike anew, and against the hills on either side he built two forts flanking it, leaving a thousand men in each, with Quan Duan and Liu Lüe to hold them; then he led his army back. Wei, ashamed at the insult of the Wu army entering its territory, ordered its senior generals Hu Zun, Zhuge Dan and others to lead seventy thousand men to attack and besiege the two forts and try to destroy the dike and dam.

初，權黃龍元年遷都建業。二年築東興堤遏湖水。後征淮南，敗，以內船，由是廢不復修。恪以建興元年十月會眾於東興，更作大堤，左右結山俠築兩城，各留千人，使全端、留略守之，引軍而還。魏以吳軍入其疆土，恥於受侮，命大將胡遵、諸葛誕等率眾七萬，欲攻圍兩塢，圖壞堤遏。

Zhuge Ke raised an army of forty thousand and hastened day and night to the rescue. Hu Zun and the others ordered their troops to build pontoon bridges to cross, drew up their lines on the dike, and divided their forces to attack the two forts. The forts stood high and steep and could not be taken quickly. Zhuge Ke sent the generals Liu Zan, Lü Ju, Tang Zi and Ding Feng as the vanguard. The weather was cold and snowy, and the Wei generals were gathered drinking. Seeing that Liu Zan and the others had few troops, and that they had taken off their armor and carried no spears or halberds, but only helmets, swords and shields, climbing up the dam bare-bodied, they laughed heartily at them and did not at once put their troops on alert.

恪興軍四萬，晨夜赴救。遵等敕其諸軍作浮橋度，陳於堤上，分兵攻兩城。城在高峻，不可卒拔。恪遣將軍留贊、呂據、唐咨、丁奉為前部。時天寒雪，魏諸將會飲，見贊等兵少，而解置鎧甲，不持矛戟。但兜鍪刀楯，倮身緣遏，大笑之，不即嚴兵。

Once the soldiers got up, they beat their drums, raised a clamor and hacked about wildly. The Wei army, startled and thrown into confusion, scattered and fled, scrambling to cross the pontoon bridges; the bridges broke apart, and men threw themselves into the water and trampled one another. Huan Jia, Prefect of Le'an, and others all perished at the same time, and the dead numbered tens of thousands. The former renegade general Han Zong, who was serving as Wei's Area Commander of the Vanguard, was also beheaded. They captured several thousand each of carts, oxen, horses, donkeys and mules, and supplies and equipment were piled up like mountains; the army was put in order and returned home. Zhuge Ke was advanced in fief to Marquis of Yangdu, given the additional post of Governor of Jing and Yang Provinces, put in command of all military affairs at court and in the provinces, and granted a hundred jin of gold, two hundred horses, and ten thousand bolts each of silk and cloth.

兵得上，便鼓譟亂斫。魏軍驚擾散走，爭渡浮橋，橋壞絕，自投於水，更相蹈藉。樂安太守桓嘉等同時並沒，死者數萬。故叛將韓綜為魏前軍督，亦斬之。獲車乘牛馬驢騾各數千，資器山積，振旅而歸。進封恪陽都侯，加荊揚州牧，督中外諸軍事，賜金一百斤，馬二百匹，繒布各萬匹。

Zhuge Ke thereupon grew contemptuous of the enemy. Having won the battle in the twelfth month, he wanted to send out the army again the following spring. The senior ministers considered that repeated campaigns had worn everyone out, and they remonstrated with Zhuge Ke with one voice, but he would not listen. When Jiang Yan, Grandee of the Palace Leisure, argued stubbornly, he had him helped out of the room. Zhuge Ke then wrote an essay explaining his views to all: “Heaven has not two suns, nor the earth two kings. That one who is a king should not strive to unite the realm yet hope to hand down his blessings to later generations—this has never happened, in ancient times or now.

恪遂有輕敵之心，以十二月戰克，明年春，復欲出軍。¹諸大臣以為數出罷勞，同辭諫恪，恪不聽。中散大夫蔣延或以固爭，扶出。恪乃著論諭眾意曰：夫天無二日，土無二王，王者不務兼併天下而欲垂祚後世，古今未之有也。

Long ago, in the Warring States period, the feudal lords each relied on their strong armies, broad lands and mutual aid, and said this was enough to hand down their states for generations, and that no one could endanger them. They followed their whims and shrank from toil and hardship, letting Qin grow gradually greater until it swallowed them up. That is what has already happened. More recently, Liu Jingsheng was in Jing Province with a host of a hundred thousand and wealth and grain piled like mountains. Yet he did not contend with Cao Cao while Cao Cao was still weak; he sat by and watched him grow strong and swallow up the Yuans. After the north was completely settled, Cao Cao led three hundred thousand men toward Jing Province, and at that point, even though there were wise men, they could no longer devise any plan. Thereupon Jingsheng's sons folded their arms and begged to surrender, and in the end became captives.

昔戰國之時，諸侯自恃兵強地廣，互有救援，謂此足以傳世，人莫能危。恣情從懷，憚於勞苦，使秦漸得自大，遂以並之，此既然矣。近者劉景升在荊州，有眾十萬，財谷如山。不及曹操尚微，與之力競，坐觀其強大，吞滅諸袁，北方都定之後，操率三十萬眾來向荊州，當時雖有智者，不能復為畫計，於是景升兒子，交臂請降，遂為囚虜。

Whenever enemy states seek to swallow each other, it is like foes seeking to destroy each other. If one has a foe and lets him grow, the disaster will fall, if not on oneself, then on those who come after; one cannot fail to plan far ahead. Long ago Wu Zixu said, ‘If Yue spends ten years increasing its people and gathering wealth, and ten years teaching and training them, then after twenty years Wu will become a marsh!’ Fuchai, relying on his own strength, heard this with indifference; thus he put Wu Zixu to death and had no thought of guarding against Yue. When he came to defeat he regretted it, but how could it be undone?

凡敵國欲相吞，即仇讎欲相除也，有仇而長之，禍不在己，則在後人，不可不為遠慮也。昔伍子胥曰：『越十年生聚，十年教訓，二十年之外，吳其為沼乎！』夫差自恃強大，聞此邈然，是以誅子胥而無備越之心，至於臨敗悔之，豈有及乎？

Yue was smaller than Wu, yet it still brought disaster upon Wu; how much more one who is strong and great? Long ago Qin held only the land west of the passes, yet it swallowed up the six states. Now the rebels hold all the land of the nine provinces that were once Qin, Zhao, Han, Wei, Yan and Qi—lands that are all homes of war horses and thickets of scholars. If we compare Wei today with Qin of old, its territory is several times larger; if we compare Wu and Shu with the six states of old, they are not even half of them. Yet the reason we can still stand against them is simply that the soldiers of Cao Cao's time have now just about died out, while those born later have not yet all grown up. This is exactly the time when the rebels are weak and few and not yet flourishing.

越小於吳，尚為吳禍，況其強大者邪？昔秦但得關西耳，尚以併吞六國，今賊皆得秦趙、韓、魏、燕齊九州之地，地悉戎馬之鄉，士林之藪。今以魏比古之秦，土地數倍；以吳與蜀比古六國，不能半之。然所以能敵之，但以操時兵眾於今適盡，而後生者未悉長大，正是賊衰少未盛之時。

Moreover, Sima Yi first executed Wang Ling and then died himself; his son is young and weak yet monopolizes that great charge, and though there are men of wisdom and strategy there, they have not yet been able to put them to use. To attack them now is to meet them at their hour of misfortune. When the sage is said to hasten to seize the moment, it truly means today. If we follow the feelings of the many and cherish plans for idle ease, believing that the barrier of the Great River can let us hand down our state for generations, we fail to consider Wei's course from beginning to end and make light of its future because of what it is today.

加司馬懿先誅王淩，續自隕斃，其子幼弱，而專彼大任，雖有智計之士，未得施用。當今伐之，是其厄會。聖人急於趨時，誠謂今日。若順眾人之情，懷偷安之計，以為長江之險可以傳世；不論魏之終始，而以今日遂輕其後。

This is why I sigh so long. From the beginning they have worked at bearing and raising people, and now the rebels' population multiplies with the passing years; it is only that they are still young and cannot yet be used. In another ten years or more, their numbers will surely be double what they are now, while the lands that supplied our state's strong troops are already all emptied, and only the host we now have can settle the matter. If we do not use it soon but sit idly and let it grow old, in another ten years or more it will be reduced by about half, and the sons and younger brothers we now have are not worth counting.

此吾所以長歎息者也。自本以來，務在產育，今者賊民歲月繁滋，但以尚小，未可得用耳。若復十數年後，其眾必倍於今，而國家勁兵之地，皆已空盡，唯有此見眾可以定事。若不早用之，端坐使老，復十數年，略當損半，而見子弟數不足言。

If the rebels' numbers double while our troops are halved, then even if we had Yi Yin and Guan Zhong plan it, nothing could be done. Now those who cannot see far ahead will surely regard these words as impractical. To worry beforehand about calamities that have not yet come is indeed what the many regard as impractical. But when calamity has come and one only then knocks one's head on the ground, even the wise can devise nothing. This has been the malady of all ages, not of one time alone. Long ago Wu at first thought Wu Yuan impractical, and so when disaster came it could not be saved.

若賊眾一倍，而我兵損半，雖復使伊、管圖之，未可如何。今不達遠慮者，必以此言為迂。夫禍難未至而豫憂慮，此固眾人之所迂也。及於難至，然後頓顙，雖有智者，又不能圖。此乃古今所病，非獨一時。昔吳始以伍員為迂，故難至而不可救。

Liu Jingsheng could not plan for ten years ahead, and so he had nothing to leave to his sons and grandsons. Now I, Ke, lack even the talent of a minister who merely fills his post, yet I have received for great Wu the charge of a Xiao He or a Huo Guang. My wisdom is no greater than anyone's and my thoughts do not reach far. If I do not, before it is too late, extend the frontiers for the state, in the twinkling of an eye I shall grow old while our foes grow stronger. What good would it do then to cut my throat to atone for my failure? Now I hear that some say the common people are still poor and that we should strive to let them rest; these are people who do not know to consider the great danger but grudge the small toil.

劉景升不能慮十年之後，故無以詒其子孫。今恪無具臣之才，而受大吳蕭、霍之任，智與眾同思不經遠，若不及今日為國斥境，俯仰年老，而仇敵更強。欲刎頸謝責，寧有補邪？今聞眾人或以百姓尚貧，欲務閒息，此不知慮其大危而愛其小勤者也。

Long ago the Han Founder was fortunate enough already to possess the land of the Three Qins. Why did he not close the passes and guard the strongholds to enjoy himself, instead of going out to attack Chu for no gain, receiving wounds on his body, lice breeding in his armor and helmet, and his officers and men weary of hardship? Was it because he relished the sword's edge and forgot peace and security? It was simply that he reckoned that in the long run the two could not both survive! Every time I read how Jing Han urged Gongsun Shu to adopt a plan of advance, and recently when I saw my uncle's memorial setting out his plan to contend with the rebels, I have never failed to heave a deep sigh.

昔漢祖幸已自有三秦之地，何不閉關守險以自娛樂，空出攻楚，身被創痍，介冑生蟣蝨，將士厭困苦，豈甘鋒刃而忘安寧哉？慮於長久不得兩存者耳！每覽荊邯說公孫述以進取之圖，近見家叔父表陳與賊爭競之計，未嘗不喟然歎息也。

Day and night I toss and turn with such concerns, and so I have set down these foolish words to reach you few gentlemen. Should I die one morning with my aims and plans unaccomplished, what I value is that later generations should know what I worried about and reflect on it thereafter.”

夙夜反側，所慮如此，故聊疏愚言，以達二三君子之末。若一朝隕歿志畫不立，貴令來世知我所憂，可思於後。

Everyone considered this essay of Zhuge Ke's a pretext for doing what he was determined to do, but no one dared to argue against him again.

眾皆以恪此論欲必為之辭，然莫敢復難。

Nie You, Prefect of Danyang, had long been on good terms with Zhuge Ke. He wrote to remonstrate with him: “The late Emperor originally had a plan to dam Dongguan, but the plan was never carried out. Now you, my lord, assisting in the great enterprise, have fulfilled the late Emperor's aim. The invaders came from afar to deliver themselves to us, and the officers and men, relying on your majesty and virtue, threw themselves forward and gave their all, winning in a single day an extraordinary victory. Was this not the blessing of the spirits of the ancestral temple and of the altars of the state? You should for the time being hold back the troops and nurture their edge, and move when you see an opening.

丹楊太守聶友素與恪善。書諫恪曰：「大行皇帝本有遏東關之計，計未施行。今公輔贊大業，成先帝之志。寇遠自送，將士憑賴威德，出身用命，一旦有非常之功，豈非宗廟神靈社稷之福邪！宜且案兵養銳，觀釁而動。

Now, riding on this momentum, you wish to launch another great campaign, but the season of Heaven does not yet allow it. To indulge your high spirits nonetheless is something I privately consider unsafe.” Zhuge Ke wrote below his essay and sent it to Nie You as his reply: “Although what you say has a natural logic, you have not yet seen the larger reckoning. Study this essay carefully and you will be enlightened.” Then, against everyone's wishes, he sent out the army, conscripting two hundred thousand men on a large scale from the provinces and commanderies. The common people were thrown into turmoil, and he began to lose the hearts of the people.

今乘此勢欲復大出，天時未可。而苟任盛意，私心以為不安。」恪題論後，為書答友曰：「足下雖有自然之理，然未見大數。熟省此論，可以開悟矣。」於是違眾出軍，大發州郡二十萬眾，百姓騷動，始失人心。

Zhuge Ke intended to display his might in Huainan and carry off its people. But some of the generals objected, saying, “If we now lead the army deep into their territory, the people of the border will surely flee far away together, and we fear the troops will labor for little gain. It would be better just to besiege Xincheng. When Xincheng is hard pressed, a relief force will surely come, and if we deal with it when it arrives, we can win a great prize.” Zhuge Ke followed this plan and turned his army back to besiege Xincheng. The attack and defense went on for months, but the city did not fall. The soldiers were exhausted, and because of the heat they drank the water and came down with diarrhea and swelling. More than half fell ill, and the dead and wounded covered the ground.

恪意欲曜威淮南，驅略民人。而諸將或難之曰：「今引軍深入，疆場之民，必相率遠遁，恐兵勞而功少，不如止圍新城。新城困，救必至，至而圖之，乃可大獲。」恪從其計，回軍還圍新城。攻守連月，城不拔。士卒疲勞，因暑飲水，洩下、流腫，病者大半，死傷塗地。

When the officers of the various camps reported daily that many were sick, Zhuge Ke thought they were lying and wanted to behead them, and after that no one dared to speak. Zhuge Ke privately admitted that his plan had failed, but he was ashamed that the city had not fallen, and his anger showed in his face. When General Zhu Yi questioned the rights and wrongs of the matter, Zhuge Ke flew into a rage and at once took away his troops. The Commandant Cai Lin repeatedly offered military plans, but Zhuge Ke could not use them, and Cai Lin whipped up his horse and fled to Wei. Wei, learning that the fighting men were exhausted and sick, sent its relief army forward. Zhuge Ke led his army away. The wounded and sick soldiers straggled along the roads, dragging themselves; some collapsed into ditches and ravines, and some were captured. The living and the dead were in grief and rage, and great and small cried out in lamentation.

諸營吏日白病者多，恪以為詐，欲斬之，自是莫敢言。恪內惟失計，而恥城不下，忿形於色。將軍朱異有所是非，恪怒，立奪其兵。都尉蔡林數陳軍計，恪不能用，策馬奔魏。魏知戰士罷病，乃進救兵。恪引軍而去。士卒傷病，流曳道路，或頓僕坑壑，或見略獲，存亡忿痛，大小呼嗟。

Yet Zhuge Ke remained perfectly calm and composed. He went out and stayed on an islet in the river for a month, planning to open farmland at Xunyang, and only when edicts summoning him arrived one after another did he slowly bring the army back. Because of this the populace lost hope in him, and resentment and slander arose.

而恪宴然自若。出住江渚一月，圖起田於潯陽，詔召相銜，徐乃旋師。由此眾庶失望，而怨黷興矣。

In the eighth month, in autumn, the army returned, and he entered his official residence with troops arrayed to lead and escort him. He at once summoned Sun Mo, Prefect of the Palace Writers, and said in a harsh voice, “How dare you people recklessly issue edict after edict?” Sun Mo withdrew in fear and went home pleading illness. All the appointments of magistrates, chiefs and other officers that the offices had recommended and made after Zhuge Ke set out on campaign he dismissed at a stroke and selected anew. He governed ever more severely and meted out many punishments, so that none who had to appear before him did not tremble and hold his breath. He also changed the palace guards, using those close to him. He again ordered the troops to make ready, intending to march toward Qing and Xu Provinces.

秋八月軍還，陳兵導從，歸入府館。即召中書令孫嘿，厲聲謂曰：「卿等何敢妄數作詔？」嘿惶懼辭出，因病還家。恪征行之後，曹所奏署令長職司，一罷更選，愈治威嚴，多所罪責，當進見者無不竦息。又改易宿衛，用其親近。復敕兵嚴，欲向青、徐。

Taking advantage of the people's widespread resentment and the dislike of many, Sun Jun falsely accused Zhuge Ke of planning a coup, and conspiring with Sun Liang, he arranged a banquet and invited Zhuge Ke. The night before Zhuge Ke was to go to the audience, his spirit was agitated and he could not sleep all night. In the morning, as he was about to wash his face and rinse his mouth, the water smelled rank; when his attendants handed him his clothes, the clothes too smelled. Zhuge Ke thought this strange and changed his clothes and the water, but the smell was as before, and he was downcast and uneasy. When he had finished dressing and was hurrying out, a dog caught his clothes in its mouth and pulled at them. Zhuge Ke said, “Does the dog not want me to go?”

孫峻因民之多怨，眾之所嫌，構恪欲為變，與亮謀，置酒請恪。恪將見之夜，精爽擾動，通夕不寐。明將盥漱，聞水腥臭，侍者授衣，衣服亦臭。恪怪其故，易衣易水，其臭如初，意惆悵不悅。嚴畢趨出，犬銜引其衣，恪曰：「犬不欲我行乎？」

He went back and sat down, and after a moment rose again, and again the dog caught his clothes in its mouth. Zhuge Ke had an attendant drive the dog away, and then mounted his carriage.

還坐，頃刻乃復起，犬又銜其衣，恪令從者逐犬，遂升車。

Earlier, when Zhuge Ke was about to campaign against Huainan, a filial son in mourning garments entered his private chamber. When his attendants reported it, he had the man questioned outside, and the filial son said, “I came in without realizing it.” None of the guards inside or outside had seen him either, and everyone found it strange. After he set out, the ridgepole of the hall where he used to sit broke in the middle. When he came out from Xincheng and stayed at Dongxing, a white rainbow appeared over his boat; and when he returned and paid homage at the Jiang Mausoleum, a white rainbow again encircled his carriage. When he was about to go to the audience and halted his carriage at the palace gate, Sun Jun, who had already hidden soldiers behind the curtains, feared that if Zhuge Ke did not come in promptly the plot would leak out, so he came out himself to meet Zhuge Ke and said, “If Your Excellency is feeling unwell, it may wait until later. I will explain everything to His Majesty.”

初，恪將征淮南，有孝子著縗衣入其閣中，從者白之，令外詰問，孝子曰：「不自覺入。」時中外守備，亦悉不見，眾皆異之。出行之後，所坐廳事屋棟中折。自新城出住東興，有白虹見其船，還拜蔣陵，白虹復繞其車。及將見，駐車宮門，峻已伏兵於帷中，恐恪不時入，事洩，自出見恪曰：「使君若尊體不安，自可須後，峻當具白主上。」

He meant to use this to sound out Zhuge Ke. Zhuge Ke replied, “I shall make the effort to go in.” The Cavalier Attendants-in-Ordinary Zhang Yue, Zhu En and others secretly sent Zhuge Ke a note: “Today's arrangements are out of the ordinary; we suspect some other purpose.” Zhuge Ke read the note and left. Before he had gone out of the inner gate, he met the Minister of Ceremonies Teng Yin, and Zhuge Ke said, “I suddenly have a stomachache and am not up to going in.” Teng Yin, who knew nothing of Sun Jun's secret plot, said to Zhuge Ke, “Since your return from campaign you have not yet had an audience. Now His Majesty has arranged a banquet and invited you, and you have already reached the gate; you really should make the effort to go in.”

欲以嘗知恪。恪答曰：「當自力入。」散騎常侍張約、朱恩等密書與恪曰：「今日張設非常，疑有他故。」恪省書而去。未出路門，逢太常滕胤，恪曰：「卒腹痛，不任入。」胤不知峻陰計，謂恪曰：「君自行旋未見，今上置酒請君，君已至門，宜當力進。」

Zhuge Ke hesitated, then turned back and ascended the hall wearing his sword and shoes. He thanked Sun Liang and returned to his seat. Wine was set out, but Zhuge Ke was suspicious and did not drink. Sun Jun then said, “Your Excellency has not yet fully recovered from your illness; you must have the medicinal wine you usually take. You may have it brought.” Zhuge Ke's mind was then set at ease, and he drank separately the wine he had brought with him. After the wine had gone round several times, Sun Liang withdrew to the inner quarters, and Sun Jun rose and went to the privy, where he took off his long robe and put on short clothes. He came out and said, “There is an edict to arrest Zhuge Ke!” Zhuge Ke started up in alarm and tried to draw his sword, but before he could, Sun Jun's blades came down upon him.

恪躊躇而還，劍履上殿。謝亮，還坐。設酒，恪疑未飲，峻因曰：「使君病未善平，當有常服藥酒，自可取之。」恪意乃安，別飲所齎酒。¹酒數行，亮還內，峻起如廁，解長衣，著短服，出曰：「有詔收諸葛恪！」²恪驚起，拔劍未得，而峻刀交下。

Zhang Yue struck at Sun Jun from the side but only wounded his left hand; Sun Jun struck back at once and cut off Zhang Yue's right arm. The soldiers of the Martial Guard all rushed up into the hall, and Sun Jun said, “The one to be taken was Zhuge Ke, and he is already dead.” He ordered them all to sheathe their blades, and after the floor had been cleared they resumed drinking.

張約從旁斫峻，裁傷左手，峻應手斫約斷右臂。武衛之士皆趨上殿，峻云：「所取者恪也，今已死。」悉令復刃，乃除地更飲。¹

Before this, a children's ditty had gone: “Zhuge Ke,
a reed robe and a bamboo-strip belt hook—
where shall we seek him? At Chengzi Ge.” “Chengzi Ge,” read with its syllables reversed, gives Shizigang. South of Jianye there was a long ridge called Shizigang, where people buried their dead. “Belt hook” (gouluo) meant an ornamented leather belt, which people of the time called a gouluo belt. Zhuge Ke was indeed wrapped in a reed mat, bound at the waist with bamboo strips, and thrown onto this ridge. Zhuge Ke's eldest son, Zhuge Chuo, a Chief Commandant of Cavalry, had been in collusion with the King of Lu; Sun Quan sent him back to Zhuge Ke to be taught better, and Zhuge Ke killed him with poison.

先是，童謠曰：「諸葛恪，蘆葦單衣蔑鉤落，於何相求成子閣。」成子閣者，反語石子岡也。建業南有長陵，名曰石子岡，葬者依焉。鉤落者，校飾革帶，世謂之鉤絡帶。恪果以葦席裹其身而篾束其腰，投之於此岡。¹恪長子綽，騎都尉，以交關魯王事，權遣付恪，令更教誨，恪鴆殺之。

His middle son, Zhuge Song, was Colonel of the Changshui Cavalry, and his youngest son, Zhuge Jian, was Colonel of Infantry. Hearing that Zhuge Ke had been executed, they put their mother in a carriage and fled. Sun Jun sent the Cavalry Commander Liu Cheng in pursuit, and he caught Zhuge Song at Baidu and beheaded him. Zhuge Jian managed to cross the Yangtze and meant to flee north to Wei, but after going some tens of li he was overtaken by the pursuing troops. Zhuge Ke's nephew Zhang Zhen, Marquis of a Chief District, the Regular Attendant Zhu En and others all had their three sets of kin exterminated.

中子竦，長水校尉。少子建，步兵校尉。聞恪誅，車載其母而走。峻遣騎督劉承追斬竦於白都。建得渡江，欲北走魏，行數十里，為追兵所逮。恪外甥都鄉侯張震及常侍朱恩等，皆夷三族。

Earlier, Zhuge Song had repeatedly remonstrated with Zhuge Ke, but Zhuge Ke would not listen, and Zhuge Song was always anxious and afraid that disaster would come. After Zhuge Ke's death, Zang Jun of Linhuai submitted a memorial asking that Zhuge Ke's body be recovered and buried. It said: “I have heard that when thunder crashes and lightning flashes, it does not last beyond a single morning, and when a great wind rises, it seldom blows the whole day. Yet it is still followed by clouds and rain, which moisten all living things. This means that even the might of Heaven and Earth cannot persist for days or run a full cycle of twelve, and so the wrath of an emperor or king should not be spent to the utmost of his feelings. Mad and foolish as I am, and ignorant of what should be avoided, I dare to risk the crime of destruction in order to seek the meeting of wind and rain.

初，竦數諫恪，恪不從，常憂懼禍。及亡，臨淮臧均表乞收葬恪曰：臣聞震雷電激，不崇一朝，大風沖發，希有極日。然猶繼以雲雨，因以潤物，是則天地之威，不可經日浹辰，帝王之怒，不宜訖情盡意，臣以狂愚，不知忌諱，敢冒破滅之罪，以邀風雨之會。

I humbly reflect that the late Grand Tutor Zhuge Ke inherited the illustrious legacy of his forebears. His uncles, meeting the end of the Han's fortune when the Nine Provinces stood divided like the legs of a tripod, entrusted themselves to the three sides, each practicing loyalty and diligence and bringing glory and prosperity to the family's hereditary achievements. As for Zhuge Ke, he was born and raised in the kingdom, nurtured by its sage transformation, and won a name for brilliance and excellence; he served for many years without any harmful intent emerging, so the late Emperor entrusted him with the charge of Yi Yin and the Duke of Zhou and committed to him the myriad affairs of state. Yet Zhuge Ke was by nature stubborn and headstrong, boastful of himself and overbearing to others. He could not reverently guard the sacred vessel and keep the realm harmonious and calm; seeking achievements, he exposed the army to the elements, marching out three times within a year, squandering soldiers and people and emptying the treasuries. He arrogated the laws of the state to himself, deposed and replaced as he pleased, and used punishment as a pretext to intimidate the multitude, so that great and small alike held their breath.

伏念故太傅諸葛恪得承祖考風流之烈，伯叔諸父遭漢祚盡，九州鼎立，分托三方，並履忠勤，熙隆世業。爰及於恪，生長王國，陶育聖化，致名英偉，服事累紀，禍心未萌，先帝委以伊、周之任，屬以萬機之事。恪素性剛愎，矜己陵人，不能敬守神器，穆靜邦內，興功暴師，未期三出，虛耗士民，空竭府藏，專擅國憲，廢易由意，假刑劫眾，大小屏息。

The Palace Attendant, General of the Martial Guard and Marquis of a Chief District, who together with others received the late Emperor's edict entrusting them with his affairs, saw Zhuge Ke's treachery and cruelty grow worse by the day and the month, and fearing that he would shake the universe and topple and endanger the altars of the state, he roused his majesty and wrath. His sincerity pierced vast Heaven, his plans outran the spirits, and his wisdom and courage were a hundred times those of Jing Ke and Nie Zheng; with a naked blade in his own hand he beheaded Zhuge Ke in the palace hall. His deed surpasses that of the Marquis of Zhuxu, and his achievement exceeds that of the Marquis of Dongmou. The state's chief bane was swept away in a single morning; the head was sent round for display, the Six Armies leapt for joy, the sun and moon gained in brightness, and not a breath of wind or dust stirred. This truly was the spiritual power of the ancestral temple and a sign attested by Heaven and man alike.

侍中武衛將軍都鄉侯俱受先帝囑寄之詔，見其奸虐，日月滋甚，將恐蕩搖宇宙，傾危社稷，奮其威怒，精貫昊天，計慮先於神明，智勇百於荊、聶，躬持白刃，梟恪殿堂，勳超朱虛，功越東牟。國之元害，一朝大除，馳首徇示，六軍喜踴，日月增光，風塵不動，斯實宗廟之神靈，天人之同驗也。

Now the three heads of Zhuge Ke and his sons have hung in the marketplace for days on end; tens of thousands have come to look, and their curses sweep like the wind. There is no one this great punishment of the state has not struck with awe, and from the old to small children there is none who has not seen it. It is human feeling that, in regard to all things, when joy reaches its limit sorrow arises. People saw Zhuge Ke in his high rank and splendor, without equal in the world, holding the position of chief minister for years; now he has been executed and his line exterminated no differently from a beast. Once they have looked their fill and their feelings turn, how can they not be grieved! Moreover, a man already dead shares the same domain as the soil; whether he is dug up, hacked or stabbed, nothing more can be done to him.

今恪父子三首，懸市積日，觀者數萬，詈聲成風。國之大刑，無所不震，長老孩幼，無不畢見。人情之於品物，樂極則哀生，見恪貴盛，世莫與貳，身處台輔，中間歷年，今之誅夷，無異禽獸，觀訖情反，能不憯然！且已死之人，與土壤同域，鑿掘斫刺，無所復加。

I beg that the sage court take Heaven and Earth as its model and not let its anger run beyond ten days, and allow people of his home district or his former officials and commoners to gather his remains in a common soldier's clothes and grant him a coffin three inches thick. In the past Xiang Ji received the favor of burial, and Han Xin was granted the kindness of having his body gathered and shrouded; this is how Emperor Gao of Han won his fame for divine wisdom. May Your Majesty only deepen the benevolence of the Three Sovereigns and extend a heart of pity, letting the state's grace reach even the corpse of one executed for his crimes, so that he receives yet again an unending kindness. By this your fame would spread to distant lands, and the realm would be both warned and encouraged—would that not be great!

願聖朝稽則乾坤，怒不極旬，使其鄉邑若故吏民收以士伍之服，惠以三寸之棺。昔項籍受殯葬之施，韓信獲收斂之恩，斯則漢高發神明之譽也。惟陛下敦三皇之仁，垂哀矜之心，使國澤加於辜戮之骸，復受不已之恩，於以揚聲遐方，沮勸天下，豈不弘哉！

In the past Luan Bu defied the command regarding Peng Yue; I privately regret what he did, for he did not first petition his lord but took the name for himself to indulge his feelings, and that he escaped execution was pure luck. Now I dare not openly proclaim my foolish sentiments and so lay bare Heaven's grace; I respectfully prostrate myself and write this in my own hand, presuming to lay it before you, and beg the sage court to consider it with compassion.”

昔欒布矯命彭越，臣竊恨之，不先請主上，而專名以肆情，其得不誅，實為幸耳。今臣不敢章宣愚情以露天恩，謹伏手書，冒昧陳聞，乞聖朝哀察。

Thereupon Sun Liang and Sun Jun allowed Zhuge Ke's former officials to shroud and bury him, and they went to look for him at Shizigang.

於是亮、峻聽恪故吏斂葬，遂求之於石子岡。¹

Nie You

聶友

When Zhuge Ke first withdrew his army and returned, Nie You knew he was headed for ruin. He wrote to Teng Yin, saying, “When a man is strong and flourishing, he can uproot rivers and mountains; but once he weakens and shrinks, people's feelings turn in ten thousand ways. It grieves me to speak of it.” After Zhuge Ke was executed, Sun Jun distrusted Nie You and meant to make him Prefect of Yulin. Nie You fell ill and died of anxiety. Nie You, courtesy name Wenti, was a man of Yuzhang.

始恪退軍還，聶友知其將敗。書與滕胤曰：「當人強盛，河山可拔，一朝羸縮，人情萬端，言之悲歎。」恪誅後，孫峻忌友，欲以為鬱林太守。友發病憂死。友字文悌，豫章人也。¹

Teng Yin

滕胤

Teng Yin, courtesy name Chengsi, was a man of Ju County in Beihai. His uncle Teng Dan and his father Teng Zhou came from the same province and home district as Liu Yao, and their families were on close terms. Because the age was in turmoil, they crossed the Yangtze and took refuge with Liu Yao. When Sun Quan became General of Chariots and Cavalry, he appointed Teng Dan Major of the Right; Teng Dan was praised for his generosity and kindness, but he died early and left no heir. Teng Zhou was skilled at composition, and Sun Quan treated him with the courtesy due a guest, always having him revise and polish letters and memorials on military and state affairs; he too, unfortunately, died young. When Sun Quan became King of Wu, recalling their past kindness, he enfeoffed Teng Yin as Marquis of a Capital Village.

滕胤字承嗣，北海劇人也。伯父耽，父胄，與劉繇州里通家。以世擾亂，渡江依繇。孫權為車騎將軍，拜耽右司馬，以寬厚稱，早卒，無嗣。胄善屬文，權待以賓禮，軍國書疏，常令損益潤色之，亦不幸短命。權為吳王，追錄舊恩，封胤都亭侯。

From his youth he had integrity and a handsome appearance and bearing. At twenty he married a princess. At thirty he entered office as Prefect of Danyang and was transferred to Wu Commandery and Kuaiji, winning praise wherever he served. In the first year of Taiyuan, when Sun Quan fell ill, Teng Yin came to the capital and was kept there as Minister of Ceremonies; together with Zhuge Ke and others he received the testamentary edict to assist in governing. When Sun Liang took the throne, he was given the additional post of General of the Guards.

少有節操，美容儀。¹弱冠尚公主。年三十，起家為丹楊太守，徙吳郡、會稽，所在見稱。²太元元年，權寢疾，詣都，留為太常；與諸葛恪等俱受遺詔輔政。孫亮即位，加衛將軍。

Zhuge Ke was going to mobilize the whole army to attack Wei. Teng Yin remonstrated with him, saying, “At the time of mourning and succession you received a trust like that of Yi Yin and Huo Guang. At home you have stabilized our court, and abroad you have crushed a powerful enemy; your fame resounds across the land within the seas, all under Heaven is shaken, and the hearts of the myriad people hope to rest under your protection. Now, right after heavy labor service, you would rashly raise an army and go on campaign, when the people are exhausted and their strength spent, and the distant ruler is prepared. If you attack cities and cannot take them, and raid the countryside and gain nothing, you will lose what you achieved before and invite blame afterward.

恪將悉眾伐魏。胤諫恪曰：「君以喪代之際，受伊、霍之託，入安本朝，出摧強敵，名聲振於海內，天下莫不震動，萬姓之心，冀得蒙君而息。今猥以勞役之後，興師出征，民疲力屈，遠主有備。若攻城不克，野略無獲，是喪前勞而招後責也。

It would be better to put away armor and rest the troops, and move when you see an opening. Moreover, war is a great matter, and great matters are accomplished through the multitude; if the multitude is not pleased, how can you alone be at ease?” Zhuge Ke said, “Those who say it cannot be done all fail to see the calculation; they are men who cling to their homes and seek ease for the moment. If even you agree with them, what can I hope for? Cao Fang is benighted and feeble, and the government lies with a private house, so his ministers and people naturally have hearts inclined to desert. If I now draw on the resources of the state and ride the prestige of our victory, where could I go and not prevail!”

不如案甲息師，觀隙而動。且兵者大事，事以眾濟，眾苟不悅，君獨安之？」恪曰：「諸雲不可者，皆不見計算，懷居苟安者也，而子復以為然，吾何望焉？夫以曹芳暗劣，而政在私門，彼之臣民，固有離心。今吾因國家之資，借戰勝之威，則何往而不克哉！」

Teng Yin was made Commander of the Capital, in charge of affairs left behind. He received guests by day and went over documents at night, sometimes staying up until dawn.

以胤為都下督，掌統留事。胤白日接賓客，夜省文書，或通曉不寐。¹

Sun Jun

孫峻

Sun Jun, courtesy name Ziyuan, was the great-grandson of Sun Jing, Sun Jian's younger brother. Sun Jing fathered Sun Gao, and Sun Gao fathered Sun Gong, who became Cavalier Attendant Gentleman. Sun Gong fathered Sun Jun. From his youth Sun Jun was skilled with bow and horse, keen, decisive and bold. Late in Sun Quan's reign he was transferred to Chief Commandant of the Martial Guard and became Palace Attendant. When Sun Quan was dying, Sun Jun received the testamentary charge to assist in governing, took the post of General of the Martial Guard, continued to command the palace guard as before, and was enfeoffed as Marquis of a Chief District. After executing Zhuge Ke, he was promoted to Chancellor and Grand General, in overall command of all armies inside and outside the capital, with the Staff of Authority, and his fief was raised to Marquis of Fuchun.

孫峻字子遠，孫堅弟靜之曾孫也。靜生暠，暠生恭，為散騎侍郎。恭生峻。少便弓馬，精果膽決。孫權末，徙武衛都尉，為侍中。權臨薨，受遺輔政，領武衛將軍，故典宿衛，封都鄉侯。既誅諸葛恪，遷丞相大將軍，督中外諸軍事、假節，進封富春侯。

Because he was the father-in-law of Zhuge Ke's son Zhuge Song, Teng Yin asked to resign his post. Sun Jun said, “Even between Gun and Yu, guilt did not pass from one to the other. What is the Marquis Teng doing?” Although Sun Jun and Teng Yin were not close at heart, outwardly they tolerated each other; Teng Yin's rank was raised to Marquis of Gaomi, and they worked together as before. Sun Jun had never had a weighty reputation; he was arrogant, sinister and harmful, and put many to death by punishment, so the common people were in an uproar. He also debauched the palace women and carried on a secret affair with the princess Sun Luban. In the first year of Wufeng, Sun Ying, Marquis of Wu, plotted to kill Sun Jun, but the plot leaked and Sun Ying died.

滕胤以恪子竦妻父辭位。峻曰：「鯀、禹罪不相及，滕侯何為？」峻、胤雖內不沾洽，而外相包容，進胤爵高密侯，共事如前。¹峻素無重名，驕矜險害，多所刑殺，百姓囂然。又姦亂宮人，與公主魯班私通。五鳳元年，吳侯英謀殺峻，英事洩死。

Liu Zan

留贊

In the second year, Guanqiu Jian and Wen Qin of Wei rebelled with their troops and fought the Wei forces at Lejia. Sun Jun led the General of Agile Cavalry Lü Ju and the General of the Left Liu Zan to make a surprise attack on Shouchun, but as it happened Wen Qin was defeated and came over in surrender, so the army returned. That year an envoy from Shu came on a state visit, and the generals Sun Yi, Sun Shao, Lin Xun and others planned to kill Sun Jun during the gathering. The plot leaked; Sun Yi and the others killed themselves, several tens of people died, and it reached even the princess Sun Luyu.

二年，魏毋丘儉、文欽以眾叛，與魏人戰於樂嘉，峻帥驃騎將軍呂據、左將軍留贊襲壽春，會欽敗降，軍還。¹是歲，蜀使來聘，將軍孫儀、孫邵綝恂等欲因會殺峻。事洩，儀等自殺，死者數十人，並及公主魯育。

Sun Jun wanted to build a city wall at Guangling. The court ministers knew it could not be done, but they feared him and none dared speak; only Teng Yin remonstrated to stop him. Sun Jun did not listen, and in the end the work was never completed. The following year Wen Qin persuaded Sun Jun to campaign against Wei, and Sun Jun sent Wen Qin with Lü Ju, the General of Chariots and Cavalry Liu Zuan, the General Who Guards the South Zhu Yi, and the General of the Van Tang Zi to go from Jiangdu into the Huai and Si rivers and make designs on Qing and Xu provinces. Sun Jun went with Teng Yin to Shitou to see them off, and taking some hundred attendants with him, he entered Lü Ju's camp.

峻欲城廣陵，朝臣知其不可城，而畏之莫敢言。唯滕胤諫止，不從，而功竟不就。其明年，文欽說峻征魏，峻使欽與呂據、車騎劉纂、鎮南朱異、前將軍唐諮自江都入淮、泗，以圖青、徐。峻與胤至石頭，因餞之，領從者百許人入據營。

Lü Ju kept his army in strict order, which Sun Jun resented; claiming a pain in his heart, he left. Then he dreamed that Zhuge Ke struck him, and in his fear he fell ill and died, at the age of thirty-eight. He entrusted his affairs thereafter to Sun Chen.

據御軍齊整，峻惡之，稱心痛去。遂夢為諸葛恪所擊，恐懼發病死，時年三十八，以後事付綝。

Sun Chen

孫綝

Sun Chen, courtesy name Zitong, shared a grandfather with Sun Jun. Sun Chen's father, Sun Chuo, was Commandant for Pacifying the People. Sun Chen started as Lieutenant General; when Sun Jun died, he became Palace Attendant and General of the Martial Guard, took command of all armies inside and outside the capital, and took charge of the court government in Sun Jun's place. When Lü Ju heard of this he was greatly alarmed, and together with the other commanders he submitted a jointly signed memorial recommending Teng Yin as Chancellor. Sun Chen instead made Teng Yin Grand Marshal and had him garrison Wuchang in place of Lü Dai. Lü Ju led his troops back and sent someone to inform Teng Yin, intending that they depose Sun Chen together.

孫綝字子通，與峻同祖。綝父綽為安民都尉。綝始為偏將軍，及峻死，為侍中武衛將軍，領中外諸軍事，代知朝政。呂據聞之大恐，與諸督將連名，共表薦滕胤為丞相，綝以胤為大司馬，代呂岱駐武昌。據引兵還，使人報胤，欲共廢綝。

When Sun Chen heard of it, he sent his elder cousin Sun Lü with troops to meet Lü Ju at Jiangdu, had a palace envoy order Wen Qin, Liu Zuan, Tang Zi and others to join forces and attack Lü Ju, and sent the Palace Attendant and General of the Left Hua Rong and the Assistant of the Secretariat Ding Yan to tell Teng Yin to seize Lü Ju, at the same time advising Teng Yin that he ought to leave quickly. Teng Yin, believing that disaster had reached him, detained Hua Rong and Ding Yan, marshaled his troops to protect himself, summoned the Army Superintendent Yang Chong and General Sun Zi, told them that Sun Chen was causing an uprising, and forced Hua Rong and the others to write a letter censuring Sun Chen.

綝聞之，遣從兄慮將兵逆據於江都，使中使敕文欽、劉纂、唐諮等合眾擊據，遣侍中左將軍華融、中書丞丁晏告胤取據，並喻胤宜速去意，胤自以禍及，因留融、晏，勒兵自衛，召典軍楊崇、將軍孫諮，告以綝為亂，迫融等使有書難綝。

Sun Chen would not listen. He submitted a memorial declaring that Teng Yin had rebelled, and promising General Liu Cheng a fief and title, had him lead infantry and cavalry to attack and besiege Teng Yin in haste. Teng Yin in turn tried to coerce Hua Rong and the others into issuing a false edict to raise troops. When they refused, Teng Yin killed them all. Teng Yin's expression did not change, and he talked and laughed as usual. Someone urged Teng Yin to lead his troops to the Canglong Gate: “When the officers and men see you come out, they will surely all abandon Sun Chen and come over to you.” By then it was already past midnight, and Teng Yin was relying on his appointment with Lü Ju. He was also reluctant to raise troops against the palace, so he made a pact with his retainers, telling them that the Marquis Lü was already on the road nearby; and so they all fought to the death for Teng Yin, and none deserted.

綝不聽，表言胤反，許將軍劉丞以封爵，使率兵騎急攻圍胤。胤又劫融等使詐詔發兵。融等不從，胤皆殺之。¹胤顏色不變，談笑若常。或勸胤引兵至蒼龍門，「將士見公出，必皆委綝就公」。時夜已半，胤恃與據期。又難舉兵向宮，乃約令部曲，說呂侯以在近道，故皆為胤盡死，無離散者。

A great wind was blowing at the time, and by dawn Lü Ju had not come. Sun Chen's troops gathered in great numbers, killed Teng Yin together with several tens of his officers and men, and exterminated Teng Yin's three sets of kin.

時大風，比曉，據不至。綝兵大會，遂殺及將士數十人，夷胤三族。¹

Sun Chen was promoted to Grand General with the Staff of Authority and enfeoffed as Marquis of Yongning. Presuming on his high rank, he was arrogant and often behaved without courtesy. Earlier, Sun Jun's younger cousin Sun Lü had taken part in the plot to execute Zhuge Ke, and Sun Jun treated him generously; he rose to General of the Right and Commander of the Wunan Guard, was granted the tally and canopy, and helped decide the affairs of the Nine Ministers. When Sun Chen treated Sun Lü less generously than Sun Jun had, Sun Lü was angered and plotted with General Wang Dun to kill Sun Chen. Sun Chen killed Wang Dun, and Sun Lü took poison and died.

綝遷大將軍，假節，封永寧侯，負貴倨傲，多行無禮。初，峻從弟慮與誅諸葛恪之謀，峻厚之，至右將軍、無難督，授節蓋，平九官事。綝遇慮薄於峻時，慮怒，與將軍王惇謀殺綝。綝殺惇。慮服藥死。

Zhuge Dan, Grand General of Wei, rebelled with Shouchun, held the city and asked to surrender. Wu sent Wen Qin, Tang Zi, Quan Duan, Quan Yi and others with thirty thousand men to relieve him. The Wei General Who Guards the South, Wang Ji, besieged Zhuge Dan. Wen Qin and the others broke through the encirclement and entered the city. Wei mobilized all its forces from inside and outside the capital, more than two hundred thousand men, to reinforce the siege of Zhuge Dan. Zhu Yi led thirty thousand men to garrison the city of Anfeng as support for Wen Qin. Zhou Tai, Inspector of Yan Province for Wei, blocked Zhu Yi at Yangyuan; Zhu Yi was defeated and withdrew, and was pursued by Zhou Tai, losing two thousand men killed and wounded.

魏大將軍諸葛誕舉壽春叛，保城請降。吳遣文欽、唐諮、全端、全懌等三萬人救之。魏鎮南將軍王基圍誕。欽等突圍入城。魏悉中外軍二十餘萬增誕之圍。朱異帥三萬人屯安豐城，為文欽勢。魏兗州刺史州泰拒異於陽淵，異敗退，為泰所追，死傷二千人。

Sun Chen then called up soldiers on a large scale and went out to garrison Huoli. He again sent Zhu Yi at the head of the generals Ding Feng, Li Fei and others with fifty thousand men to attack Wei, leaving their baggage at Dulu. Zhu Yi camped at Lijiang and sent the generals Ren Du, Zhang Zhen and others to recruit six thousand brave men, who built a pontoon bridge six li west of the camp, crossed by night, and built a crescent-shaped rampart. They were routed by the Wei Army Supervisor Shi Bao and by Zhou Tai, and the army fell back to higher ground.

綝於是大發卒出屯鑊里，復遣異率將軍丁奉、黎斐等五萬人攻魏，留輜重於都陸。異屯黎漿，遣將軍任度、張震等募勇敢六千人，於屯西六里為浮橋夜渡，築偃月壘。為魏監軍石苞及州泰所破，軍卻退就高。

Zhu Yi again formed a box-like enclosure of carts and advanced toward Wumu. Shi Bao and Zhou Tai attacked him, and Zhu Yi was defeated and returned; meanwhile Hu Lie, Prefect of Taishan for Wei, took five thousand surprise troops by a secret route, raided Dulu, and burned all of Zhu Yi's supplies and provisions. Sun Chen gave Zhu Yi thirty thousand troops and ordered him to fight to the death; when Zhu Yi refused, Sun Chen beheaded him at Huoli and sent his younger brother Sun En to the rescue. As it happened, Zhuge Dan was defeated, and Sun Chen withdrew and returned. Not only had Sun Chen failed to extricate Zhuge Dan, but he had also lost soldiers and men and put a famous general to death with his own hand, so there was no one who did not resent him.

異復作車箱圍趣五木城。苞、泰攻異，異敗歸，而魏太山太守胡烈以奇兵五千詭道襲都陸，盡焚異資糧。綝授兵三萬人使異死戰，異不從，綝斬之於鑊里，而遣弟恩救。會誕敗引還。綝既不能拔出誕，而喪敗士眾，自戮名將，莫不怨之。

Because Sun Liang had begun to handle government affairs in person and questioned him on many matters, Sun Chen was greatly afraid. He returned to Jianye and, claiming illness, did not attend court. He built a residence south of the Zhuque Bridge, had his younger brother Sun Ju, General Who Awes Distant Lands, go into the Canglong Gate to guard the palace, and had his younger brothers Sun En, General of the Martial Guard, Sun Gan, Lieutenant General, and Sun Kai, Colonel of the Changshui Cavalry, garrison the various camps separately, intending thereby to monopolize the court and secure his own position. Sun Liang secretly loathed Sun Chen. He then investigated the whole story of how Sun Luyu had been killed, angrily blamed the Commander of Hulin Zhu Xiong and Zhu Xiong's younger brother, the Commander of the Outer Division Zhu Sun, for failing to correct Sun Jun, and ordered Ding Feng to kill Zhu Xiong at Hulin and Zhu Sun at Jianye.

綝以孫亮始親政事，多所難問，甚懼。還建業，稱疾不朝。築室於朱雀橋南，使弟威遠將軍據入蒼龍宿衛，弟武衛將軍恩、偏將軍幹、長水校尉闓分屯諸營，欲以專朝自固。亮內嫌綝，乃推魯育見殺本末，責怒虎林督朱熊、熊弟外部督朱損不匡正孫峻，乃令丁奉殺熊於虎林，殺損於建業。

Sun Chen went in to remonstrate, but Sun Liang would not listen, and he then conferred with the princess Sun Luban, the Minister of Ceremonies Quan Shang and General Liu Cheng about executing Sun Chen. Sun Liang's consort was the daughter of Sun Chen's elder female cousin, and she told Sun Chen of the plot. Sun Chen led his troops in a night attack on Quan Shang, sent his younger brother Sun En to kill Liu Cheng outside the Canglong Gate, and then surrounded the palace. He had the Superintendent of the Imperial Household Meng Zong report to the ancestral temple and depose Sun Liang, and summoned the officials to deliberate, saying, “The young emperor is dissolute, sickly, benighted and disorderly; he cannot occupy the great throne and carry on the ancestral temple, so I have reported to the late Emperor and deposed him.

綝入諫不從，亮遂與公主魯班、太常全尚、將軍劉承議誅綝。亮妃，綝從姊女也，以其謀告綝。綝率眾夜襲全尚，遣弟恩殺劉承於蒼龍門外，遂圍宮。¹使光祿勳孟宗告廟廢亮，召群司議曰：「少帝荒病昏亂，不可以處大位，承宗廟，以告先帝廢之。

If any of you gentlemen disagree, put forward your dissent.” All were shaken with fear and said, “We follow only the General's command.” Sun Chen sent the Gentleman of the Secretariat Li Chong to seize Sun Liang's seal and ribbon, and proclaimed Sun Liang's crimes far and near. The Master of Writing Huan Yi refused to sign his name, and Sun Chen killed him in anger.

諸君若有不同者，下異議。」皆震怖。曰：「唯將軍令。」綝遣中書郎李崇奪亮璽綬，以亮罪狀班告遠近。尚書桓彝不肯署名，綝怒殺之。¹

The Army Superintendent Shi Zheng urged Sun Chen to summon Sun Xiu, King of Langya, and set him on the throne, and Sun Chen followed his advice. He sent the Director of the Imperial Clan Sun Kai to present a letter to Sun Xiu, which said: “With my meager talents, I, Sun Chen, was given a great charge, yet I was unable to assist and guide His Majesty. In recent months he has undertaken many new ventures. He grew close to Liu Cheng and took pleasure in beautiful women; he conscripted the wives and daughters of officials and commoners, picked out the good-looking ones, and kept them in the palace. He took more than three thousand sons and younger brothers of soldiers aged eighteen and under and drilled them in the park, day after day and night after night, so that young and old cried out and lamented. He broke more than five thousand spears and halberds from the armory to make toys.

典軍施正勸綝徵立琅邪王休，綝從之。遣宗正楷奉書於休曰：綝以薄才，見授大任，不能輔導陛下。頃月以來，多所造立。親近劉承，悅於美色；發吏民婦女，料其好者，留於宮內，取兵子弟十八已下三千餘人，習之苑中，連日續夜，大小呼嗟，敗壞藏中矛戈五千餘枚，以作戲具。

Zhu Ju was an old minister of the late Emperor, and his sons Zhu Xiong and Zhu Sun both carried on their father's foundation and established themselves through loyalty and righteousness. The earlier killing of the Younger Princess was contrived by the Elder Princess, yet the Emperor did not look further into the whole matter but promptly killed Zhu Xiong and Zhu Sun, and remonstrance was not heeded. There was no one among his subordinates who did not hold his breath. The Emperor had more than three hundred small boats built in the palace and decorated with gold and silver, and the craftsmen worked day and night without rest. The Minister of Ceremonies Quan Shang, whose family had received favor for generations, could not control his kinsmen, and Quan Duan and others abandoned their city and went over to Wei.

朱據先帝舊臣，子男熊、損皆承父之基，以忠義自立，昔殺小主。自是大主所創，帝不復精其本末，便殺熊、損，諫不見用。諸下莫不側息。帝於宮中作小船三百餘艘，成以金銀，師工晝夜不息。太常全尚，累世受恩，不能督諸宗親，而全端等委城就魏。

Quan Shang held an excessively weighty position, yet never said a single word to remonstrate with His Majesty; instead he kept in contact with the enemy and had news of the state passed to them, and I feared he would surely topple and endanger the altars of the state. Examining the old statutes, I find that the mandate has gathered upon you, Great King. Accordingly, on the twenty-seventh day of this month, I seized Quan Shang and beheaded Liu Cheng. The Emperor has been made King of Kuaiji, and I have sent Sun Kai to respectfully welcome you. The hundred officials look up to you in eager expectation, standing by the roadside to await you.”

尚位過重，曾無一言以諫陛下，而與敵往來，使傳國消息，懼必傾危社稷。推案舊典，運集大王，輒以今月二十七日擒尚斬承。以帝為會稽王，遣楷奉迎。百寮喁喁。立住道側。

Sun Chen sent General Sun Dan to escort Sun Liang to his fief, moved Quan Shang to Lingling, and moved the princess to Yuzhang. Sun Chen's arrogance overflowed ever more, and he treated the people and the spirits with contempt: he burned the temple of Wu Zixu at the head of the Great Bridge, tore down Buddhist shrines, and beheaded monks. After Sun Xiu took the throne, Sun Chen styled himself a subject of the grass and weeds and went to the palace gate to submit a letter, saying, “Prostrate, I examine myself: my talents are not fit to govern the state, yet through the bond of close kinship I rose to the highest rank a subject can hold. I have ruined the brocade and wrecked the carriage, my crimes have become manifest, and reflecting on my faults and failings I am anxious and fearful day and night.

綝遣將軍孫耽送亮之國，徙尚於零陵，遷公主於豫章。綝意彌溢，侮慢民神，遂燒大橋頭伍子胥廟，又壞浮屠祠，斬道人。休既即位，稱草莽臣。詣闕上書曰：「臣伏自省，才非幹國，因緣肺腑，位極人臣，傷錦敗駕，罪負彰露，尋愆惟闕，夙夜憂懼。

I have heard that Heaven's mandate cannot be relied upon and always goes to the virtuous; thus when Kings You and Li lost their way, King Xuan of Zhou restored the dynasty. Your Majesty, with sage virtue, has succeeded to the great line and ought to obtain good ministers to bring about harmony and radiance; even Yao in his glory still sought the assistance of Ji and Xie to perfect his enlightened and sage virtue. The ancients had a saying: ‘Put forth your strength and take your place in the ranks; if you cannot, stop.’ Although I have exerted myself to the utmost, I have been of no benefit to the affairs of government. I respectfully return my seal and ribbon, tally and axe, and retire to my fields and village to make way for the worthy.”

臣聞天命棐諶，必就有德，是以幽、厲失度，周宣中興，陛下聖德，纂承大統，宜得良輔；以協雍熙，雖堯之盛，猶求稷契之佐；以協明聖之德。古人有言：『陳力就列，不能者止。』臣雖自展竭，無益庶政，謹上印綬節鉞，退還田里，以避賢路。」

Sun Xiu received him in audience and comforted and reassured him. He also issued an edict saying, “Lacking in virtue, We were guarding a frontier fief outside when this turn of events came, and the lords, ministers and officers came to Our person so that We might serve the ancestral temple. We are therefore filled with trepidation, as though crossing an abyss or treading on ice. The Grand General conceived a loyal plan from within, upheld what was in danger and steadied what was toppling, and brought peace and security to the altars of the state; his merit shines brightly. In the past, when Emperor Xiao Xuan of Han ascended the throne, Huo Guang was honored and exalted; to praise virtue and reward merit is a principle common to past and present.

休引見慰喻。又下詔曰：「朕以不德，守藩於外，值茲際會，群公卿士，暨於朕躬，以奉宗廟。朕用憮然，若涉淵冰。大將軍忠計內發，扶危定傾，安康社稷，功勳赫然。昔漢孝宣踐阼，霍光尊顯，褒德賞功，古今之通義也。

Let the Grand General be made Chancellor and Imperial Protector of Jing Province, with five counties as his fief.” Sun En became Imperial Counselor and General of the Guards, and Sun Ju General of the Right, both as marquises of counties. Sun Gan became a general of miscellaneous title and a village marquis, and Sun Kai was also enfeoffed as a village marquis. Sun Chen's single household held five marquisates, all commanding the palace troops, and their power overshadowed the ruler—something never before seen among the court ministers of the state of Wu.

其以大將軍為丞相、荊州牧，食五縣。」恩為御史大夫、衛將軍，據右將軍。皆縣侯。幹雜號將軍、亭侯。闓亦封亭侯。綝一門五侯，皆典禁兵，權傾人主，自吳國朝臣未嘗有也。

Sun Chen brought beef and wine to present to Sun Xiu, but Sun Xiu would not accept them, so he took them to the General of the Left Zhang Bu. When they were well into their cups, he voiced his resentment, saying, “When the young ruler was deposed, many urged me to take the throne myself. I welcomed His Majesty because I considered him worthy and wise. The Emperor would not have been enthroned but for me, yet now my gift is refused—this treats me no differently from an ordinary subject. I shall have to change my plans again.” Zhang Bu reported these words to Sun Xiu. Sun Xiu harbored resentment, but fearing a revolt, he repeatedly bestowed rewards on Sun Chen and also granted Sun En the additional favor of the post of Palace Attendant, to share the review of documents with Sun Chen.

綝奉牛酒詣休，休不受，齎詣左將軍張布。酒酣，出怨言曰：「初廢少主時，多勸吾自為之者。吾以陛下賢明，故迎之。帝非我不立，今上禮見拒，是與凡臣無異，當復改圖耳。」布以言聞休，休銜之。恐其有變，數加賞賜，又復加恩侍中，與綝分省文書。

Someone reported that Sun Chen harbored resentment, treated the sovereign with contempt and was planning to rebel; Sun Xiu arrested the informer and handed him over to Sun Chen, who killed him. Sun Chen grew still more afraid because of this, and through Meng Zong he asked to go out and garrison Wuchang. Sun Xiu granted it, ordering all of the more than ten thousand elite troops of the central camp under Sun Chen's command to pack and load their gear, and having all the weapons Sun Chen took from the arsenal issued to him. General Wei Miao advised Sun Xiu, “If Sun Chen is stationed outside the capital, there will surely be a revolt.” Shi Shuo, a soldier of the Martial Guard, also reported that “there are signs that Sun Chen intends to rebel.” Sun Xiu secretly consulted Zhang Bu, and Zhang Bu plotted with Ding Feng to kill Sun Chen at a gathering.

或有告綝懷怨侮上欲圖反者，休執以付綝，綝殺之。由是愈懼，因孟宗求出屯武昌，休許焉，盡敕所督中營精兵萬餘人，皆令裝載，所取武庫兵器，咸令給與。¹將軍魏邈說休曰「綝居外必有變」，武衛士施朔又告「綝欲反有徵」休密問張布，布與丁奉謀於會殺綝。

On the dingmao day of the twelfth month of the first year of Yong'an, a rumor spread in Jianye that there would be a revolt at the next day's gathering. Sun Chen heard it and was displeased. That night a great wind uprooted trees and whipped up sand, and Sun Chen grew still more afraid. At the La festival gathering on the wuchen day, Sun Chen claimed to be ill. Sun Xiu pressed him to come, sending more than ten envoys. Sun Chen had no choice and was about to go in, but his followers tried to stop him. Sun Chen said, “The state has sent orders repeatedly; I cannot decline. Have the troops ready in advance, and have a fire set inside my residence; with that as a pretext I will be able to come back quickly.”

永安元年十二月丁卯，建業中謠言明會有變。綝聞之，不悅。夜大風發木揚沙，綝益恐。戊辰臘會，綝稱疾。休強起之，使者十餘輩。綝不得已，將入，眾止焉。綝曰：「國家屢有命，不可辭。可豫整兵，令府內起火，因是可得速還。」

So he went in. Soon a fire broke out, and Sun Chen asked to leave. Sun Xiu said, “There are plenty of troops outside; there is no need to trouble the Chancellor.” As Sun Chen rose and left his seat, Ding Feng and Zhang Bu signaled with their eyes to the attendants, who bound him. Sun Chen knocked his head on the ground and said, “I beg to be banished to Jiao Province.” Sun Xiu said, “Why did you not banish Teng Yin and Lü Ju?” Sun Chen said again, “I beg to be made a government slave.” Sun Xiu said, “Why did you not make Teng Yin and Lü Ju slaves!” Then he was beheaded. Holding up Sun Chen's head, Sun Xiu ordered his followers, “All who plotted with Sun Chen are pardoned.”

遂入，尋而火起，綝求出，休曰：「外兵自多，不足煩丞相也。」綝起離席，奉、布目左右縛之。綝叩首曰：「願徙交州。」休曰：「卿何以不徙滕胤、呂據？」綝復曰：「願沒為官奴。」休曰：「何不以胤、據為奴乎！」遂斬之。以綝首令其眾曰：「諸與綝同謀皆赦。」

Five thousand men laid down their arms. Sun Kai boarded a boat intending to go north and surrender, but he was pursued and killed. The three sets of kin were exterminated. Sun Jun's coffin was dug up, his seal and ribbon were taken away, and the coffin wood was hacked down before he was reburied, because he had killed Sun Luyu and others.

放仗者五千人。闓乘船欲北降，追殺之。夷三族。發孫峻棺，取其印綬，斲其木而埋之，以殺魯育等故也。

Sun Chen was twenty-eight when he died. Ashamed to be of the same clan as Sun Jun and Sun Chen, Sun Xiu specially struck them from the clan register and referred to them as “the late Jun” and “the late Chen.” Sun Xiu also issued an edict saying, “Zhuge Ke, Teng Yin and Lü Ju were, it seems, cruelly killed by the brothers Sun Jun and Sun Chen though they were guiltless; this is heartbreaking. Let them all be reburied promptly, with sacrifices offered to each. All those who were banished far away through involvement in the affair of Zhuge Ke and the others are to be recalled.”

綝死時年二十八。休恥與峻、綝同族，特除其屬籍，稱之曰故峻、故綝云。休又下詔曰：「諸葛恪、滕胤、呂據蓋以無罪為峻、綝兄弟所見殘害，可為痛心，促皆改葬，各為祭奠。其罹恪等事見遠徙者，一切召還。」

Puyang Xing

濮陽興

Puyang Xing, courtesy name Ziyuan, was a man of Chenliu. His father, Puyang Yi, fled the disorder at the end of the Han to the region east of the Yangtze and rose to Prefect of Changsha. Puyang Xing had a reputation as a scholar from his youth. In Sun Quan's time he was appointed Magistrate of Shangyu and was gradually promoted to Director of the Left Bureau of the Masters of Writing; as General of the Household of the Five Offices he went as envoy to Shu, and on his return became Prefect of Kuaiji. At that time Sun Xiu, King of Langya, was living in Kuaiji, and Puyang Xing formed a close bond with him. When Sun Xiu took the throne, he summoned Puyang Xing and made him Minister of Ceremonies and General of the Guards, to take part in deciding military and state affairs, and enfeoffed him as Marquis of Waihuang.

濮陽興字子元，陳留人也。父逸，漢末避亂江東，官至長沙太守。¹興少有士名，孫權時除上虞令，稍遷至尚書左曹，以五官中郎將使蜀，還為會稽太守。時琅邪王休居會稽，興深與相結。及休即位，徵興為太常衛將軍、平軍國事，封外黃侯。

In the third year of Yong'an, the Commandant Yan Mi proposed creating lake fields at Danyang and building the Puli dike. An edict called the officials to deliberate, and all held that the work required was great while the fields could not be assured of success; only Puyang Xing thought it could be done. So soldiers and commoners were gathered to set to work; the costs of labor and wages were beyond counting, soldiers died, some even killing themselves, and the common people bitterly resented it. Puyang Xing was promoted to Chancellor and worked hand in glove with Sun Xiu's favorite, the General of the Left Zhang Bu, and the realm lost hope.

永安三年，都尉嚴密建丹楊湖田，作浦里塘。詔百官會議，咸以為用功多而田不保成，唯興以為可成。遂會諸兵民就作，功傭之費不可勝數，士卒死亡，或自賊殺，百姓大怨之。興遷為丞相，與休寵臣左將軍張布共相表裡，邦內失望。

In the seventh month of the seventh year, Sun Xiu passed away. Wan Yu, Superintendent of the Left Army, had long been on good terms with Sun Hao, Marquis of Wucheng, and urged Puyang Xing and Zhang Bu; so Puyang Xing and Zhang Bu set aside Sun Xiu's legitimate son and welcomed Sun Hao to the throne. After Sun Hao ascended the throne, he gave Puyang Xing the additional post of Palace Attendant and made him Imperial Protector of Qing Province. Soon afterward Wan Yu slandered Puyang Xing and Zhang Bu, claiming they regretted what they had done. When they came to court on the first day of the eleventh month, Sun Hao seized the occasion to arrest them and banish them to Guang Province, then had them pursued and killed on the road, and their three sets of kin were exterminated.

七年七月，休薨。左典軍萬彧素與烏程侯孫皓善，乃勸興、布，於是興、布廢休適子而迎立皓。皓既踐阼，加興侍中，領青州牧。俄彧譖興、布追悔前事。十一月朔入朝，皓因收興、布，徙廣州，道追殺之，夷三族。

Appraisal

評

Appraisal: Zhuge Ke's talent, spirit, competence and strategy were praised by the people of the state. Yet one who is arrogant and mean has nothing worth seeing even if he were the Duke of Zhou—how much more so Zhuge Ke? Boastful of himself and overbearing to others, how could he avoid ruin! Had he practiced in person what he wrote in his letters to Lu Xun and to his younger brother Zhuge Rong, regret and shame would not have come to him, so how could there have been any fault or disaster? Teng Yin strictly cultivated the integrity of a gentleman and followed the rules and norms, yet he still kept his high position in the time of Sun Jun—by the logic of things he was bound to be endangered.

評曰：諸葛恪才氣幹略，邦人所稱，然驕且吝，周公無觀，況在於恪？矜己陵人，能無敗乎！若躬行所與陸遜及弟融之書，則悔吝不至，何尤禍之有哉？滕胤厲修士操，遵蹈規矩，而孫峻之時猶保其貴，必危之理也。

Sun Jun and Sun Chen were vicious upstarts brimming with arrogance and are certainly not worth discussing. Puyang Xing occupied the position of chief minister, yet his thinking did not extend to governing the state; he joined in Zhang Bu's wickedness and accepted Wan Yu's counsel, so it was only fitting that he was executed and his clan exterminated.

峻、綝兇豎盈溢，固無足論者。濮陽興身居宰輔，慮不經國，協張布之邪，納萬彧之說，誅夷其宜矣。