Battle

Battle of Han River 漢水之戰

About this event

The Battle of Han River is the fight on the banks of the Han River that Chapters 71 and 72 of the Romance depict within the Hanzhong Campaign. In the Romance, when Cao Cao comes to avenge the death of Xiahou Yuan, Huang Zhong, who has gone to seize the provisions at the Northern Hill, is surrounded; Zhao Yun rescues him and then, leaving his stockade gate open, drives Cao Cao's troops into the Han River with bows and crossbows. Then Xu Huang, who has crossed the Han River and drawn up his formation, is heavily defeated by Huang Zhong and Zhao Yun, and Wang Ping, who quarreled with him, surrenders to Zhao Yun. Romance, Ch. 71 §31–48Romance, Ch. 72 §1–4

Chen Shou's text has no such battle. The Biography of the First Sovereign (Records of Shu 2) says that after Cao Cao arrived, Liu Bei held the passes and never met him in battle, and the Biographies of Man Chong, Tian Yu, Qian Zhao and Guo Huai (Records of Wei 26) record that the day after Xiahou Yuan's death, Liu Bei, who meant to cross the Han River, saw Guo Huai's formation and did not cross. Records, Shu 2 §39Records, Wei 26 §64

In the Romance

In Chapter 71 of the Romance, Cao Cao, having lost Xiahou Yuan, comes in person with a great army to avenge him, and Zhang He moves the grain and fodder of Mount Micang to the foot of the Northern Hill by the Han River. Huang Zhong, who has declared before Liu Bei that he will behead Zhang He, draws lots with Zhao Yun to go first, and they agree that if he has not returned by the hour of wu (noon) Zhao Yun will come to his rescue. Huang Zhong, who crosses the Han River at night intending to set fire to the provisions below the Northern Hill, is surrounded by Zhang He and Xu Huang. Romance, Ch. 71 §31–39

When Huang Zhong has not returned by the hour of wu, Zhao Yun advances with 3,000 troops, spears to death Murong Lie, a subordinate general of Wen Pin, and the Wei general Jiao Bing, breaks through the layered encirclement and rescues Huang Zhong and Zhang Zhu. Cao Cao, watching from high ground, orders that the hero of Changban at Dangyang, still as formidable as ever, not be taken lightly. Romance, Ch. 71 §40–44

As the pursuers draw near, Zhao Yun rebukes Zhang Yi, who wants to shut the stockade gate, hides archers and crossbowmen in the moat, lays down the flags and spears, and stands alone outside the camp gate. Zhang He and Xu Huang, arriving in pursuit at dusk, dare not advance, and when Cao Cao urges them on in person and the troops reach the front of the stockade, Zhao Yun waves his spear and has the bows and crossbows shoot all at once. Cao Cao's troops trample one another as they are driven toward the Han River, and countless men fall into the water and drown, while Liu Feng and Meng Da come in by the Mount Micang road and set fire to the provisions. Liu Bei, coming to the Han River and surveying the battlefield, says that Zilong is courage through and through. Romance, Ch. 71 §44–48

When Cao Cao comes again to take the Han River, Xu Huang, saying he will follow Han Xin and draw up his formation with his back to the water, ignores Wang Ping's protest and crosses the Han River. In Chapter 72 Xu Huang is heavily defeated by the pincer attack of Huang Zhong and Zhao Yun and his troops are driven into the Han River and die, and Wang Ping, who quarreled with Xu Huang, sets fire to the camp, surrenders to Zhao Yun and tells him the lay of the land around the Han River. When Cao Cao comes in person to attack the Han River stockade, Zhao Yun withdraws to the west of the Han River, and Zhuge Liang has Zhao Yun, lying in ambush below an earthen hill, sound drums and horns every night, making Cao Cao fall back 30 li. Romance, Ch. 71 §50–52Romance, Ch. 72 §1–7

Where the Romance differs

The fight with Cao Cao: In Chapter 71 of the Romance, Zhao Yun crushes, on the banks of the Han River, the troops Cao Cao has urged on in person. In the Biography of the First Sovereign in the Records, after Cao Cao arrived Liu Bei gathered his host and held the passes, never meeting him in battle, and Cao Cao could not take them for months. The Biography of Zhao Yun does not record the events in Hanzhong. Romance, Ch. 71 §46–47Records, Shu 2 §39Records, Shu 6 §39–41

Who crossed the Han River: In Chapters 71 and 72 of the Romance, the side that crosses the Han River, draws up its formation and is defeated is Cao Cao's general Xu Huang. In the Biography of Guo Huai in the Records, the day after Xiahou Yuan's death Liu Bei meant to cross the Han River and attack, but when Guo Huai drew up his formation far from the river, Liu Bei grew suspicious and did not cross. Romance, Ch. 71 §51–52Romance, Ch. 72 §1–3Records, Wei 26 §64

Liu Bei's confidence: In Chapter 71 of the Romance, on hearing that Cao Cao is coming again, Liu Bei says that this time too he will surely win the Han River. In the Biography of the First Sovereign in the Records, after Xiahou Yuan was beheaded and word came that Cao Cao was coming south from Chang'an, he said that even if Cao Cao came he could do nothing, and that Liu Bei would surely hold the Hanchuan. Romance, Ch. 71 §50Records, Shu 2 §38

Written by 3KDEX (not yet reviewed) — The tags at the end of each paragraph link to the exact passage in the Records volume or Romance chapter it is based on.

Belligerents

ItemAB
FactionsShuWei
CommandersHuang Zhong, Zhao Yun, Zhang Zhu, Zhang Yi(張翼)Cao Cao, Xu Huang, Zhang He, Wen Pin
Casualties曹兵自相踐踏,擁到漢水河邊,落水死者,不知其數

Factions, commanders, strength and casualties are checked against the source texts (3KDEX). Strength and casualties show only figures stated in the sources. Source: Ch. 71 §48

Sub-events and Romance scenes (1)

Romance chapters (2)

Records volumes (2)