Records of Wei 26: Biographies of Man Chong, Tian Yu, Qian Zhao and Guo Huai

Records of Wei 26: Biographies of Man Chong, Tian Yu, Qian Zhao and Guo Huai

Man Chong

滿寵

Man Chong, courtesy name Boning, was a man of Changyi in Shanyang. At eighteen he became Investigator of his commandery. At that time Li Shuo and others in the commandery each kept private troops and did harm to the common people, and the Prefect sent Man Chong to bring them to order. Li Shuo and the others begged pardon for their crimes and plundered no more. He served as acting Magistrate of Gaoping. A man of that county, Zhang Bao, was Investigator of the commandery; he was greedy and corrupt, took bribes, and disrupted the conduct of government. Taking advantage of Zhang Bao's stay at the post-station lodge, Man Chong led his clerks and soldiers out to arrest him, confronted him with his offenses, and had him interrogated to death that same day; then he abandoned his office and went home.

滿寵字伯寧，山陽昌邑人也。年十八，爲郡督郵。時郡內李朔等各擁部曲，害于平民，太守使寵糾焉。朔等請罪，不復鈔略。守高平令。縣人張苞爲郡督郵，貪穢受取，干亂吏政。寵因其來在傳舍，率吏卒出收之，詰責所犯，即日考竟，遂棄官歸。

When Taizu took charge of Yan Province, he summoned him as an Attendant Officer. When Taizu became Grand General, he summoned him, appointed him Clerk of the Western Bureau, and made him Magistrate of Xu. At that time Cao Hong, as a kinsman of the imperial clan, was highly honored, and a retainer of his within the county repeatedly broke the law. Man Chong arrested him and brought him to justice. Cao Hong wrote to Man Chong, but Man Chong would not heed him. Cao Hong reported it to Taizu, and Taizu summoned the officials in charge at Xu. Knowing that Taizu meant to pardon the man, Man Chong quickly had him put to death. Taizu was pleased and said, “Is this not just how one who handles affairs ought to act?” When the former Grand Commandant Yang Biao was arrested and handed over to the county prison, the Director of the Secretariat Xun Yu, the Privy Treasurer Kong Rong, and others all urged Man Chong, “Just take his statement; do not put him to torture.”

太祖臨兖州，辟爲從事。及爲大將軍，辟署西曹屬，爲許令。時曹洪宗室親貴，有賔客在界，數犯法，寵收治之。洪書報寵，寵不聽。洪白太祖，太祖召許主者。寵知將欲原，乃速殺之。太祖喜曰：「當事不當耳邪？」故太尉楊彪收付縣獄，尚書令荀彧、少府孔融等並屬寵：「但當受辭，勿加考掠。」

Man Chong gave no reply at all and conducted the interrogation according to law. After several days he asked to see Taizu and said, “Yang Biao has been interrogated and has made no statement of any other matter. One who is to be executed should first have his crime made plain. This man is renowned throughout the land; if his crime is not made clear, you will surely lose much of the people's trust. I humbly regret this on your behalf, my enlightened lord.” That same day Taizu pardoned Yang Biao and released him. At first, when Xun Yu and Kong Rong heard that Yang Biao had been put to torture, they were both angry; but when the matter was settled through this, they thought all the better of Man Chong.

寵一無所報，考訊如法。數日，求見太祖，言之曰：「楊彪考訊無他辭語。當殺者宜先彰其罪；此人有名海內，若罪不明，必大失民望，竊爲明公惜之。」太祖即日赦出彪。初，彧、融聞考掠彪，皆怒，及因此得了，更善寵。¹

At that time Yuan Shao was powerful north of the Yellow River, and Runan was Yuan Shao's home commandery; his disciples and retainers were spread through its counties, holding troops and resisting. Taizu was troubled by this and made Man Chong Prefect of Runan. Man Chong recruited five hundred men who would follow him, led them to attack and take more than twenty fortified camps, and lured the chieftains who had not yet surrendered, killing more than ten of them where they sat; all at once the whole region was pacified. He gained twenty thousand households and two thousand soldiers, and set them to work on the land.

時袁紹盛於河朔，而汝南紹之本郡，門生賔客布在諸縣，擁兵拒守。太祖憂之，以寵爲汝南太守。寵募其服從者五百人，率攻下二十餘壁，誘其未降渠帥，於坐上殺十餘人，一時皆平。得戶二萬，兵二千人，令就田業。

In the thirteenth year of Jian'an he followed Taizu on the campaign against Jing Province. When the main army returned, Man Chong was left behind as acting General Who Displays Might, garrisoned at Dangyang. Since Sun Quan repeatedly harried the eastern frontier, Man Chong was recalled to be Prefect of Runan once more and was granted the rank of Marquis Within the Passes. When Guan Yu besieged Xiangyang, Man Chong assisted the General Who Conquers the South, Cao Ren, in holding Fancheng against him, while the army of the General of the Left Yu Jin and others was overwhelmed by Guan Yu when the waters rose in the long rains. Guan Yu pressed his attack on Fancheng; flooded, Fancheng's walls crumbled in places, and everyone blanched.

建安十三年，從太祖征荊州。大軍還，留寵行奮威將軍，屯當陽。孫權數擾東陲，復召寵還爲汝南太守，賜爵關內侯。關羽圍襄陽，寵助征南將軍曹仁屯樊城拒之，而左將軍于禁等軍以霖雨水長爲羽所沒。羽急攻樊城，樊城得水，往往崩壞，衆皆失色。

Someone said to Cao Ren, “Today's danger is beyond what strength can withstand. While Guan Yu's encirclement is not yet complete, we can board light boats and flee by night; though we lose the city, we may still save ourselves.” Man Chong said, “Mountain floods are swift and violent; we may hope this will not last long. I hear that Guan Yu has sent a detached general who is already near Jia, and south of Xu the people are in turmoil. The only reason Guan Yu dares not advance at once is that he fears our army will strike at his rear. If we flee now, everything south of the great river will no longer belong to the state. You should wait it out.”

或謂仁曰：「今日之危，非力所支。可及羽圍未合，乘輕船夜走，雖失城，尚可全身。」寵曰：「山水速疾，冀其不久。聞羽遣別將已在郟下，自許以南，百姓擾擾，羽所以不敢遂進者，恐吾軍掎其後耳。今若遁去，洪河以南，非復國家有也；君宜待之。」

Cao Ren said, “Good.” Man Chong then sank a white horse in the water and swore an oath with the troops. Just then Xu Huang and others arrived with relief; Man Chong fought hard and won merit, and Guan Yu at last withdrew. He was advanced in fief to Village Marquis of Anchang. When Emperor Wen took the throne as King, Man Chong was transferred to General Who Spreads Martial Might. For his merit in defeating Wu at Jiangling he was further appointed General Who Calms the Waves and garrisoned Xinye. When the main army campaigned south and reached Jinghu, Man Chong led the armies in the van and faced the enemy across the water. He ordered his generals, “Tonight the wind is very fierce; the enemy will surely come to set fire to our camp. We must be prepared for it.”

仁曰：「善。」寵乃沈白馬，與軍人盟誓。會徐晃等救至，寵力戰有功，羽遂退。進封安昌亭侯。文帝即王位，遷揚武將軍。破吳於江陵有功，更拜伏波將軍，屯新野。大軍南征，到精湖，寵帥諸軍在前，與賊隔水相對。寵勑諸將曰：「今夕風甚猛，賊必來燒軍，宜爲其備。」

The armies were all on alert. At midnight the enemy did indeed send ten detachments under cover of night to set fires, and Man Chong fell upon them and routed them. He was advanced in fief to Marquis of Nanxiang. In the third year of Huangchu, Man Chong was granted the Staff of Authority and the battle-axe. In the fifth year he was appointed General of the Van.

諸軍皆警。夜半，賊果遣十部伏夜來燒，寵掩擊破之，進封南鄉侯。黃初三年，假寵節鉞。五年，拜前將軍。

When Emperor Ming took the throne, Man Chong was advanced in fief to Marquis of Changyi. In the second year of Taihe he took concurrent charge as Inspector of Yu Province. In the spring of the third year, deserters reported that Wu was making great preparations and giving out that it would go hunting north of the Yangzi, and that Sun Quan meant to come out in person. Man Chong judged that he would surely strike at Xiyang and prepared for it; Sun Quan heard of this and withdrew. In autumn, Cao Xiu was sent from Lujiang southward into Hefei, and Man Chong was ordered toward Xiakou. Man Chong submitted a memorial: “Although Cao Xiu is clear-sighted and decisive, he has seldom commanded troops. The route he is now taking has lakes at its back and runs along the river; it is easy to advance on and hard to retreat from. This is what in war is called sunken ground.

明帝即位，進封昌邑侯。太和二年，領豫州刺史。三年春，降人稱吳大嚴，揚聲欲詣江北獵，孫權欲自出。寵度其必襲西陽而爲之備，權聞之，退還。秋，使曹休從廬江南入合肥，令寵向夏口。寵上疏曰：「曹休雖明果而希用兵，今所從道，背湖旁江，易進難退，此兵之窪地也。

If he goes in by Wuqiangkou, deep precautions must be taken.” Before any reply came to Man Chong's memorial, Cao Xiu pushed deep into enemy territory. The enemy did indeed come out from Wuqiangkou, cut off Jiashi, and blocked Cao Xiu's way home. Cao Xiu fought without success and retreated. Just then Zhu Ling and others came up from behind to cut the road and ran into the enemy; the enemy fled in alarm, and only then could Cao Xiu's army return. That year Cao Xiu died, and Man Chong, as General of the Van, replaced him in command of all military affairs in Yang Province. The soldiers and people of Runan, longing for him, came after him along the roads, young and old together, and could not be stopped.

若入無彊口，宜深爲之備。」寵表未報，休遂深入。賊果從無彊口斷夾石，要休還路。休戰不利，退走。會朱靈等從後來斷道，與賊相遇。賊驚走，休軍乃得還。是歲休薨，寵以前將軍代都督揚州諸軍事。汝南兵民戀慕，大小相率，奔隨道路，不可禁止。

The Protector of the Army submitted a memorial proposing to execute their ringleaders. An edict allowed Man Chong to take a thousand of them along as his personal troops, and no questions at all were asked of the rest. In the fourth year Man Chong was appointed General Who Conquers the East. That winter, Sun Quan gave out that he would come to Hefei, and Man Chong memorialized to summon the armies of Yan and Yu Provinces, which all assembled. The enemy soon withdrew, and an edict came ordering the troops disbanded. Man Chong judged that for the enemy to set out in force and then turn back was not their true intention; they surely meant to feign a retreat so that we would disband our troops, then turn back, exploit the gap, and strike where we were unprepared. He memorialized and did not disband the troops.

護軍表上，欲殺其爲首者。詔使寵將親兵千人自隨，其餘一無所問。四年，拜寵征東將軍。其冬，孫權揚聲欲至合肥，寵表召兖、豫諸軍，皆集。賊尋退還，被詔罷兵。寵以爲今賊大舉而還，非本意也，此必欲僞退以罷吾兵，而倒還乘虛，掩不備也，表不罷兵。

More than ten days later Sun Quan did indeed come again and reached the city of Hefei, but failed to take it and went back. The following year the Wu general Sun Bu sent a man to Yang Province asking to surrender, saying, “The road is long and I cannot come by myself; I beg you to send troops to meet me.” The Inspector Wang Ling forwarded Sun Bu's letter and asked for troops and horses to meet him. Man Chong judged that it must be a trick; he would not give troops, and wrote a reply saying: “That you know right from wrong, and wish to avoid disaster and turn to what is proper, to leave tyranny and return to the Way, is most commendable.

後十餘日，權果更來，到合肥城，不克而還。其明年，吳將孫布遣人詣揚州求降，辭云：「道遠不能自致，乞兵見迎。」刺史王淩騰布書，請兵馬迎之。寵以爲必詐，不與兵，而作報書曰：「知識邪正，欲避禍就順，去暴歸道，甚相嘉尚。

Now I would send troops to meet you, but I reckon that too few would not suffice to protect you, while too many would surely make the affair known far and wide. First lay your plans in secret to accomplish your purpose, and when the time comes, act as circumstances require.” Just then Man Chong received a summons to go to court, and he instructed the Chief Clerk remaining at headquarters, “If Wang Ling wants to go and meet them, do not give him troops.” Afterwards Wang Ling asked for troops and could not get them, so he sent a single commander on his own with seven hundred infantry and cavalry to meet Sun Bu. Sun Bu attacked them by surprise at night; the commander fled in disarray, and more than half his men were killed or wounded.

今欲遣兵相迎，然計兵少則不足相衞，多則事必遠聞。且先密計以成本志，臨時節度其宜。」寵會被書當入朝，勑留府長史：「若淩欲往迎，勿與兵也。」淩於後索兵不得，乃單遣一督將步騎七百人往迎之。布夜掩擊，督將迸走，死傷過半。

Earlier, Man Chong had served alongside Wang Ling without getting along, and Wang Ling's partisans slandered Man Chong as worn out with age and muddled; that was why Emperor Ming summoned him. When he arrived, he proved hale and vigorous in body, and after seeing him the Emperor sent him back. Man Chong repeatedly memorialized asking to stay, and an edict replied, “Of old, Lian Po forced himself to eat heartily, and Ma Yuan sprang into the saddle. Now you are not old, yet call yourself old—how contrary to Lian Po and Ma Yuan! Think of securing the frontier and bringing benefit to the Central States.” The next year the Wu general Lu Xun headed for Lujiang, and those who deliberated held that they should hurry to its relief.

初，寵與淩共事不平，淩支黨毀寵疲老悖謬，故明帝召之。旣至，體氣康彊，見而遣還。¹寵屢表求留，詔報曰：「昔廉頗彊食，馬援據鞌，今君未老而自謂已老，何與廉、馬之相背邪？其思安邊境，惠此中國。」明年，吳將陸遜向廬江，論者以爲宜速赴之。

Man Chong said, “Although Lujiang is small, its general is tough and its troops are picked; if they hold out, they can last for some time. Moreover, the enemy has left his boats and come two hundred li, leaving his rear exposed. We should even be trying to lure him in; for now we should let him keep advancing. My only fear is that he will flee before we can catch him.” He put his army in order and hastened to Yangyikou. Hearing that a great army was coming down eastward, the enemy fled that very night. At that time Sun Quan made plans to come every year.

寵曰：「廬江雖小，將勁兵精，守則經時。又賊舍船二百里來，後尾空縣，尚欲誘致，今宜聽其遂進，但恐走不可及耳。」整軍趨楊宜口。賊聞大兵東下，即夜遁。時權歲有來計。

In the first year of Qinglong, Man Chong submitted a memorial: “The city of Hefei borders the river and lakes to the south and lies far from Shouchun to the north. When the enemy besieges it, he can draw strength from the water; when government troops go to its relief, they must first defeat the enemy's main force before the siege can be lifted. It is very easy for the enemy to get there and very hard for our troops to come to its rescue. We should move the troops out of the city. Thirty li to its west there is a place of remarkable natural strength that can be relied upon; a new city should be built there and firmly held. This would draw the enemy onto level ground and let us threaten his line of retreat; as a plan, it is advantageous.”

青龍元年，寵上疏曰：「合肥城南臨江湖，北遠壽春，賊攻圍之，得據水爲勢；官兵救之，當先破賊大輩，然後圍乃得解。賊往甚易，而兵往救之甚難，宜移城內之兵，其西三十里，有奇險可依，更立城以固守，此爲引賊平地而掎其歸路，於計爲便。」

The General Protector of the Army Jiang Ji argued, “This would display weakness to the whole realm; and to tear down a city at the mere sight of the enemy's smoke and fires would be to fall before being attacked. Once it came to this, there would be no end to the raiding, and we would have to make north of the Huai our line of defense.” The Emperor did not approve. Man Chong memorialized again: “Sunzi said that war is the way of deception. Therefore when capable, one appears weak and incapable; one makes the enemy arrogant with gain and shows him a face of fear. That is to say, outward form and reality need not correspond.

護軍將軍蔣濟議，以爲：「旣示天下以弱，且望賊煙火而壞城，此爲未攻而自拔。一至於此，劫略無限，必以淮北爲守。」帝未許。寵重表曰：「孫子言，兵者，詭道也。故能而示之以弱不能，驕之以利，示之以懾。此爲形實不必相應也。

He also said, ‘One who is skilled at moving the enemy shows him a form.’ Now, to move the city back inland before the enemy arrives—this is what is called showing a form to lure him. We draw the enemy far from the water, choose our advantage and act; if success is won outside, good fortune will arise within.” The Master of Writing Zhao Zi judged Man Chong's plan superior, and an edict at last gave approval. That year Sun Quan came out in person intending to besiege the New City, but because it was far from the water, for twenty days he dared not leave his boats. Man Chong said to his generals, “Sun Quan, having learned that we moved the city, must have boasted among his followers. Now he has come in force hoping for a quick success; though he dares not come up to the city, he is sure to land and parade his troops to show that he has strength to spare.”

又曰『善動敵者形之』。今賊未至而移城却內，此所謂形而誘之也。引賊遠水，擇利而動，舉得於外，則福生於內矣。」尚書趙咨以寵策爲長，詔遂報聽。其年，權自出，欲圍新城，以其遠水，積二十日不敢下舡。寵謂諸將曰：「權得吾移城，必於其衆中有自大之言，今大舉來欲要一切之功，雖不敢至，必當上岸耀兵以示有餘。」

So he secretly sent six thousand infantry and cavalry to lie in ambush at a hidden spot near Feicheng and wait. Sun Quan did indeed land and parade his troops, and Man Chong's ambush rose up suddenly and struck them, taking several hundred heads; some leapt into the water and drowned. The next year Sun Quan, leading his troops in person and claiming a hundred thousand, came to the New City of Hefei. Man Chong galloped to its aid. He recruited several dozen stout men, who broke off pine branches to make torches, soaked them in hemp oil, and set fires from upwind, burning the enemy's siege engines; and they shot dead Sun Tai, the son of Sun Quan's younger brother.

乃潛遣步騎六千，伏肥城隱處以待之。權果上岸耀兵，寵伏軍卒起擊之，斬首數百，或有赴水死者。明年，權自將號十萬，至合肥新城。寵馳往赴，募壯士數十人，折松爲炬，灌以麻油，從上風放火，燒賊攻具，射殺權弟子孫泰。

At this the enemy withdrew. In the spring of the third year, Sun Quan sent several thousand households of soldiers to farm north of the Yangzi. By the eighth month Man Chong reckoned that, with the fields nearly ready for harvest, men and women were spread across the countryside, and the garrison troops guarding the farms were in places several hundred li from the cities, so they could be taken by surprise. He sent his Chief Clerk leading three armies eastward down the river; they smashed the farming garrisons, burned the grain, and came back. An edict commended this, and all that was captured was given as rewards to the officers and men.

賊於是引退。三年春，權遣兵數千家佃於江北。至八月，寵以爲田向收孰，男女布野，其屯衞兵去城遠者數百里，可掩擊也。遣長史督三軍循江東下，摧破諸屯，焚燒穀物而還。詔羙之，因以所獲盡爲將士賞。

In the second year of Jingchu, because of his age, Man Chong was summoned back and promoted to Grand Commandant. Man Chong did not build up property, and his household had no wealth to spare. An edict said, “You held command of troops in the field and devoted yourself wholly to the concerns of the state; you have the spirit of Xingfu and Zhai Zun. We grant you ten qing of fields, five hundred hu of grain, and two hundred thousand cash, to make manifest your integrity of purity, loyalty, frugality, and restraint.” Over the years Man Chong's fief was increased to a total of nine thousand six hundred households, and two of his sons and grandsons were enfeoffed as village marquises.

景初二年，以寵年老徵還，遷爲太尉。寵不治產業，家無餘財。詔曰：「君典兵在外，專心憂公，有行父、祭遵之風。賜田十頃，糓五百斛，錢二十萬，以明清忠儉約之節焉。」寵前後增邑，凡九千六百戶，封子孫二人亭侯。

He died in the third year of Zhengshi and was posthumously titled Marquis Jing. His son Man Wei succeeded him. Man Wei was known for his character and bearing, and rose to be Commandant of the Guards.

正始三年薨，謚曰景侯。子偉嗣。偉以格度知名，官至衞尉。¹

Tian Yu

田豫

Tian Yu, courtesy name Guorang, was a man of Yongnu in Yuyang. When Liu Bei fled to Gongsun Zan, Tian Yu, who was young at the time, attached himself to Liu Bei, and Liu Bei thought him quite remarkable. When Liu Bei became Inspector of Yu Province, Tian Yu asked to go home because his mother was old. Liu Bei wept as they parted and said, “I regret that I cannot accomplish great things together with you.”

田豫字國讓，漁陽雍奴人也。劉備之奔公孫瓚也，豫時年少，自託於備，備甚奇之。備爲豫州刺史，豫以母老求歸，備涕泣與別，曰：「恨不與君共成大事也。」

Gongsun Zan had Tian Yu serve as Magistrate of Dongzhou. Gongsun Zan's officer Wang Men rebelled against Gongsun Zan and, on Yuan Shao's behalf, came to attack with more than ten thousand men. The people were afraid and wanted to surrender. Tian Yu mounted the wall and said to Wang Men, “You were treated generously by Lord Gongsun and yet left him; I supposed you had reasons that could not be helped. But now you return as a bandit, and I know you for a man of disorder. Even one with only the wit to carry a water jar does not lend out the vessel in his keeping. I have already taken charge of this place; why not attack at once?” Wang Men withdrew in shame.

公孫瓚使豫守東州令，瓚將王門叛瓚，爲袁紹將萬餘人來攻。衆懼欲降。豫登城謂門曰：「卿爲公孫所厚而去，意有所不得已也；今還作賊，乃知卿亂人耳。夫挈瓶之智，守不假器，吾旣受之矣；何不急攻乎？」門慙而退。

Although Gongsun Zan knew that Tian Yu was resourceful in strategy, he could not make proper use of him. After Gongsun Zan was defeated, Xianyu Fu was put forward by the people of the region and served as acting Prefect; having long been on good terms with Tian Yu, he made him his Chief Clerk. At that time heroes were rising on all sides, and Xianyu Fu did not know whom to follow. Tian Yu said to Xianyu Fu, “The one who will in the end bring the realm under control is surely the House of Cao. You should submit quickly; do not delay until disaster comes.” Xianyu Fu followed his plan and thereby received enfeoffment and favor. Taizu summoned Tian Yu to be Army Planning Clerk to the Chancellor and appointed him Magistrate of Yingyin and of Langling, then promoted him to Prefect of Yiyang; wherever he served there was good government.

瓚雖知豫有權謀而不能任也。瓚敗而鮮于輔爲國人所推，行太守事，素善豫，以爲長史。時雄傑並起，輔莫知所從。豫謂輔曰：「終能定天下者，必曹氏也。宜速歸命，無後禍期。」輔從其計，用受封寵。太祖召豫爲丞相軍謀掾，除頴陰、朗陵令，遷弋陽太守，所在有治。

When Cao Zhang, Marquis of Yanling, campaigned against Dai Commandery, he made Tian Yu his Chancellor. When the army halted north of the Yi River, the barbarians attacked from a cavalry ambush; the troops fell into confusion and did not know what to do. Making use of the lie of the land, Tian Yu turned the carts around to form a circular formation, with bows and crossbows fully drawn within, and filled the gaps with decoy troops. The Hu could not advance and scattered. Pursuing them, the army routed them and went on to pacify Dai; all of this was Tian Yu's strategy.

鄢陵侯彰征代郡，以豫爲相。軍次易北，虜伏騎擊之，軍人擾亂，莫知所爲。豫因地形，回車結圜陣，弓弩持滿於內，疑兵塞其隙。胡不能進，散去。追擊，大破之，遂前平代，皆豫策也。

He was transferred to Prefect of Nanyang. Before this, a man of the commandery named Hou Yin had rebelled, and a following of several thousand had become bandits in the mountains, a great bane to the commandery. The previous Prefect had seized more than five hundred of their associates and memorialized that all deserved death. Tian Yu saw all the prisoners, comforted and admonished them, opened for them the road to a new start, and at once broke their fetters and sent them away. The prisoners all kowtowed and asked to prove their worth; they spread the word among themselves, and in a single morning the bandit bands dispersed, and the commandery was clean and quiet. He reported the whole matter in detail, and Taizu approved of it.

遷南陽太守。先時，郡人侯音反，衆數千人在山中爲群盜，大爲郡患。前太守收其黨與五百餘人，表奏皆當死。豫悉見諸繫囚，慰喻，開其自新之路，一時破械遣之。諸囚皆叩頭，願自效，即相告語，群賊一朝解散，郡內清靜。具以狀上，太祖善之。

Early in the reign of Emperor Wen, the northern barbarians were strong and raided the frontier, so Tian Yu was made Colonel Protector of the Wuhuan, bearing the Staff of Authority, while Qian Zhao and Xie Jun jointly served as protectors of the Xianbei. From Gaoliu eastward to the Huimo westward there were several dozen Xianbei tribes, whose lands were divided among Bineng, Mijia, and Suli, each with its own borders. They swore a pact together that none would trade horses with the Central States. Tian Yu judged that the barbarians' unity was not in the interest of the Central States, so he first worked to divide them, making them enemies of one another so that they attacked each other.

文帝初，北狄彊盛，侵擾邊塞，乃使豫持節護烏丸校尉，牽招、解儁并護鮮卑。自高柳以東，濊貊以西，鮮卑數十部，比能、彌加、素利割地統御，各有分界；乃共誓要，皆不得以馬與中國市。豫以戎狄爲一，非中國之利，乃先搆離之，使自爲讎敵，互相攻伐。

Suli broke the pact and delivered a thousand horses to the government, and when he was attacked by Bineng he asked Tian Yu for help. Tian Yu feared that if one swallowed the other, the harm would only grow deeper; he thought it right to rescue the good and punish the wicked, to show good faith to all the barbarians. Leading picked troops alone, he pushed deep into the enemy's home ground; the Hu came in great numbers, raiding the front and rear of his army and cutting off his way back. Tian Yu then advanced and made a fortified camp a little more than ten li from the enemy, gathered a great deal of cattle and horse dung and set it burning, and led his troops away by another road.

素利違盟，出馬千匹與官，爲比能所攻，求救於豫。豫恐遂相兼并，爲害滋深，宜救善討惡，示信衆狄。單將銳卒，深入虜庭，胡人衆多，鈔軍前後，斷截歸路。豫乃進軍，去虜十餘里結屯營，多聚牛馬糞然之，從他道引去。

The Hu, seeing that the smoke and fire did not die out, thought he was still there; only after he had gone several dozen li did they realize it. They pursued Tian Yu to Macheng and surrounded him ten deep. Tian Yu made secret preparations. He had his Major set up banners, sound the drums and horns, and lead infantry and cavalry out of the south gate, and the Hu all turned their eyes that way and rushed toward it. Tian Yu led his picked troops out of the north gate, rising with drums and war cries; attacking from both ends at once, he caught the enemy off guard. The enemy host scattered in confusion, all abandoning their bows and horses and fleeing on foot. He pursued them for more than twenty li, and the corpses covered the ground.

胡見煙火不絕，以爲尚在，去，行數十里乃知之。追豫到馬城，圍之十重，豫密嚴，使司馬建旌旗，鳴鼓吹，將步騎從南門出，胡人皆屬目往赴之。豫將精銳自北門出，鼓譟而起，兩頭俱發，出虜不意，虜衆散亂，皆棄弓馬步走，追討二十餘里，僵尸蔽地。

Moreover, the Wuhuan king Gujin was fierce, cunning, and disrespectful. Using the occasion of an inspection tour beyond the frontier, Tian Yu entered Gujin's camp with only a hundred or so horsemen of his own command. When Gujin came out to greet him with a bow, he had his attendants behead Gujin, proclaimed his crimes, and issued orders to the host. The host were all terrified and dared not stir, and Tian Yu then installed Gujin's younger brother in his place. From then on the Hu lost their nerve, and his authority shook the desert. The mountain bandit Gao Ai, with several thousand followers, raided and plundered, a bane to You and Ji Provinces; Tian Yu induced Suli's Xianbei tribe to behead Gao Ai, and his head was sent to the capital.

又烏丸王骨進桀黠不恭，豫因出塞案行，單將麾下百餘騎入進部。進逆拜，遂使左右斬進，顯其罪惡以令衆。衆皆怖慴不敢動，便以進弟代進。自是胡人破膽，威震沙漠。山賊高艾，衆數千人，寇鈔，爲幽、冀害，豫誘使鮮卑素利部斬艾，傳首京都。

Tian Yu was enfeoffed as Village Marquis of Changle. In his nine years as Colonel, in managing the barbarians he always crushed and held down any who sought to absorb others, and broke up the strong and cunning. Whenever fugitives and villains made plans for the Hu that went against the government, Tian Yu sowed discord and set them against one another, so that their wicked schemes came to nothing and those who banded together found no peace. Before his work was complete, the partisans of Wang Xiong, Inspector of You Province, wishing to have Wang Xiong take on the post of Colonel of the Wuhuan, slandered Tian Yu as throwing the frontier into disorder and making trouble for the state. So Tian Yu was transferred to Prefect of Runan, with the additional title General Who Exterminates the Barbarians.

封豫長樂亭侯。爲校尉九年，其御夷狄，恒摧抑兼并，乖散彊猾。凡逋亡姦宄，爲胡作計不利官者，豫皆構刺攪離，使凶邪之謀不遂，聚居之類不安。事業未究，而幽州刺史王雄支黨欲令雄領烏丸校尉，毀豫亂邊，爲國生事。遂轉豫爲汝南太守，加殄夷將軍。

At the end of Taihe, Gongsun Yuan rebelled with Liaodong. The Emperor wished to campaign against him but found it hard to choose the man, and the Central Commander of the Army Yang Ji recommended Tian Yu, who was selected. So Tian Yu, keeping his current office, was made to direct the armies of Qing Province, granted the Staff of Authority, and sent to attack him. Just then the Wu rebels sent envoys to ally with Gongsun Yuan; because the enemy were numerous and the sea had to be crossed, the Emperor issued an edict ordering Tian Yu to disband his army. Tian Yu reckoned that the enemy ships were about to return; late in the year the winds were strong, so they would surely fear being swept off course, and since there was no shore to the east to hold to, they would have to make for Chengshan.

太和末，公孫淵以遼東叛，帝欲征之而難其人，中領軍楊曁舉豫應選。¹乃使豫以本官督青州諸軍，假節，往討之。會吳賊遣使與淵相結，帝以賊衆多，又以渡海，詔豫使罷軍。豫度賊船垂還，歲晚風急，必畏漂浪，東隨無岸，當赴成山。

Chengshan had no place to shelter ships, so he at once followed the coast, surveying the terrain and the various hills and islands, blocking the strategic points and stationing troops to hold them. He himself entered Chengshan and climbed the lookout tower of Emperor Wu of Han. As the enemy returned they did indeed meet a violent storm; their ships all struck the rocks and sank, and they were tossed by the waves onto the shore, where they had nowhere to hide, and their whole host was captured. At first the generals had all laughed at waiting for the enemy on empty ground; when the enemy were destroyed, they vied to have a share in the plan and asked to go out to sea to hook in the drifting ships.

成山無藏船之處，輙便循海，案行地形，及諸山島，徼截險要，列兵屯守。自入成山，登漢武之觀。賊還，果遇惡風，船皆觸山沈沒，波蕩著岸，無所逃竄，盡虜其衆。初，諸將皆笑於空地待賊，及賊破，競欲與謀，求入海鉤取浪舡。

Tian Yu, fearing that cornered enemies would fight to the death, refused them all. Earlier, since Tian Yu directed the armies of Qing Province while only a Prefect, Cheng Xi, the Inspector of Qing Province, had inwardly resented it, and in military affairs they were often at cross-purposes. Cheng Xi, knowing that the Emperor treasured bright pearls, secretly reported, “Although Tian Yu has won merit in battle, his discipline is lax; the weapons, pearls, and gold he captured were very many, yet he let them be scattered and turned none of them over to the government.” Because of this his merit was not recorded.

豫懼窮虜死戰，皆不聽。初，豫以太守督青州，青州刺史程喜內懷不服，軍事之際，多相違錯。喜知帝寶愛明珠，乃密上：「豫雖有戰功而禁令寬弛，所得器仗珠金甚多，放散皆不納官。」由是功不見列。

Later, when Sun Quan attacked the New City with a host he claimed was a hundred thousand strong, Man Chong, the General Who Conquers the East, wanted to lead the armies to its relief. Tian Yu said, “The enemy has set out in force with his whole host, not merely aiming at some small gain, but meaning to hold the New City hostage to draw out our main army. We should let him attack the city and blunt his keen edge, and not contend with him head on. If he cannot take the city, his troops are sure to grow weary and slack; attack once they are weary and slack, and we can win a great victory. If the enemy sees through our plan, he surely will not attack the city, and in the nature of things he will leave on his own.

後孫權號十萬衆攻新城，征東將軍滿寵欲率諸軍救之。豫曰：「賊悉衆大舉，非徒投射小利，欲質新城以致大軍耳。宜聽使攻城，挫其銳氣，不當與爭鋒也。城不可拔，衆必罷怠；罷怠然後擊之，可大克也。若賊見計，必不攻城，勢將自走。

If we advance at once, we will walk right into his scheme. Besides, when great armies face each other, we should make ourselves hard to read, not lay out our own plans for him.” Tian Yu promptly submitted his view, and the Emperor followed it. As it happened, the enemy fled. Later, when Wu raided again, Tian Yu went to resist them, and the enemy promptly withdrew. The armies took fright one night, crying, “The enemy is back!” Tian Yu lay in bed without rising and ordered the host, “Anyone who dares move will be beheaded.” After a while, there turned out to be no enemy at all.

若便進兵，適入其計。又大軍相向，當使難知，不當使自畫也。」豫輙上狀，天子從之。會賊遁走。後吳復來寇，豫往拒之，賊即退。諸軍夜驚，云：「賊復來！」豫卧不起，令衆「敢動者斬」。有頃，竟無賊。

At the end of Jingchu his fief was increased by three hundred households, making five hundred with what he had before. At the start of Zhengshi he was transferred to be General of the Household Protector of the Xiongnu, bearing the Staff of Authority, with the added title General Who Spreads Awe, and took charge of Bing Province as its Inspector. The Hu beyond the frontier heard of his awesome name and came one after another to offer tribute. Within the province all was peaceful and orderly, and the people held him dear. He was summoned to be Commandant of the Guards. He repeatedly begged to resign his post, but the Grand Tutor Sima Yi (King Xuan), thinking Tian Yu still hale, wrote to dissuade him and would not allow it. Tian Yu wrote back, “To remain in office past the age of seventy is like travelling on at night without rest after the bell has sounded and the water clock has run out. Such a man is an offender.”

景初末，增邑三百，并前五百戶。正始初，遷使持節護匈奴中郎將，加振威將軍，領并州刺史。外胡聞其威名，相率來獻。州界寧肅，百姓懷之。徵爲衞尉。屢乞遜位，太傅司馬宣王以爲豫克壯，書喻未聽。豫書荅曰：「年過七十而以居位，譬猶鍾鳴漏盡而夜行不休，是罪人也。」

So he firmly claimed to be gravely ill. He was appointed Grand Palace Grandee and drew the salary of a minister. He died at the age of eighty-two. His son Tian Pengzu succeeded him.

遂固稱疾篤。拜太中大夫，食卿祿。年八十二薨。子彭祖嗣。¹

Tian Yu was pure, frugal, and plain in his ways, and he distributed all the rewards and gifts he received among his officers and men. Whenever the Hu and Di sent him private gifts, he recorded them all in a register and deposited them with the government, never taking them into his home, so his household was always poor and in want. Even those of other peoples all esteemed Tian Yu's integrity. In the sixth year of Jiaping an edict was issued praising him, and his family was granted money and grain. The account is in the Biography of Xu Miao.

豫清儉約素，賞賜皆散之將士。每胡、狄私遺，悉簿藏官，不入家；家常貧匱。雖殊類，咸高豫節。¹嘉平六年，下詔襃揚，賜其家錢糓。語在〈徐邈傳〉。

Qian Zhao

牽招

Qian Zhao, courtesy name Zijing, was a man of Guanjin in Anping. At a little over ten years of age he went to study under Yue Yin of the same county. Later, when Yue Yin became Chief Clerk to He Miao, General of Chariots and Cavalry, Qian Zhao went with him and completed his studies. When disorder broke out in the capital and He Miao and Yue Yin were killed, Qian Zhao, together with Yue Yin's disciple Shi Lu and others, braved the sword blades; together they laid out and encoffined Yue Yin's body and escorted the coffin home. On the road they met bandits, and Shi Lu and the others all scattered and fled. The bandits wanted to split open the coffin to take its nails, and Qian Zhao, shedding tears, begged them to spare it. The bandits thought him righteous, let him go, and left. From this he became well known.

牽招字子經，安平觀津人也。年十餘歲，詣同縣樂隱受學。後隱爲車騎將軍何苗長史，招隨卒業。值京都亂，苗、隱見害，招俱與隱門生史路等觸蹈鋒刃，共殯斂隱屍，送喪還歸。道遇寇鈔，路等皆悉散走。賊欲斫棺取釘，招垂淚請赦。賊義之，乃釋而去。由此顯名。

Yuan Shao, Governor of Ji Province, summoned him to be Attendant Officer Supervising the Army and also put him in command of the Wuhuan shock cavalry. When one of Yuan Shao's retainers broke an order, Qian Zhao first beheaded him and only then reported it; Yuan Shao thought his spirit remarkable and did not hold it against him. When Yuan Shao died, he went on to serve Yuan Shao's son Yuan Shang. In the ninth year of Jian'an Taizu besieged Ye. Yuan Shang sent Qian Zhao to Shangdang to oversee the delivery of army grain. Before he returned, Yuan Shang was defeated and fled to Zhongshan. At that time Yuan Shang's cousin Gao Gan was Inspector of Bing Province. Qian Zhao judged that Bing Province had the defensive barrier of Mount Heng on its left and the strong line of the Yellow River on its right, fifty thousand armored troops, and the powerful Hu at its back to the north, so he urged Gao Gan to welcome Yuan Shang, join forces with him, and watch for changes.

冀州牧袁紹辟爲督軍從事，兼領烏丸突騎。紹舍人犯令，招先斬乃白，紹奇其意而不見罪也。紹卒，又事紹子尚。建安九年，太祖圍鄴。尚遣招至上黨，督致軍糧。未還，尚破走，到中山。時尚外兄高幹爲并州刺史，招以并州左有恒山之險，右有大河之固，帶甲五萬，北阻彊胡，勸幹迎尚，并力觀變。

Gao Gan not only proved unable to do so but secretly meant to harm Qian Zhao. Hearing of this, Qian Zhao slipped away by back roads; since the way was cut and he could not follow Yuan Shang, he went east to Taizu. When Taizu took charge of Ji Province, he summoned him to be an Attendant Officer.

幹旣不能，而陰欲害招。招聞之，間行而去，道隔不得追尚，遂東詣太祖。太祖領冀州，辟爲從事。

When Taizu was about to attack Yuan Tan, the Wuhuan of Liucheng meant to send out cavalry to help Yuan Tan. Since Qian Zhao had once commanded Wuhuan troops, Taizu sent him to Liucheng. When he arrived, King Qiao was just making ready and was about to send five thousand horsemen to Yuan Tan. Moreover, Gongsun Kang, Prefect of Liaodong, who styled himself Governor of Ping Province, had sent his envoy Han Zhong bearing the seal and ribbon of a Chanyu to confer on King Qiao. King Qiao held a great assembly of his chieftains, and Han Zhong was there as well. King Qiao asked Qian Zhao, “Formerly Lord Yuan said he had received the Emperor's command and conferred on me the title of Chanyu. Now Lord Cao says in turn that he will report again to the Emperor and confer on me the title of true Chanyu. And Liaodong has also come with a seal and ribbon.

太祖將討袁譚，而柳城烏丸欲出騎助譚。太祖以招嘗領烏丸，遣詣柳城。到，值峭王嚴，以五千騎當遣詣譚。又遼東太守公孫康自稱平州牧，遣使韓忠齎單于印綬往假峭王。峭王大會群長，忠亦在坐。峭王問招：「昔袁公言受天子之命，假我爲單于；今曹公復言當更白天子，假我真單于；遼東復持印綬來。

Such being the case, which is the rightful one?” Qian Zhao replied, “Formerly Lord Yuan acted on the Emperor's authority and was able to make appointments and confer titles. But in the course of things he went wrong, and the Emperor ordered Lord Cao to take his place. When Lord Cao says he will report to the Emperor and confer on you the title of true Chanyu, that is right. Liaodong is a lowly commandery; how can it presume to make appointments and confer titles?” Han Zhong said, “Our Liaodong lies east of the blue sea, has a million troops under arms, and can call on the service of Fuyu and the Huimo. In the present state of things, the strong take the upper hand. Why should Cao Cao alone be in the right?”

如此，誰當爲正？」招荅曰：「昔袁公承制，得有所拜假；中間違錯，天子命曹公代之，言當白天子，更假真單于，是也。遼東下郡，何得擅稱拜假也？」忠曰：「我遼東在滄海之東，擁兵百萬，又有扶餘、濊貊之用；當今之勢，彊者爲右，曹操獨何得爲是也？」

Qian Zhao shouted at Han Zhong, “Lord Cao is truly respectful, clear-sighted, and wise. He supports and upholds the Emperor, attacks the rebellious and cherishes the submissive, and has brought peace and calm to the four seas. You and your lord are stubborn and foolish; now, trusting in your remote and rugged land, you defy the royal command and presume to make appointments and confer titles, mocking and toying with the sacred vessel of the throne. You are about to be slaughtered, so how dare you slight and slander a great man?” He then seized Han Zhong by the head, pounded it against the ground, and drew his sword to behead him. King Qiao, startled and terrified, ran barefoot to hold Qian Zhao back and begged for Han Zhong's life, and those around them turned pale.

招呵忠曰：「曹公允恭明哲，翼戴天子，伐叛柔服，寧靜四海，汝君臣頑嚚，今恃險遠，背違王命，欲擅拜假，侮弄神器，方當屠戮，何敢慢易咎毀大人？」便捉忠頭頓築，拔刀欲斬之。峭王驚怖，徒跣抱招，以救請忠，左右失色。

Qian Zhao then returned to his seat and explained to King Qiao and the others the consequences of success and failure and where fortune and misfortune would fall. They all came down from their seats and knelt prostrate, respectfully accepting his instruction; they sent away the envoy of Liaodong and disbanded the horsemen they had readied.

招乃還坐，爲峭王等說成敗之效，禍福所歸，皆下席跪伏，敬受勑教，便辭遼東之使，罷所嚴騎。

After Taizu destroyed Yuan Tan at Nanpi, he appointed Qian Zhao Army Planning Clerk, and Qian Zhao followed him on the campaign against the Wuhuan. On reaching Liucheng he was appointed Colonel Protector of the Wuhuan. When they returned to Ye, Liaodong sent Yuan Shang's head, which was hung up in the horse market. Seeing it, Qian Zhao was moved to grief and set out a sacrifice beneath the head. Taizu thought him righteous and recommended him as Flourishing Talent. He followed Taizu in the pacification of Hanzhong, and when Taizu returned he left Qian Zhao behind as Central Protector of the Army. When that business was over he returned to Ye and was appointed Colonel Who Pacifies the Caitiffs; leading troops, he directed the military affairs of the commanderies of Qing and Xu Provinces, attacked the bandits of Donglai, and beheaded their leaders, and the eastern lands became peaceful.

太祖滅譚於南皮，署招軍謀掾，從討烏丸。至柳城，拜護烏丸校尉。還鄴，遼東送袁尚首，縣在馬市，招覩之悲感，設祭頭下。太祖義之，舉爲茂才。從平漢中，太祖還，留招爲中護軍。事罷，還鄴，拜平虜校尉，將兵督青、徐州郡諸軍事，擊東萊賊，斬其渠率，東土寧靜。

When Emperor Wen ascended the throne, he appointed Qian Zhao Colonel Protector of the Xianbei, bearing the Staff of Authority, and stationed him at Changping. At this time people of the frontier had drifted away into the mountains and marshes, and there were also runaways and rebels living among the Xianbei, numbering in the thousands in places. Qian Zhao spread kindness and good faith far and wide and drew them in to surrender and submit. Gongsun Ji, General of the Household Who Establishes Righteousness, and others led their retainers and all came over to submit, and he sent them back to their home commanderies. He also won over more than a hundred thousand encampments of the Xianbei under Suli, Mijia, and others, and had them all come to the frontier to pledge submission.

文帝踐阼，拜招使持節護鮮卑校尉，屯昌平。是時，邊民流散山澤，又亡叛在鮮卑中者，處有千數。招廣布恩信，招誘降附。建義中郎將公孫集等率將部曲，咸各歸命；使還本郡。又懷來鮮卑素利、彌加等十餘萬落，皆令款塞。

When the main army was about to campaign against Wu, Qian Zhao was summoned back, but when he arrived the campaign had just been called off, so he was appointed General of the Household of the Right and sent out as Prefect of Yanmen. The commandery lay on the frontier, and although it had watchtowers and scouts, raids never ceased. Qian Zhao taught the people battle formations, and also memorialized that five hundred or so Wuhuan households be exempted from taxes and levies so that they could keep saddles and horses ready and scout far afield. Whenever the barbarians crossed the frontier, he marshaled his troops and met them head on, crushing them each time they came. From then on the courage of officials and people grew keener by the day, and there was no more fear in the wilds.

大軍欲征吳，召招還，至，值軍罷，拜右中郎將，出爲鴈門太守。郡在邊陲，雖有候望之備，而寇鈔不斷。招旣教民戰陣，又表復烏丸五百餘家租調，使備鞌馬，遠遣偵候。虜每犯塞，勒兵逆擊，來輙摧破，於是吏民膽氣日銳，荒野無虞。

He also sowed discord to break them apart and set the barbarians to suspecting one another. The Xianbei chieftains Budugen, Xieguini, and others fell out with Kebineng and brought more than thirty thousand households of their tribes to the commandery to attach themselves to the frontier. Qian Zhao ordered them to turn back and attack Bineng; they killed Bineng's younger brother Juluohou, as well as the rebel Wuhuan Wang Tong and Wang Ji, Marquises Who Return to Righteousness, and others, and so incurred deep enmity. For this reason Qian Zhao went out himself, leading Xieguini and the others, attacked Bineng in the old commandery of Yunzhong, and crushed him.

又構閒離散，使虜更相猜疑。鮮卑大人步度根、泄歸泥等與軻比能爲隙，將部落三萬餘家詣郡附塞。勑令還擊比能，殺比能弟苴羅侯，及叛烏丸歸義侯王同、王寄等，大結怨讎。是以招自出，率將歸泥等討比能於雲中故郡，大破之。

Qian Zhao established ties with more than a hundred thousand households of the Xianbei of Hexi under Futou and others, repaired the old city of Shangguan at Xingbei, and set up garrisons to keep order within and without. Of the barbarians great and small, there were none who did not give him their hearts; as for runaways and rebels, even their own kinsmen dared not hide them, and all were seized and sent in. After this, people living in the open could leave their doors unbarred until late, and raiders and bandits fell quiet. Qian Zhao then selected men of talent and understanding and sent them to the Imperial Academy to study; when they came back they taught others in turn, and within a few years schooling flourished greatly.

招通河西鮮卑附頭等十餘萬家，繕治陘北故上館城，置屯戍以鎮內外，夷虜大小莫不歸心，諸亡叛雖親戚不敢藏匿，咸悉收送。於是野居晏閉，寇賊靜息。招乃簡選有才識者，詣太學受業，還相授教，數年中庠序大興。

Guangwu, the seat of the commandery, had salty, bitter well water, and the people all had to carry water on their shoulders or haul it by cart from a distant stream, a round trip of seven li. Qian Zhao surveyed the lie of the land and, taking advantage of the hills, cut through the plateau and dug a channel that brought water into the city, and the people benefited from it.

郡所治廣武，井水鹹苦，民皆擔輦遠汲流水，往返七里。招準望地勢，因山陵之宜，鑿原開渠，注水城內，民賴其益。

When Emperor Ming came to the throne, Qian Zhao was granted the rank of Marquis Within the Pass. In the second year of Taihe, Tian Yu, Colonel Protector of the Wuhuan, went beyond the frontier and was surrounded by Kebineng in the old city of Mayi; he sent a dispatch to Qian Zhao asking for help. Qian Zhao at once put his troops and horses in order, intending to go to Tian Yu's rescue. Bing Province forbade him under the regular statutes, but Qian Zhao held that when a general bearing the Staff of Authority was under siege, one could not be bound by clerks' deliberations, so he sent up a memorial on his own and set out at once. He also sent feathered dispatches racing in every direction, setting out the situation and declaring that he would strike northwest to seize the barbarians' families by surprise, and then go east to join in putting the barbarians themselves to death.

明帝即位，賜爵關內侯。太和二年，護烏丸校尉田豫出塞，爲軻比能所圍於故馬邑城，移招求救。招即整勒兵馬，欲赴救豫。并州以常憲禁招，招以爲節將見圍，不可拘於吏議，自表輙行。又並馳布羽檄，稱陳形勢，云當西北掩取虜家，然後東行，會誅虜身。

When the dispatch arrived, Tian Yu's troops leapt for joy. He also left a copy on a key route the barbarians traveled, and at once the barbarians were terrified and their tribes scattered. When the army reached old Pingcheng, they all broke and fled. Bineng again gathered a great force of horsemen and came to the frontier north of old Ping Province. Qian Zhao advanced in secret, fell upon them, and took a great many heads. Qian Zhao, considering that the Shu rebel Zhuge Liang was repeatedly taking the field and that Bineng was crafty and might be in communication with him, memorialized that precautions be taken; but those in council thought them too far apart and did not believe him.

檄到，豫軍踴躍。又遺一通於虜蹊要，虜即恐怖，種類離散。軍到故平城，便皆潰走。比能復大合騎來，到故平州塞北。招潛行撲討，大斬首級。招以蜀虜諸葛亮數出，而比能狡猾，能相交通，表爲防備，議者以爲縣遠，未之信也。

As it happened, Zhuge Liang was then at Mount Qi, and he did in fact send envoys to ally with Bineng. Bineng came to Shicheng in the old commandery of Beidi, acting as head and tail with him. The Emperor then issued an edict to Qian Zhao, letting him attack at his own discretion. By then Bineng had already gone back south of the desert, so Qian Zhao consulted with the Inspector Bi Gui, saying, “The Hu barbarians move about with no fixed place. If we wear out our troops in a distant pursuit, we will never catch up with them in time. If we try a surprise attack, the mountains and streams are rugged and hard going, and supplies and provisions would be difficult to arrange in secret.

會亮時在祁山，果遣使連結比能。比能至故北地石城，與相首尾。帝乃詔招，使從便宜討之。時比能已還漠南，招與刺史畢軌議曰：「胡虜遷徙無常。若勞師遠追，則遲速不相及。若欲潛襲，則山溪艱險，資糧轉運，難以密辦。

We could have the two Standard garrisons guarding Xinxing and Yanmen move out and camp at Xingbei, keeping order and pacifying the tribes outside, while within, the troops farm the land and lay up stores of supplies and grain. Then in autumn and winter, when the horses are fat, the troops of the province and the commanderies can combine and take the chance to attack; the plan is sure to bring complete victory.” Before it could be put into effect, he fell ill and died. Qian Zhao was in the commandery twelve years, and the awe he inspired spread far. His reputation for governing the frontier came second only to Tian Yu's, and the people remembered him with longing. Fu Rong of Yuyang, too, had a famous record in Yanmen; he succeeded Qian Zhao, and it is said he also achieved merit in Liaodong.

可使守新興、鴈門二牙門，出屯陘北，外以鎮撫，內令兵田，儲畜資糧，秋冬馬肥，州郡兵合，乘釁征討，計必全克。未及施行，會病卒。招在郡十二年，威風遠振。其治邊之稱，次於田豫，百姓追思之。而漁陽傅容在鴈門有名績，繼招後，在遼東又有事功云。

Qian Zhao's son Qian Jia succeeded him. His second son, Qian Hong, was also fierce and resolute, with something of Qian Zhao's manner; as Prefect of Longxi he followed Deng Ai in the attack on Shu and won merit, and in the Xianxi era he became Protector of the Army Who Displays Might. Qian Jia shared the same mother as Li Yin, Minister over the Masses of Jin, and died young.

招子嘉嗣。次子弘，亦猛毅有招風，以隴西太守隨鄧艾伐蜀有功，咸熈中爲振威護軍。嘉與晉司徒李胤同母，早卒。¹

Guo Huai

郭淮

Guo Huai, courtesy name Boji, was a man of Yangqu in Taiyuan. In the Jian'an era he was recommended as Filial and Incorrupt and appointed Assistant of Pingyuan. When Emperor Wen was General of the Household for All Purposes, he summoned Guo Huai and appointed him Bandit Bureau Officer of his personal staff; Guo Huai was then transferred to Consultant Clerk of the Chancellor's Military Bureau and followed the campaign to Hanzhong. When Taizu returned, he left Xiahou Yuan, General Who Conquers the West, to hold off Liu Bei, and made Guo Huai Xiahou Yuan's Major. When Xiahou Yuan fought Liu Bei, Guo Huai happened to be ill and did not go out. After Xiahou Yuan was killed, the army was in turmoil; Guo Huai gathered the scattered soldiers and put forward Zhang He, General Who Sweeps Away Bandits, as commander of the army, and the camps at last settled down.

郭淮字伯濟，太原陽曲人也。¹建安中舉孝廉，除平原府丞。文帝爲五官將，召淮署爲門下賊曹，轉爲丞相兵曹議令史，從征漢中。太祖還，留征西將軍夏侯淵拒劉備，以淮爲淵司馬。淵與備戰，淮時有疾不出。淵遇害，軍中擾擾，淮收散卒，推盪寇將軍張郃爲軍主，諸營乃定。

The next day, Liu Bei was about to cross the Han River and attack. The generals argued that they were outnumbered and that Liu Bei would press his advantage, and they wanted to draw up their lines along the river to hold him off. Guo Huai said, “That would only show weakness and would not be enough to break the enemy; it is not a sound plan. Better to form our lines at a distance from the river and draw him on; when he is halfway across we strike, and Liu Bei can be beaten.” When the lines were formed, Liu Bei grew suspicious and did not cross, and Guo Huai then held firm, showing that he had no thought of retreat. When the situation was reported, Taizu approved, granted Zhang He the Staff of Authority, and again made Guo Huai his Major.

其明日，備欲渡漢水來攻。諸將議衆寡不敵，備便乘勝，欲依水爲陣以拒之。淮曰：「此示弱而不足挫敵，非筭也。不如遠水爲陣，引而致之，半濟而後擊，備可破也。」旣陣，備疑不渡，淮遂堅守，示無還心。以狀聞，太祖善之，假郃節，復以淮爲司馬。

When Emperor Wen took the royal throne, Guo Huai was granted the rank of Marquis Within the Pass and transferred to be Chief Clerk to the General Who Guards the West. As acting Protector of the Army Who Conquers the Qiang, he oversaw Zhang He, General of the Left, and Yang Qiu, General Champion of the Army, in attacking the mountain bandit Zheng Gan and the rebel Hu of Lushui, defeating and subduing them all. The Guanzhong region was at last settled, and the people could go about their livelihoods in peace.

文帝即王位，賜爵關內侯，轉爲鎮西長史。又行征羌護軍，護左將軍張郃、冠軍將軍楊秋討山賊鄭甘、盧水叛胡，皆破平之。關中始定，民得安業。

In the first year of Huangchu he was sent as an envoy to congratulate Emperor Wen on his accession, but he fell ill on the road, and so, measured against the distance, he was late. When the officials gathered in celebration, the Emperor sternly rebuked him: “Long ago, when Yu assembled the feudal lords at Mount Tu, Fangfeng arrived late and was put to death at once. Now all under heaven celebrates together, yet you are the latest of all. Why is this?” Guo Huai replied, “Your servant has heard that the Five Emperors first taught and guided the people by virtue, and only when the government of the Xia declined were punishments first used.

黃初元年，奉使賀文帝踐阼，而道路得疾，故計遠近爲稽留。及群臣歡會，帝正色責之曰：「昔禹會諸侯於塗山，防風後至，便行大戮。今溥天同慶而卿最留遲，何也？」淮對曰：「臣聞五帝先教導民以德，夏后政衰，始用刑辟。

Now your servant has met with an age like that of Tang and Yu, and so I knew I would be spared Fangfeng's execution.” The Emperor was pleased with him and promoted him to take charge of Yong Province as Inspector, enfeoffing him as Village Marquis of Sheyang; in the fifth year he was confirmed in the post. When Biti, a great chieftain of the Qiang of Anding, rebelled, Guo Huai attacked and defeated him and made him surrender. Whenever Qiang or Hu came to surrender, Guo Huai would first send men to look into their family relationships, how many men and women there were, and their ages; when he met them, he knew every detail of their circumstances and questioned them thoroughly, and they all called him godlike in his insight.

今臣遭唐虞之世，是以自知免於防風之誅也。」帝悅之，擢領雍州刺史，封射陽亭侯，五年爲真。安定羗大帥辟蹏反，討破降之。每羌、胡來降，淮輙先使人推問其親理，男女多少，年歲長幼；及見，一二知其款曲，訊問周至，咸稱神明。

In the second year of Taihe, the Shu Chancellor Zhuge Liang came out through Mount Qi and sent his general Ma Su to Jieting, while Gao Xiang garrisoned Lieliucheng. Zhang He attacked Ma Su and Guo Huai attacked Gao Xiang's camp, and both were defeated. He also defeated Tang Ti, a notable Qiang of Longxi, at Fuhan, and was given the added title General Who Establishes Might. In the fifth year Shu came out to Lucheng. At that time there was no grain in Longyou, and it was proposed to ship it on a large scale from Guanzhong; but Guo Huai, with both awe and kindness, soothed the Qiang and Hu and had each household contribute grain, keeping their deliveries and levies fair, so the army had enough to eat. He was transferred to General Who Displays Martial Valor.

太和二年，蜀相諸葛亮出祁山，遣將軍馬謖至街亭，高詳屯列柳城。張郃擊謖，淮攻詳營，皆破之。又破隴西名羌唐蹏於枹罕，加建威將軍。五年，蜀出鹵城。是時，隴右無穀，議欲關中大運，淮以威恩撫循羌、胡，家使出穀，平其輸調，軍食用足，轉揚武將軍。

In the second year of Qinglong, Zhuge Liang came out through the Xie Valley and at the same time set up farming colonies at Lankeng. At that time Sima Yi was encamped south of the Wei. Guo Huai reckoned that Zhuge Liang would surely contest Beiyuan and that they should seize it first, but most in council disagreed. Guo Huai said, “If Zhuge Liang crosses the Wei and climbs the plain, linking his forces to the Northern Hills, he will cut off the road to Long and throw the people and the tribes into turmoil. That would not be to the state's advantage.” Sima Yi approved, and Guo Huai then encamped at Beiyuan. Before the moats and ramparts were finished, the Shu troops arrived in force, and Guo Huai met and struck them.

青龍二年，諸葛亮出斜谷，並田于蘭坑。是時司馬宣王屯渭南；淮策亮必爭北原，宜先據之，議者多謂不然。淮曰：「若亮跨渭登原，連兵北山，隔絕隴道，搖盪民、夷，此非國之利也。」宣王善之，淮遂屯北原。塹壘未成，蜀兵大至，淮逆擊之。

A few days later Zhuge Liang marched west in strength, and the generals all said he meant to attack the western lines. Guo Huai alone held that he was making a show in the west so that the government troops would reinforce that side, and that he would surely attack Yangsui. That night he did indeed attack Yangsui, but it was prepared and he could not scale it.

後數日，亮盛兵西行，諸將皆謂欲攻西圍，淮獨以爲此見形於西，欲使官兵重應之，必攻陽遂耳。其夜果攻陽遂，有備不得上。

In the first year of Zhengshi, the Shu general Jiang Wei came out into Longxi. Guo Huai advanced his army and pursued him as far as Qiangzhong, and Jiang Wei withdrew. He went on to attack the Qiang under Midang and others, pacified more than three thousand encampments of submissive Di, and moved them to fill out the population of Guanzhong. He was promoted to General of the Left. Liang Yuanbi and others of the Xiutu Hu of Liang Province led more than two thousand households of their tribes to submit to Yong Province. Guo Huai memorialized asking that they be settled at Gaoping in Anding to serve as a protective barrier for the people, and afterward the post of Chief Commandant of Xichuan was established on that account. He was transferred and appointed General of the Van, keeping charge of the province as before.

正始元年，蜀將姜維出隴西。淮遂進軍，追至彊中，維退，遂討羌迷當等，案撫柔氐三千餘落，拔徙以實關中。遷左將軍。涼州休屠胡梁元碧等，率種落二千餘家附雍州。淮奏請使居安定之高平，爲民保鄣，其後因置西川都尉。轉拜前將軍，領州如故。

In the fifth year, when Xiahou Xuan attacked Shu, Guo Huai led the armies as the vanguard. Judging the situation unfavorable, he promptly pulled his army out, and so they avoided a great defeat. On his return Guo Huai was granted the Staff of Authority. In the eighth year, Ehe, Shaoge, Fatong, Ezhesai, and others of the Qiang of Longxi, Nan'an, Jincheng, and Xiping joined together in rebellion, attacking and besieging towns and calling in Shu troops from the south, and the notable Hu of Liang Province Zhiwudai rebelled again to join them. Xiahou Ba, Protector of the Army for Punishing Shu, led the armies to garrison Weichi.

五年，夏侯玄伐蜀，淮督諸軍爲前鋒。淮度勢不利，輙拔軍出，故不大敗。還假淮節。八年，隴西、南安、金城、西平諸羌餓何、燒戈、伐同、蛾遮塞等相結叛亂，攻圍城邑，南招蜀兵，涼州名胡治無戴復叛應之。討蜀護軍夏侯霸督諸軍屯爲翅。

When Guo Huai's army first reached Didao, those in council all said that he should first attack and settle Fuhan, pacifying the wicked Qiang within and thwarting the enemy's schemes without. Guo Huai reckoned that Jiang Wei would surely come to attack Xiahou Ba, so he entered Fengzhong and turned south to meet Xiahou Ba. Jiang Wei did indeed attack Weichi, but Guo Huai's army arrived just then, and Jiang Wei slipped away and withdrew. Guo Huai advanced against the rebel Qiang and beheaded Ehe and Shaoge, and more than ten thousand encampments surrendered. In the ninth year, Zhesai and others garrisoned the old cities of Heguan and Baitu, using the Yellow River to hold off the army.

淮軍始到狄道，議者僉謂宜先討定枹罕，內平惡羌，外折賊謀。淮策維必來攻霸，遂入渢中，轉南迎霸。維果攻爲翅，會淮軍適至，維遁退。進討叛羌，斬餓何、燒戈，降服者萬餘落。九年，遮塞等屯河關、白土故城，據河拒軍。

Guo Huai made a show of force upstream, while secretly sending troops across downstream to seize the city of Baitu; he attacked and crushed them. Zhiwudai besieged Wuwei, leaving his family at Xihai. Guo Huai advanced toward Xihai, meaning to fall on and seize his dependents and baggage, but Zhiwudai happened to turn back, and Guo Huai fought him north of Longyi, defeating him and putting him to flight. The wicked barbarians of Lianju were west of Mount Shitou, where they had stopped astride the main road and cut off the royal envoys. Guo Huai went by on his way back, attacked them, and crushed them.

淮見形上流，密於下渡兵據白土城，擊，大破之。治無戴圍武威，家屬留在西海。淮進軍趨西海，欲掩取其累重，會無戴折還，與戰於龍夷之北，破走之。令居惡虜在石頭山之西，當大道止，斷絕王使。淮還過討，大破之。

Jiang Wei came out at Shiying and went by way of Qiangchuan west to meet Zhiwudai, leaving Liao Hua, Prefect of Yinping, at Mount Chengzhong to build a fort and to gather the defeated Qiang as hostages. Guo Huai wanted to divide his forces to take it. The generals held that since Jiang Wei's host was linking up in the west with the powerful Hu, and Liao Hua was holding a strong position, to divide the army and contend with both would only weaken their strength: advancing, they could not check Jiang Wei, and falling back, they could not dislodge Liao Hua. That was no plan. Better to combine and go west together and cut the Hu and Shu off from each other before they could join; this was the way to use troops to break the enemy's alliance.

姜維出石營，從彊川，乃西迎治無戴，留陰平太守廖化於成重山築城，斂破羌保質。淮欲分兵取之。諸將以維衆西接彊胡，化以據險，分軍兩持，兵勢轉弱，進不制維，退不拔化，非計也，不如合而俱西，及胡、蜀未接，絕其內外，此伐交之兵也。

Guo Huai said, “If we go now and take Liao Hua, we will catch the enemy off guard, and Jiang Wei is sure to keep looking back over his shoulder like a wolf. By the time Jiang Wei makes it back himself, we will have had time enough to settle Liao Hua, and we will also wear Jiang Wei out with running back and forth. Without our troops going far west, his ties with the Hu will come apart on their own. This is a plan that achieves both ends in a single move.” So he sent Xiahou Ba and others separately to pursue Jiang Wei at Tazhong, while he himself led the armies to attack Liao Hua and the others. Jiang Wei did indeed race back to rescue Liao Hua, all just as Guo Huai had planned. He was advanced in fief to Chief District Marquis.

淮曰：「今往取化，出賊不意，維必狼顧。比維自致，足以定化，且使維疲於奔命。兵不遠西，而胡交自離，此一舉而兩全之策也。」乃別遣夏侯霸等追維於沓中，淮自率諸軍就攻化等。維果馳還救化，皆如淮計。進封都鄉侯。

In the first year of Jiaping he was promoted to General Who Conquers the West, Chief Controller of military affairs in Yong and Liang. That year, planning together with Chen Tai, Inspector of Yong Province, he brought about the surrender of the Shu Standard General Gou An and others at Chishang. In the second year an edict said, “In the former campaign at Hanchuan, the army came close to ruin. Guo Huai faced the danger and rescued it from disaster, and his merit is recorded in the royal archives. For more than thirty years he has been west of the passes, campaigning against raiders and barbarians abroad and bringing peace to the people and tribes at home. In recent years he has crushed Liao Hua and captured Gou An; his achievements are outstanding, and We highly commend him.

嘉平元年，遷征西將軍，都督雍、涼諸軍事。是歲，與雍州刺史陳泰恊策，降蜀牙門將句安等於翅上。二年，詔曰：「昔漢川之役，幾至傾覆。淮臨危濟難，功書王府。在關右三十餘年，外征寇虜，內綏民夷。比歲以來，摧破廖化，禽虜句安，功績顯著，朕甚嘉之。

We now make Guo Huai General of Chariots and Cavalry with honors equal to the Three Excellencies, bearing the Staff of Authority and Chief Controller as before.” He was advanced in fief to Marquis of Yangqu, with a fief totaling two thousand seven hundred and eighty households, of which three hundred households were split off to enfeoff one of his sons as a village marquis. He died in the second year of Zhengyuan and was posthumously made Grand General, with the posthumous title Marquis Zhen. His son Guo Tong succeeded him. Guo Tong rose to be Inspector of Jing Province and died. His son Guo Zheng succeeded him. In the Xianxi era, when the five ranks of nobility were established, Guo Zheng's fief was changed to Viscount of Fenyang because of the distinguished merit Guo Huai had shown under the former dynasty.

今以淮爲車騎將軍、儀同三司，持節、都督如故。」進封陽曲侯，邑凡二千七百八十戶，分三百戶，封一子亭侯。¹正元二年薨，追贈大將軍，謚曰貞侯。子統嗣。統官至荊州刺史，薨。子正嗣。咸熈中，開建五等，以淮著勳前朝，改封汾陽子。²

Appraisal

評

Appraisal: Man Chong set his purpose with firmness and resolve, brave and yet resourceful. Tian Yu conducted himself with purity and integrity, and his plans were clear and seasoned. Qian Zhao held to righteousness with heroic ardor, and his authority and achievements were outstanding. Guo Huai's strategies were precise and thorough, and his fame reached Qin and Yong. Yet Tian Yu's rank stopped at a small province, and Qian Zhao ended as a commandery prefect; their abilities were not put to full use.

評曰：滿寵立志剛毅，勇而有謀。田豫居身清白，規畧明練。牽招秉義壯烈，威績顯著。郭淮方策精詳，垂問秦、雍。而豫位止小州，招終於郡守，未盡其用也。