Records of Shu 5: Biography of Zhuge Liang

Records of Shu 5: Biography of Zhuge Liang

Zhuge Liang

諸葛亮

Zhuge Liang, courtesy name Kongming, was a man of Yangdu County in Langya Commandery and a descendant of Zhuge Feng, Colonel-Director of Retainers under the Han. His father, Zhuge Gui, courtesy name Jungong, was Assistant of Taishan Commandery at the end of the Han. Zhuge Liang lost his father early. When his uncle Zhuge Xuan was appointed Prefect of Yuzhang by Yuan Shu, Zhuge Xuan took Zhuge Liang and Zhuge Liang’s younger brother Zhuge Jun with him to his post. Just then the Han court chose Zhu Hao instead to replace Zhuge Xuan. Zhuge Xuan had long been on old terms with Liu Biao, Governor of Jing Province, so he went to rely on him.

諸葛亮字孔明，琅邪陽都人也。漢司隸校尉諸葛豐後也。父圭，字君貢，漢末為太山郡丞。亮早孤，從父玄為袁術所署豫章太守，玄將亮及亮弟均之官。會漢朝更選朱皓代玄。玄素與荊州牧劉表有舊，往依之。¹

After Zhuge Xuan died, Zhuge Liang tilled the fields himself and was fond of chanting the “Song of Liangfu.” He stood eight chi tall and always compared himself to Guan Zhong and Yue Yi, but the men of his time would not grant him this. Only Cui Zhouping of Boling and Xu Shu (Yuanzhi) of Yingchuan were close friends with Zhuge Liang and held that it was truly so.

玄卒，亮躬畊隴畝，好為《梁父吟》。¹身長八尺，每自比於管仲、樂毅，時人莫之許也。惟博陵崔州平、潁川徐庶元直與亮友善，謂為信然。²

At that time the First Ruler was stationed at Xinye. Xu Shu went to see the First Ruler, who thought highly of him. Xu Shu said to the First Ruler, “Zhuge Kongming is a Sleeping Dragon. Would you, General, wish to see him?” The First Ruler said, “Bring him along with you.” Xu Shu said, “This man can be visited, but he cannot be made to bend and come. You should humble yourself and call on him, General.” So the First Ruler went to Zhuge Liang; only after going three times in all did he see him. Then, sending the others away, he said, “The house of Han is tottering and falling; treacherous ministers have stolen its mandate, and the sovereign has been driven out into the dust.

時先主屯新野。徐庶見先主，先主器之，謂先主曰：「諸葛孔明者，臥龍也，將軍豈願見之乎？」¹先主曰：「君與俱來。」庶曰：「此人可就見，不可屈致也。將軍宜枉駕顧之。」由是先主遂詣亮，凡三往，乃見。因屏人曰：「漢室傾頹，姦臣竊命，主上蒙塵。

I did not measure my virtue or weigh my strength, and I sought to extend great righteousness throughout the realm; but my wisdom and craft are shallow and short, and so I have stumbled and fallen, down to this very day. Yet my resolve is not yet spent. What plan, sir, do you think I should adopt?” Zhuge Liang answered, “Since Dong Zhuo, heroes have risen up together, and those who straddle provinces and hold commandery after commandery are too many to count. Compared with Yuan Shao, Cao Cao had a lesser name and fewer followers, yet in the end he overcame Yuan Shao and turned weakness into strength. This was not by the timing of Heaven alone, but also by human planning.

孤不度德量力，欲信大義於天下，而智術淺短，遂用猖蹶，至于今日。然志猶未已，君謂計將安出？」亮答曰：「自董卓已來，豪傑并起，跨州連郡者不可勝數。曹操比於袁紹，則名微而眾寡，然操遂能克紹，以弱為強者，非惟天時，抑亦人謀也。

Now Cao Cao already commands a host of a million and holds the Emperor in his grip to give orders to the lords; truly, he is not one to be contested blade to blade. Sun Quan holds Jiangdong, which has now passed through three generations of his house; his state is protected by strong defenses, his people are loyal, and the worthy and able serve him. He can be an ally, but he cannot be conquered. Jing Province is backed on the north by the Han and Mian rivers, its wealth reaches all the way to the Southern Sea, on the east it is linked to Wu and Kuaiji, and on the west it opens onto Ba and Shu. This is a land for using arms, yet its ruler cannot hold it. Surely this is Heaven’s way of providing for you, General. Have you any mind to it?

今操已擁百萬之眾，挾天子而令諸侯，此誠不可與爭鋒。孫權據有江東，已歷三世，國險而民附，賢能為之用，此可以為援而不可圖也。荊州北據漢、沔，利盡南海，東連吳會，西通巴、蜀，此用武之國，而其主不能守，此殆天所以資將軍，將軍豈有意乎？

Yi Province is sealed off by strong passes, with a thousand li of fertile plains—a land that is Heaven’s storehouse; Gaozu relied on it to accomplish his imperial enterprise. Liu Zhang is benighted and weak, and Zhang Lu lies to his north; the people are many and the state is rich, yet he does not know how to care for them, and men of wisdom and ability long for an enlightened lord. You, General, are a scion of the imperial house, and your good faith and righteousness are renowned within the four seas. You gather heroes to you and thirst for worthy men. If you straddle and hold both Jing and Yi, guard their natural defenses, make peace with the Rong tribes to the west, pacify the Yi and Yue to the south, form friendly ties with Sun Quan abroad, and put your government in order at home—then, when there is a change in the realm, you may order a senior general to lead the army of Jing Province toward Wan and Luoyang, while you yourself lead the host of Yi Province out through Qinchuan. Who among the common people would then dare not greet you, General, with baskets of rice and jugs of drink?

益州險塞，沃野千里，天府之土，高祖因之以成帝業。劉璋闇弱，張魯在北，民殷國富而不知存恤，智能之士思得明君。將軍既帝室之胄，信義著於四海，總攬英雄，思賢如渴，若跨有荊、益，保其巖阻，西和諸戎，南撫夷越，外結好孫權，內修政理；天下有變，則命一上將將荊州之軍以向宛、洛，將軍身率益州之眾出於秦川，百姓孰敢不簞食壺漿以迎將軍者乎？

If it is truly so, then the hegemon’s enterprise can be achieved and the house of Han can be revived.” The First Ruler said, “Excellent!” From then on his friendship with Zhuge Liang grew closer by the day. Guan Yu, Zhang Fei and others were displeased, and the First Ruler reassured them, saying, “My having Kongming is like a fish having water. I wish you gentlemen would say no more of it.” Guan Yu and Zhang Fei then stopped.

誠如是，則霸業可成，漢室可興矣。」先主曰：「善！」於是與亮情好日密。關羽、張飛等不悅，先主解之曰：「孤之有孔明，猶魚之有水也。願諸君勿復言。」羽、飛乃止。¹

Liu Biao’s eldest son, Liu Qi, also thought highly of Zhuge Liang. Liu Biao, heeding the words of his second wife, loved his younger son Liu Cong and was displeased with Liu Qi. Liu Qi repeatedly wished to consult Zhuge Liang on a way to secure himself, but Zhuge Liang always refused and would not make plans with him. So Liu Qi took Zhuge Liang strolling through the rear garden, and they climbed a tall tower together. In the midst of the feast he had someone remove the ladder, and then said to Zhuge Liang, “Today we are neither up in Heaven nor down on earth; words that leave your mouth enter only my ears. Can you speak now?”

劉表長子琦，亦深器亮。表受後妻之言，愛少子琮，不悅於琦。琦每欲與亮謀自安之術，亮輒拒塞，未與處畫。琦乃將亮游觀後園，共上高樓，飲宴之間，令人去梯，因謂亮曰：「今日上不至天，下不至地，言出子口，入於吾耳，可以言不？」

Zhuge Liang answered, “Have you not seen how Shensheng stayed at home and was endangered, while Chong'er stayed abroad and was safe?” Liu Qi understood his meaning and secretly laid plans to get out. Just then Huang Zu died, so he was able to leave, and he became Prefect of Jiangxia. Soon afterward Liu Biao died, and Liu Cong, hearing that Lord Cao was coming to attack, sent envoys asking to surrender. The First Ruler heard of it at Fan and led his followers south, with Zhuge Liang and Xu Shu both accompanying him. They were pursued and routed by Lord Cao, and Xu Shu’s mother was captured. Xu Shu took leave of the First Ruler and, pointing to his heart, said, “I originally meant to pursue the enterprise of a king or hegemon together with you, General, by means of this square inch of heart.

亮答曰：「君不見申生在內而危，重耳在外而安乎？」琦意感悟，陰規出計。會黃祖死，得出，遂為江夏太守。俄而表卒，琮聞曹公來征，遣使請降。先主在樊聞之，率其眾南行，亮與徐庶并從，為曹公所追破，獲庶母。庶辭先主而指其心曰：「本欲與將軍共圖王霸之業者，以此方寸之地也。

Now that I have lost my aged mother, that square inch is in turmoil, and I am of no use to the cause. Allow me to take my leave here.” He then went to Lord Cao.

今已失老母，方寸亂矣，無益於事，請從此別。」遂詣曹公。¹

When the First Ruler reached Xiakou, Zhuge Liang said, “The matter is urgent. Let me take your orders and seek help from General Sun.” At that time Sun Quan was holding his army at Chaisang, watching to see who would win or lose. Zhuge Liang persuaded Sun Quan, saying, “When all within the seas fell into great disorder, you, General, raised troops and took possession of Jiangdong, and Liu of Yuzhou likewise gathered followers south of the Han River, contending for the realm alongside Cao Cao. Now Cao Cao has mown down the great troubles and has largely pacified the land; he has gone on to crush Jing Province, and his might shakes the four seas.

先主至於夏口，亮曰：「事急矣，請奉命求救於孫將軍。」時權擁軍在柴桑，觀望成敗，亮說權曰：「海內大亂，將軍起兵據有江東，劉豫州亦收眾漢南，與曹操并爭天下。今操芟夷大難，略已平矣，遂破荊州，威震四海。

Heroes have nowhere left to use their arms, and so Liu of Yuzhou has fled here. Weigh your strength, General, and act accordingly. If you can match the Central Plains with the forces of Wu and Yue, you had best break with him early; if you cannot stand against him, why not lay down your weapons, bundle up your armor, face north, and serve him? Now, General, outwardly you shelter under the name of submission while inwardly you harbor hesitant schemes. The matter is urgent, and if you do not decide, disaster will be upon you any day!” Sun Quan said, “If it is as you say, why doesn’t Liu of Yuzhou simply serve him?”

英雄無所用武，故豫州遁逃至此。將軍量力而處之：若能以吳、越之眾與中國抗衡，不如早與之絕；若不能當，何不案兵束甲，北面而事之！今將軍外託服從之名，而內懷猶豫之計，事急而不斷，禍至無日矣！」權曰：「苟如君言，劉豫州何不遂事之乎？」

Zhuge Liang said, “Tian Heng was merely a bold warrior of Qi, yet he held to righteousness and would not suffer disgrace. How much more so Liu of Yuzhou, a scion of the royal house whose heroic talent overshadows the age, and whom the men of worth look up to and admire as water returns to the sea! If his cause does not succeed, that is Heaven’s will—how could he ever again place himself beneath him?” Sun Quan said hotly, “I cannot take the entire land of Wu and a host of a hundred thousand and submit to control by another. My plan is settled! No one but Liu of Yuzhou can stand against Cao Cao. But Liu of Yuzhou has just been defeated—how can he withstand this crisis?”

亮曰：「田橫，齊之壯士耳，猶守義不辱，況劉豫州王室之胄，英才蓋世，眾士仰慕，若水之歸海，若事之不濟，此乃天也，安能復為之下乎！」權勃然曰：「吾不能舉全吳之地，十萬之眾，受制於人。吾計決矣！非劉豫州莫可以當曹操者，然豫州新敗之後，安能抗此難乎？」

Zhuge Liang said, “Although Liu of Yuzhou’s army was defeated at Changban, the fighting men who have come back, together with Guan Yu’s naval force, amount to ten thousand armored elite, and the fighting men of Jiangxia that Liu Qi has gathered are no fewer than ten thousand. Cao Cao’s host has come from far away and is exhausted. I hear that in chasing Liu of Yuzhou his light cavalry covered more than three hundred li in a single day and night. This is what is called ‘at the end of its flight, even a powerful crossbow bolt cannot pierce the thin silk of Lu.’ That is why the art of war warns against it, saying, ‘It will surely bring down the commanding general.’

亮曰：「豫州軍雖敗於長阪，今戰士還者及關羽水軍精甲萬人，劉琦合江夏戰士亦不下萬人。曹操之眾，遠來疲弊，聞追豫州，輕騎一日一夜行三百餘里，此所謂『彊弩之末，勢不能穿魯縞』者也。故兵法忌之，曰『必蹶上將軍』。

Moreover, northerners are not practiced in fighting on water, and those people of Jing Province who have attached themselves to Cao Cao did so only under the pressure of his troops, not because they submit in their hearts. If you, General, will truly order valiant commanders to lead several tens of thousands of troops, coordinate plans and join strength with Liu of Yuzhou, Cao Cao’s army will certainly be broken. Once it is broken, it will surely return north, and then the power of Jing and Wu will grow strong and the shape of a tripod standing on three legs will be formed. The turning point of success or failure lies in this very day.” Sun Quan was greatly pleased and at once sent Zhou Yu, Cheng Pu, Lu Su and others with thirty thousand naval troops to go with Zhuge Liang to the First Ruler and join forces to resist Lord Cao.

且北方之人，不習水戰；又荊州之民附操者，逼兵勢耳，非心服也。今將軍誠能命猛將統兵數萬，與豫州協規同力，破操軍必矣。操軍破，必北還，如此則荊、吳之勢彊，鼎足之形成矣。成敗之機，在於今日。」權大悅，即遣周瑜、程普、魯肅等水軍三萬，隨亮詣先主，并力拒曹公。¹

Lord Cao was defeated at the Red Cliffs and led his army back to Ye. The First Ruler then took Jiangnan, made Zhuge Liang Military Adviser General of the Household, and had him oversee the three commanderies of Lingling, Guiyang and Changsha, collecting their taxes to supply the army.

曹公敗於赤壁，引軍歸鄴。先主遂收江南，以亮為軍師中郎將，使督零陵、桂陽、長沙三郡，調其賦稅，以充軍實。¹

In the sixteenth year of Jian'an, Liu Zhang, Governor of Yi Province, sent Fa Zheng to welcome the First Ruler and have him attack Zhang Lu. Zhuge Liang and Guan Yu held Jing Province. When the First Ruler turned back from Jiameng to attack Liu Zhang, Zhuge Liang, Zhang Fei, Zhao Yun and others led their troops up the river, pacified the commanderies and counties in separate columns, and joined the First Ruler in besieging Chengdu. When Chengdu was pacified, Zhuge Liang was made Military Adviser General and put in charge of the affairs of the office of the General of the Left. Whenever the First Ruler was away, Zhuge Liang always stayed to guard Chengdu, keeping food and troops in ample supply.

建安十六年，益州牧劉璋遣法正迎先主，使擊張魯。亮與關羽鎮荊州。先主自葭萌還攻璋，亮與張飛、趙雲等率眾泝江，分定郡縣，與先主共圍成都。成都平，以亮為軍師將軍，署左將軍府事。先主外出，亮常鎮守成都，足食足兵。

In the twenty-sixth year, the subordinates urged the First Ruler to take the imperial title, but he did not consent. Zhuge Liang persuaded him, saying, “Long ago, when Wu Han, Geng Yan and others first urged Shizu (Emperor Guangwu) to ascend the imperial throne, Shizu declined three or four times in all. Geng Chun came forward and said, ‘The heroes of the realm are gazing up in eager hope of something. If you do not follow their counsel, the officials and gentlemen will each go home to seek another lord, and none will follow you, sir.’ Shizu was moved by how deep and earnest Geng Chun’s words were, and at last he consented.

二十六年，群下勸先主稱尊號，先主未許，亮說曰：「昔吳漢、耿弇等初勸世祖即帝位，世祖辭讓，前後數四，耿純進言曰：『天下英雄喁喁，冀有所望。如不從議者，士大夫各歸求主，無為從公也。』世祖感純言深至，遂然諾之。

Now the Cao clan has usurped the Han, and the realm has no master. Your Highness is a descendant of the Liu clan and has risen to carry on the line; to take the imperial throne now is only fitting. The officials and gentlemen who have followed Your Highness through long toil and hardship also wish only for some small merit, just as Geng Chun said.” The First Ruler thereupon took the imperial throne, and by patent he appointed Zhuge Liang Chancellor, saying, “We have met with misfortune in Our house and have received the great succession. Anxious and fearful, We dare not rest at ease; We think of bringing peace to the people, but fear We have not yet been able to comfort them.

今曹氏篡漢，天下無主，大王劉氏苗族，紹世而起，今即帝位，乃其宜也。士大夫隨大王久勤苦者，亦欲望尺寸之功如純言耳。」先主於是即帝位，策亮為丞相曰：「朕遭家不造，奉承大統，兢兢業業，不敢康寧，思靖百姓，懼未能綏。

Ah! Chancellor Zhuge Liang, may you understand Our intent fully, never slacken in making good Our shortcomings, and help spread the renewed light so as to illuminate the realm. Strive, sir!” As Chancellor, Zhuge Liang was Director of the Affairs of the Masters of Writing and was granted the imperial tally. After Zhang Fei died, he also took charge as Colonel-Director of Retainers.

於戲！丞相亮其悉朕意，無怠輔朕之闕，助宣重光，以照明天下，君其勖哉！」亮以丞相錄尚書事，假節。張飛卒後，領司隸校尉。¹

In the spring of the third year of Zhangwu, the First Ruler fell gravely ill at Yongan. He summoned Zhuge Liang from Chengdu, entrusted him with affairs after his death, and said to him, “Your talent is ten times that of Cao Pi. You will surely bring the state to peace and in the end accomplish the great task. If my heir can be assisted, assist him; if he has no talent, you may take the throne yourself.” Zhuge Liang wept and said, “I will dare to spend all my strength as your limbs, render my loyalty and integrity, and continue so until death!” The First Ruler also wrote an edict instructing the Latter Ruler: “You are to work with the Chancellor and serve him as you would your father.”

章武三年春，先主於永安病篤，召亮於成都，屬以後事，謂亮曰：「君才十倍曹丕，必能安國，終定大事。若嗣子可輔，輔之；如其不才，君可自取。」亮涕泣曰：「臣敢竭股肱之力，效忠貞之節，繼之以死！」先主又為詔敕後主曰：「汝與丞相從事，事之如父。」¹

In the first year of Jianxing, Zhuge Liang was enfeoffed as Marquis of Wuxiang and opened his own office to govern affairs. Before long he also took charge as Governor of Yi Province. All matters of government, great or small, were decided by Zhuge Liang. The commanderies of Nanzhong all rose in rebellion, but because the state had just suffered a great bereavement, Zhuge Liang did not immediately send troops against them. Instead he sent an envoy to pay a formal visit to Wu and concluded a peace, and the two became allied states.

建興元年，封亮武鄉侯，開府治事。頃之，又領益州牧。政事無巨細，咸決於亮。南中諸郡，并皆叛亂，亮以新遭大喪，故未便加兵，且遣使聘吳，因結和親，遂為與國。¹

In the spring of the third year, Zhuge Liang led his forces south on campaign, and by autumn all was pacified. Military supplies came from there, and the state grew rich and abundant by it; he then put the army in order and practiced martial arts, awaiting a great expedition. In the fifth year, he led the armies north to garrison Hanzhong. As he was about to set out, he submitted a memorial: “The Late Emperor passed away midway, before his founding enterprise was half complete. Now the realm is divided in three, and Yi Province is exhausted; this is truly a time of crisis, when survival or ruin hangs in the balance. Yet the ministers who attend and guard you do not slacken within the palace, and loyal and determined men forget themselves in the field, because they cherish the special favor they received from the Late Emperor and wish to repay it to Your Majesty.

三年春，亮率眾南征，¹其秋悉平。軍資所出，國以富饒，²乃治戎講武，以俟大舉。五年，率諸軍北駐漢中，臨發，上疏曰：先帝創業未半而中道崩殂，今天下三分，益州疲弊，此誠危急存亡之秋也。然侍衛之臣不懈於內，忠志之士忘身於外者，蓋追先帝之殊遇，欲報之於陛下也。

You should truly open wide your sagely hearing, so as to glorify the virtue the Late Emperor left behind and enlarge the spirit of men of purpose; you should not lightly belittle yourself or draw on comparisons that miss what is right, and so block the path of loyal remonstrance. The palace and the Chancellor’s office are one body; promotions and punishments, praise and censure, should not differ between them. If there are those who commit villainy and break the laws, or who do loyal and good deeds, they should be handed over to the proper officials to decide their punishment or reward, so as to show Your Majesty’s fair and clear rule. You should not be partial or selfish, causing the inner court and the outer offices to have different laws.

誠宜開張聖聽，以光先帝遺德，恢弘志士之氣，不宜妄自菲薄，引喻失義，以塞忠諫之路也。宮中府中俱為一體，陟罰臧否，不宜異同。若有作奸犯科及為忠善者，宜付有司論其刑賞，以昭陛下平明之理，不宜偏私，使內外異法也。

The Palace Attendants and Gentlemen Attendants Guo Youzhi, Fei Yi, Dong Yun and others are all good and sincere men, loyal and pure in purpose and thought; that is why the Late Emperor selected them and left them to Your Majesty. In my humble view, in all palace affairs, great or small, you should consult them before acting, and they will surely be able to mend omissions and oversights and bring broad benefit. General Xiang Chong is good and fair in character and conduct and well versed in military affairs. When he was tried in office in former days, the Late Emperor praised him as capable, and that is why the court agreed in recommending him as commander.

侍中、侍郎郭攸之、費禕、董允等，此皆良實，志慮忠純，是以先帝簡拔以遺陛下。愚以為宮中之事，事無大小，悉以咨之，然後施行，必能裨補闕漏，有所廣益。將軍向寵，性行淑均，曉暢軍事，試用於昔日，先帝稱之曰能，是以眾議舉寵為督。

In my humble view, in all camp affairs, great or small, you should consult him, and he will surely keep the ranks in harmony and see that the able and the less able each find their proper place. Drawing close to worthy ministers and keeping petty men at a distance—this is why the Former Han flourished; drawing close to petty men and keeping worthy ministers at a distance—this is why the Later Han declined and fell. When the Late Emperor was alive, whenever he discussed this with me, he never failed to sigh and lament bitterly over Emperors Huan and Ling. The Palace Attendant, the Master of Writing, the Chief Clerk and the Army Adviser are all upright and good ministers who would die for their principles. I hope Your Majesty will draw close to them and trust them; then the flourishing of the house of Han can be awaited by counting the days.

愚以為營中之事，事無大小，悉以咨之，必能使行陣和睦，優劣得所。親賢臣，遠小人，此先漢所以興隆也；親小人，遠賢臣，此後漢所以傾頹也。先帝在時，每與臣論此事，未嘗不嘆息痛恨於桓、靈也。侍中、尚書、長史、參軍，此悉貞良死節之臣，願陛下親之信之，則漢室之隆，可計日而待也。

I was originally a commoner in plain cloth, tilling the fields myself in Nanyang, seeking only to preserve my life in a chaotic age, with no wish to become known among the lords. The Late Emperor did not consider me base or lowly; he condescended to humble himself and visited me three times in my thatched cottage, asking me about the affairs of the age. I was so moved by this that I pledged to serve the Late Emperor, riding wherever he sent me. Later, when disaster overturned us, I took up my charge at the time of the army’s defeat and received my orders amid peril and hardship; it has now been twenty-one years since then.

臣本布衣，躬耕於南陽，苟全性命於亂世，不求聞達於諸侯。先帝不以臣卑鄙，猥自枉屈，三顧臣於草廬之中，諮臣以當世之事，由是感激，遂許先帝以驅馳。後值傾覆，受任於敗軍之際，奉命於危難之間，爾來二十有一年矣。¹

The Late Emperor knew me to be careful and prudent, and so, as he was dying, he entrusted me with the great task. Since receiving his command I have worried and sighed day and night, fearing that I would fail in what he entrusted to me and so tarnish the Late Emperor’s discernment. That is why in the fifth month I crossed the Lu River and went deep into the barren lands. Now the south has been pacified and our arms and armor are sufficient; I should encourage and lead the three armies north to pacify the Central Plains. I hope to exhaust my dull and plodding abilities to drive out the treacherous villains, revive the house of Han, and return to the old capital. This is my duty in repaying the Late Emperor and showing loyalty to Your Majesty.

先帝知臣謹慎，故臨崩寄臣以大事也。受命以來，夙夜憂歎，恐託付不效，以傷先帝之明，故五月渡瀘，深入不毛。¹今南方已定，兵甲已足，當獎率三軍，北定中原，庶竭駑鈍，攘除姦凶，興復漢室，還于舊都。此臣所以報先帝，而忠陛下之職分也。

As for weighing gains and losses and offering loyal counsel in full, that is the charge of Guo Youzhi, Fei Yi and Dong Yun. I ask Your Majesty to entrust me with the task of punishing the traitors and reviving the Han; if I do not succeed, punish my crime and report it to the spirit of the Late Emperor. If no words are offered to advance virtue, then reprove Guo Youzhi, Fei Yi, Dong Yun and the others for their negligence and make their fault known. Your Majesty should also take counsel with yourself, inquire after the good way, examine and accept proper words, and deeply follow the Late Emperor’s final edict. I cannot overcome my gratitude for the favor I have received. Now that I am about to go far away, I weep as I face this memorial and do not know what I am saying.”

至於斟酌損益，進盡忠言，則攸之、禕、允之任也。願陛下託臣以討賊興復之效；不效，則治臣之罪，以告先帝之靈。若無興德之言，則責攸之、禕、允等之慢，以彰其咎。陛下亦宜自謀，以諮諏善道，察納雅言，深追先帝遺詔。臣不勝受恩感激，今當遠離，臨表涕零，不知所言。

He then set out and garrisoned Mianyang.

遂行，屯於沔陽。¹

In the spring of the sixth year, he spread word that he would take Mei by way of the Xie Valley road, and had Zhao Yun and Deng Zhi form a decoy army and hold the Ji Valley; Cao Zhen, Wei’s General-in-Chief, brought his whole host to resist them. Zhuge Liang personally led the armies to attack Mount Qi. His formations were orderly, his rewards and punishments strict, and his commands clear. The three commanderies of Nanan, Tianshui and Anding rebelled against Wei and responded to Zhuge Liang, and all Guanzhong was shaken. Emperor Ming of Wei came west to hold Chang'an and ordered Zhang He to resist Zhuge Liang. Zhuge Liang had Ma Su command the armies in the vanguard, and Ma Su fought Zhang He at Jieting.

六年春，揚聲由斜谷道取郿，使趙雲、鄧芝為疑軍，據箕谷，魏大將軍曹真舉眾拒之。亮身率諸軍攻祁山，戎陳整齊，賞罰肅而號令明，南安、天水、安定三郡叛魏應亮，關中響震。¹魏明帝西鎮長安，命張郃拒亮，亮使馬謖督諸軍在前，與郃戰于街亭。

Ma Su disobeyed Zhuge Liang’s instructions and acted unwisely, and he was heavily defeated by Zhang He. Zhuge Liang removed more than a thousand families from Xi County and returned to Hanzhong, where he executed Ma Su to make amends to the troops. He then submitted a memorial: “With my meager talents I have unworthily occupied a position beyond my due. I personally held the banner and axe to spur on the three armies, yet I could not teach the regulations and make the laws clear, nor face affairs with due caution, so that there came to be the fault of disobeying orders at Jieting and the failure to take precautions at Ji Valley. The blame lies wholly with me, for assigning commands without proper judgment.

謖違亮節度，舉動失宜，大為張郃所破。亮拔西縣千餘家，還于漢中，¹戮謖以謝眾。上疏曰：「臣以弱才，叨竊非據，親秉旄鉞以厲三軍，不能訓章明法，臨事而懼，至有街亭違命之闕，箕谷不戒之失，咎皆在臣授任無方。

I lack the discernment to judge men and am often benighted in handling affairs. The Spring and Autumn Annals holds the commander responsible, and my office is exactly that. I request to demote myself three grades as a penalty for my fault.” Thereupon Zhuge Liang was made General of the Right and acting Chancellor, with command over all that he had overseen before.

臣明不知人，恤事多闇，《春秋》責帥，臣職是當。請自貶三等，以督厥咎。」於是以亮為右將軍，行丞相事，所總統如前。¹

In winter Zhuge Liang again marched out through San Pass and besieged Chencang. Cao Zhen resisted him, and when his provisions ran out he withdrew. The Wei general Wang Shuang led cavalry in pursuit, but Zhuge Liang fought him, routed him, and beheaded Wang Shuang. In the seventh year Zhuge Liang sent Chen Shi to attack Wudu and Yinping. The Wei Inspector of Yong Province, Guo Huai, led his troops intending to strike Chen Shi, but Zhuge Liang went out in person as far as Jianwei, and Guo Huai retreated, so the two commanderies were pacified. An edict of investiture was issued to Zhuge Liang: “The fault for the battle of Jieting lay with Ma Su, yet you took the blame upon yourself and deeply abased yourself. Reluctant to go against your wishes a second time, I granted what you insisted upon.

冬，亮復出散關，圍陳倉，曹真拒之，亮糧盡而還。魏將軍王雙率騎追亮，亮與戰，破之，斬雙。七年，亮遣陳式攻武都、陰平。魏雍州刺史郭淮率眾欲擊式，亮自出至建威，淮退還，遂平二郡。詔策亮曰：「街亭之役，咎由馬謖，而君引愆，深自貶抑，重違君意，聽順所守。

Last year you displayed our army’s might and cut down Wang Shuang; this year you took the field and Guo Huai fled. You brought the Di and Qiang to submit and gather, and restored two commanderies. Your might has cowed the violent, and your merit is plain to see. At present the realm is in turmoil and the chief villain has not yet been beheaded. You have received a great charge and bear the weight of the state, yet you have long humbled and diminished yourself; this is no way to make our great enterprise shine. I now restore you as Chancellor. Do not decline.”

前年耀師，馘斬王雙；今歲爰征，郭淮遁走；降集氐、羌，興復二郡，威鎮凶暴，功勳顯然。方今天下騷擾，元惡未梟，君受大任，幹國之重，而久自挹損，非所以光揚洪烈矣。今復君丞相，君其勿辭。」¹

In the ninth year Zhuge Liang again marched out to Mount Qi, transporting supplies with the wooden oxen. When his provisions ran out he withdrew his army; he fought the Wei general Zhang He and shot Zhang He dead.

九年，亮復出祁山，以木牛運，¹糧盡退軍，與魏將張郃交戰，射殺郃。²

In the spring of the twelfth year Zhuge Liang set out through Xie Valley with his entire host, transporting supplies with the gliding horses. He occupied the Wuzhang Plains at Wugong and faced Sima Yi (King Xuan) south of the Wei River. Zhuge Liang had always worried that his supplies could not be sustained and that his ambitions would therefore go unrealized, so he divided his troops to farm military colonies as a foundation for a long stay. The farmers were intermingled among the residents along the Wei, yet the common people lived in peace and the army took nothing for itself. The standoff lasted more than a hundred days. In the eighth month of that year Zhuge Liang fell ill and died in camp, at the age of fifty-four. After the army withdrew, Sima Yi inspected the sites of his camps and ramparts and said, “He was the most extraordinary talent in the realm!”

十二年春，亮悉大眾由斜谷出，以流馬運，據武功五丈原，與司馬宣王對於渭南。亮每患糧不繼，使己志不申，是以分兵屯田，為久駐之基。耕者雜於渭濱居民之間，而百姓安堵，軍無私焉。¹相持百餘日。其年八月，亮疾病，卒于軍，時年五十四。²及軍退，宣王案行其營壘處所，曰：「天下奇才也！」³

Zhuge Liang left instructions that he be buried at Mount Dingjun in Hanzhong, using the mountain itself as his tomb, with a grave just large enough to hold the coffin, shrouded in ordinary clothes, and with no grave goods. An edict of investiture declared: “You embodied both civil and martial gifts; you were enlightened and wise, steadfast and sincere. You received the late emperor’s testament and the charge of his orphaned heir, and you corrected and supported my person. You continued what had been broken off and revived what had declined, your aim set on quelling disorder. So you put the six armies in order, and not a year passed without a campaign; your divine martial prowess blazed forth and your might shook the eight far corners of the world. You were about to achieve extraordinary deeds for the latter Han and stand beside the great accomplishments of Yi Yin and the Duke of Zhou.

亮遺命葬漢中定軍山，因山為墳，塚足容棺，斂以時服，不須器物。詔策曰：惟君體資文武，明叡篤誠，受遺託孤，匡輔朕躬，繼絕興微，志存靖亂；爰整六師，無歲不征，神武赫然，威震八荒，將建殊功於季漢，參伊、周之巨勳。

How could Heaven show no pity, so that just as the work was on the verge of success you fell ill and perished! I grieve and mourn for you as if my liver and heart were torn apart. Honoring virtue, ranking merit, recording conduct, and bestowing a posthumous name are the means to make these shine for ages to come and to inscribe them so that they never decay. I now send Du Qiong, General of the Left Gentlemen of the Palace, bearing the staff of authority, to confer on you the seal and ribbon of Chancellor and Marquis of Wuxiang, and I grant you the posthumous title of Marquis Zhongwu (Loyal and Martial). If your spirit has awareness, may it take pleasure in this favor and honor. Alas, how sad! Alas, how sad!”

如何不弔，事臨垂克，遘疾隕喪！朕用傷悼，肝心若裂。夫崇德序功，紀行命謚，所以光昭將來，刊載不朽。今使使持節左中郎將杜瓊，贈君丞相武鄉侯印綬，謚君為忠武侯。魂而有靈，嘉茲寵榮。嗚呼哀哉！嗚呼哀哉！

Earlier, Zhuge Liang had personally submitted a memorial to the Latter Ruler: “In Chengdu I have eight hundred mulberry trees and fifteen qing of poor farmland, so my sons and younger kin have ample food and clothing. As for me, while I serve away from the capital, I have no other means of supply; the food and clothing I need are all provided by the government, and I have taken up no other livelihood to increase my wealth by a foot or an inch. On the day I die, I will not let there be surplus silk within my house or excess wealth outside it, to betray Your Majesty.” When he died, it was just as he had said.

初，亮自表後主曰：「成都有桑八百株，薄田十五頃，子弟衣食，自有餘饒。至於臣在外任，無別調度，隨身衣食，悉仰於官，不別治生，以長尺寸。若臣死之日，不使內有餘帛，外有贏財，以負陛下。」及卒，如其所言。

Zhuge Liang was by nature skilled at ingenious invention. The improvements to the repeating crossbow, and the wooden oxen and gliding horses, all came from his ideas. He extended the principles of warfare and devised the Eight Formations diagram, all of which, it is said, captured their essentials. Many of Zhuge Liang’s speeches, instructions, letters, and memorials are worth reading, and they have been compiled separately into a collection.

亮性長於巧思，損益連弩，木牛流馬，皆出其意；推演兵法，作八陣圖，咸得其要云。¹亮言教書奏多可觀，別為一集。

In the spring of the sixth year of Jingyao an edict ordered a temple built for Zhuge Liang at Mianyang. In autumn, when the Wei General Who Guards the West, Zhong Hui, invaded Shu and reached the valley of the Han, he offered sacrifices at Zhuge Liang’s temple and ordered his soldiers not to cut fodder, graze animals, or gather firewood anywhere around Zhuge Liang’s tomb. Zhuge Liang’s younger brother Zhuge Jun rose in office to Colonel of the Changshui Garrison. Zhuge Liang’s son Zhuge Zhan inherited his title.

景耀六年春，詔為亮立廟於沔陽。¹秋，魏鎮西將軍鍾會征蜀，至漢川，祭亮之廟，令軍士不得於亮墓所左右芻牧樵採。亮弟均，官至長水校尉。亮子瞻，嗣爵。²

Table of contents of the Collected Works of Zhuge: 1. Opening the Office and Serving as Governor; 2. Expedient Measures; 3. The Southern Campaign; 4. The Northern Expeditions; 5. Calculations; 6. Instruction and Exhortation; 7. Examination and Verification, Part One; 8. Examination and Verification, Part Two; 9. Miscellaneous Sayings, Part One; 10. Miscellaneous Sayings; 11. Valuing Harmony; 12. Essentials of Warfare; 13. Transport; 14. Letters to Sun Quan; 15. Letters to Zhuge Jin; 16. Letters to Meng Da; 17. The Dismissal of Li Ping; 18. Laws and Inspections, Part One; 19. Laws and Inspections, Part Two; 20. Statutes and Ordinances, Part One; 21. Statutes and Ordinances, Part Two; 22. Military Orders, Part One; 23. Military Orders, Part Two; 24. Military Orders, Part Three. The above are twenty-four chapters, 104,112 characters in all.

諸葛氏集目錄開府作牧第一　　權制第二　　　　南征第三北出第四　　　　計算第五　　　　訓厲第六綜覈上第七　　　綜覈下第八　　　雜言上第九雜言第十　　　　貴和第十一　　　兵要第十二傳運第十三　　　與孫權書第十四　與諸葛瑾書第十五與孟達書第十六　廢李平第十七　　法檢上第十八法檢下第十九　　科令上第二十　　科令下第二十一軍令上第二十二　軍令中第二十三　軍令下第二十四右二十四篇，凡十萬四千一百一十二字。

Your servant Shou and others report: When I was formerly Gentleman of Composition, the Palace Attendant and Supervisor of the Secretariat, Marquis of Jibei, your servant Xun Xu, and the Director of the Secretariat, Marquis Within the Passes, your servant He Jiao, memorialized that I be commissioned to edit the records of Zhuge Liang, the late Chancellor of the former Shu. Zhuge Liang aided an imperiled state, relied on its natural barriers, and refused to submit; yet still his words have been preserved and recorded, out of shame that any good thing should be lost. This is truly the brilliant and supreme virtue of the great Jin, whose grace extends without limit; nothing like it has been seen since antiquity. I have accordingly deleted duplications and arranged the material by category, making twenty-four chapters in all. The chapter titles are as listed above.

臣壽等言：臣前在著作郎，侍中領中書監濟北侯臣荀勖、中書令關內侯臣和嶠奏：使臣定故蜀丞相諸葛亮故事。亮毗佐危國，負阻不賓，然猶存錄其言，恥善有遺，誠是大晉光明至德，澤被無疆，自古以來，未有之倫也。輒刪除複重，隨類相從，凡為二十四篇。篇名如右。

From his youth Zhuge Liang had talents surpassing the crowd and the capacity of a hero and hegemon. He stood eight feet tall and was very imposing in appearance, and people of his time regarded him as extraordinary. Meeting the turmoil at the end of the Han, he followed his uncle Zhuge Xuan to take refuge in Jing Province, where he farmed the fields himself and did not seek fame. At that time the General of the Left, Liu Bei, perceiving that Zhuge Liang had exceptional capacity, visited him three times in his thatched cottage. Zhuge Liang was deeply impressed by Liu Bei’s heroic and outstanding bearing, and so he loosened his sash, poured out his sincerity, and formed a close bond with him.

亮少有逸眾之才，英霸之器，身長八尺，容貌甚偉，時人異焉。遭漢末擾亂，隨叔父玄避難荊州，躬耕于野，不求聞達。時左將軍劉備以亮有殊量，乃三顧亮於草廬之中；亮深謂備雄姿傑出，遂解帶寫誠，厚相結納。

When Emperor Wu of Wei marched south against Jing Province, Liu Cong surrendered the whole province, and Liu Bei, having lost his position and with few followers, had not even ground enough to stand an awl in. Zhuge Liang, then twenty-seven, devised a bold plan: he went in person as envoy to Sun Quan to seek aid from Wu and Kuaiji. Sun Quan had long admired and looked up to Liu Bei, and seeing moreover how extraordinary and refined Zhuge Liang was, he treated him with great respect and at once sent thirty thousand troops to help Liu Bei. With them Liu Bei was able to fight Emperor Wu and crush his army, and pressing his advantage he won victory after victory until all the land south of the Yangtze was pacified.

及魏武帝南征荊州，劉琮舉州委質，而備失勢眾寡，無立錐之地。亮時年二十七，乃建奇策，身使孫權，求援吳會。權既宿服仰備，又觀亮奇雅，甚敬重之，即遣兵三萬以助備。備得用與武帝交戰，大破其軍，乘勝克捷，江南悉平。

Later Liu Bei also took Yi Province in the west. Once Yi Province was settled, he made Zhuge Liang Military Adviser General. When Liu Bei assumed the imperial title, he appointed Zhuge Liang Chancellor and Overseer of the Masters of Writing. After Liu Bei died, his heir was young and weak, and Zhuge Liang took sole charge of all affairs, great and small. He allied with Eastern Wu abroad and pacified the southern Yue at home. He established laws and put institutions in place, and he put the army in order; in tools, machines, and craftsmanship he pushed everything to its limit. His regulations and instructions were strict and clear, rewards and punishments were always kept faithfully, no wrong went unpunished and no good went unrecognized. As a result officials tolerated no corruption, everyone was minded to exert himself, no one picked up things dropped on the road, the strong did not oppress the weak, and public morals became solemn and orderly.

後備又西取益州。益州既定，以亮為軍師將軍。備稱尊號，拜亮為丞相，錄尚書事。及備殂沒，嗣子幼弱，事無巨細，亮皆專之。於是外連東吳，內平南越，立法施度，整理戎旅，工械技巧，物究其極，科教嚴明，賞罰必信，無惡不懲，無善不顯，至於吏不容奸，人懷自厲，道不拾遺，彊不侵弱，風化肅然也。

At this time, Zhuge Liang’s abiding ambition was, in advancing, to rear like a dragon and glare like a tiger and embrace all within the four seas, and, in retreating, to bestride the borderlands and shake the whole realm. He also believed that once he was gone there would be no one able to tread the Central Plains and contend with the superior state, and so he never ceased using his troops and repeatedly displayed his martial might. Yet Zhuge Liang’s talent was strong in ordering an army and weak in surprising stratagems, and his ability in governing the people exceeded his generalship. Moreover, the enemies he faced at times were men of heroic caliber; add to this that the numbers were unequal and that attacking and defending are different undertakings, and so although he mobilized his forces year after year he could not prevail.

當此之時，亮之素志，進欲龍驤虎視，包括四海，退欲跨陵邊疆，震蕩宇內。又自以為無身之日，則未有能蹈涉中原、抗衡上國者，是以用兵不戢，屢耀其武。然亮才，於治戎為長，奇謀為短，理民之幹，優於將略。而所與對敵，或值人傑，加眾寡不侔，攻守異體，故雖連年動眾，未能有克。

In ancient times Xiao He recommended Han Xin and Guan Zhong put forward Prince Chengfu, because each had weighed his own strengths and recognized that he could not possess every ability. Zhuge Liang’s capacity and skill in government make him a match second only to Guan Zhong and Xiao He, but among the famous generals of his day there was no Chengfu or Han Xin. Was it not for this reason that his achievements dwindled and the great cause was not attained? Surely the Mandate of Heaven has its destined home, and it cannot be contended for by wisdom and strength.

昔蕭何薦韓信，管仲舉王子城父，皆忖己之長，未能兼有故也。亮之器能政理，抑亦管、蕭之亞匹也，而時之名將無城父、韓信，故使功業陵遲，大義不及邪？蓋天命有歸，不可以智力爭也。

In the spring of the second year of Qinglong, Zhuge Liang led his host out to Wugong and divided his troops to farm military colonies as a foundation for a long stay. That autumn he fell ill and died. The common people cherished his memory and spoke of him constantly. To this day, when the people of Liang and Yi Provinces tell of Zhuge Liang, it is as if his words still ring in their ears; even the ode “Sweet Pear Tree” in praise of the Duke of Shao or the songs of the people of Zheng for Zichan hardly surpass it. Meng Ke said, “If the people are employed in a way meant to give them ease, they will not complain even when toiling; if men are put to death in a way meant to preserve life, they will not resent it even as they die.”

青龍二年春，亮帥眾出武功，分兵屯田，為久駐之基。其秋病卒，黎庶追思，以為口實。至今梁、益之民，咨述亮者，言猶在耳，雖甘棠之詠召公，鄭人之歌子產，無以遠譬也。孟軻有云：「以逸道使民，雖勞不怨；以生道殺人，雖死不忿。」

How true this is! Some critics find it strange that Zhuge Liang’s writing lacks elegance and is overly painstaking and detailed. In my foolish opinion, Gaoyao was a great worthy and the Duke of Zhou a sage, yet if we examine the Book of Documents, Gaoyao’s counsels are brief and refined while the Duke of Zhou’s proclamations are elaborate and thorough. Why is this? Because Gaoyao conversed with Shun and Yu, while the Duke of Zhou was making solemn declarations to his subordinates. Those Zhuge Liang addressed were all ordinary people and common officers, so the purport of his writing could not reach far.

信矣！論者或怪亮文彩不艷，而過於丁寧周至。臣愚以為咎繇大賢也，周公聖人也，考之尚書，咎繇之謨略而雅，周公之誥煩而悉。何則？咎繇與舜、禹共談，周公與群下矢誓故也。亮所與言，盡眾人凡士，故其文指不得及遠也。

Nevertheless, his teachings and surviving words all deal with managing affairs and ordering things, and his public-spirited and sincere heart shows in his writing. They suffice to reveal the man’s intentions and reasoning, and they are of benefit to the present age.

然其聲教遺言，皆經事綜物，公誠之心，形於文墨，足以知其人之意理，而有補於當世。

I humbly consider that Your Majesty surpasses the footsteps of the ancient sages and is magnanimous and free of taboos, so that even the slanderous words of an enemy state are all allowed to speak freely, with nothing altered or suppressed; this is how you make manifest the way of great openness. I have respectfully copied this out and submit it to the Bureau of Composition. Your servant Shou, in true fear and trembling, knocks his head to the ground again and again, deserving death, deserving death. Submitted on the guisi day, the first day of the second month of the tenth year of Taishi, by your servant Chen Shou, Chancellor of the Marquisate of Pingyang.

伏惟陛下邁蹤古聖，蕩然無忌，故雖敵國誹謗之言，咸肆其辭而無所革諱，所以明大通之道也。謹錄寫上詣著作。臣壽誠惶誠恐，頓首頓首，死罪死罪。泰始十年二月一日癸巳，平陽侯相臣陳壽上。

Zhuge Qiao

諸葛喬

Zhuge Qiao, courtesy name Bosong, was the second son of Zhuge Liang’s elder brother Zhuge Jin; his original courtesy name was Zhongshen. He and his elder brother Yuanxun (Zhuge Ke) were both renowned in their time, and critics judged that Zhuge Qiao’s talent fell short of his brother’s but that his character and conduct surpassed them. At first, since Zhuge Liang had no son, he asked for Zhuge Qiao as his heir, and Zhuge Jin petitioned Sun Quan to send Zhuge Qiao west. Zhuge Liang made Zhuge Qiao his legitimate heir and therefore changed his courtesy name. He was appointed Commandant of Escort Cavalry and followed Zhuge Liang to Hanzhong. He died in the sixth year of Jianxing, at the age of twenty-five.

喬字伯松，亮兄瑾之第二子也，本字仲慎。與兄元遜俱有名於時，論者以為喬才不及兄，而性業過之。初，亮未有子，求喬為嗣，瑾啟孫權遣喬來西，亮以喬為己適子，故易其字焉。拜為駙馬都尉，隨亮至漢中。¹年二十五，建興六年卒。

His son Zhuge Pan rose to acting Protector of the Army and General Who Assists in Martial Affairs, but he too died young. When Zhuge Ke was executed in Wu and all his descendants perished, Zhuge Liang had his own line of descendants, so Zhuge Pan reverted to become Zhuge Jin’s heir.

子攀，官至行護軍翊武將軍，亦早卒。諸葛恪見誅於吳，子孫皆盡，而亮自有胄裔，故攀還復為瑾後。

Zhuge Zhan

諸葛瞻

Zhuge Zhan’s courtesy name was Siyuan. In the twelfth year of Jianxing, when Zhuge Liang marched out to Wugong, he wrote to Zhuge Jin: “Zhan is now eight years old. He is bright and lovable, but I worry that he has matured too early and fear he will not become a vessel of great capacity.” At seventeen he married a princess and was appointed Commandant of Cavalry. The following year he became General of the Gentlemen of the Feathered Forest, and after several promotions he became Colonel of Archers Who Shoot at a Sound, Palace Attendant, and Supervisor of the Masters of Writing, with the added title of Military Adviser General. Zhuge Zhan was skilled at calligraphy and painting and had a strong memory. The people of Shu, cherishing the memory of Zhuge Liang, all loved his talent and quickness.

瞻字思遠。建興十二年，亮出武功，與瑾書曰：「瞻今已八歲，聰慧可愛，嫌其早成，恐不為重器耳。」年十七，尚公主，拜騎都尉。其明年為羽林中郎將，屢遷射聲校尉、侍中、尚書僕射，加軍師將軍。瞻工書畫，強識念，蜀人追思亮，咸愛其才敏。

Whenever the court carried out a good policy or a fine measure, even if Zhuge Zhan had not proposed or advocated it, the common people all passed the word to one another, saying, “This is the doing of Marquis Ge.” Thus his fine reputation and overflowing praise exceeded the reality. In the fourth year of Jingyao he became acting Protector General and General of the Guards, and together with Dong Jue, Grand General Who Supports the State and Marquis of Nanxiang, he jointly managed the affairs of the Masters of Writing. In the winter of the sixth year, the Wei General Who Conquers the West, Deng Ai, attacked Shu, entering by a side route from Yinping along the Jinggu Road.

每朝廷有一善政佳事，雖非瞻所建倡，百姓皆傳相告曰：「葛侯之所為也。」是以美聲溢譽，有過其實。景耀四年，為行都護衛將軍，與輔國大將軍南鄉侯董厥并平尚書事。六年冬，魏征西將軍鄧艾伐蜀，自陰平由景谷道旁入。

Zhuge Zhan led the armies to Fu and halted there, but when his vanguard was broken he fell back and stationed himself at Mianzhu. Deng Ai sent a letter to entice him: “If you surrender, I will certainly memorialize to have you made King of Langya.” Zhuge Zhan was enraged and beheaded Deng Ai’s messenger. They then fought; he was badly defeated and died on the battlefield, at the age of thirty-seven. His troops all scattered, and Deng Ai drove straight on to Chengdu. Zhuge Zhan’s eldest son Zhuge Shang died together with him. His second son Zhuge Jing, Zhuge Pan’s son Zhuge Xian, and others were moved inland to Hedong in the first year of Xianxi.

瞻督諸軍至涪停住，前鋒破，退還，住綿竹。艾遣書誘瞻曰：「若降者，必表為琅邪王。」瞻怒，斬艾使。遂戰，大敗，臨陣死，時年三十七。眾皆離散，艾長驅至成都。瞻長子尚，與瞻俱沒。¹次子京及攀子顯等，咸熙元年內移河東。²

Dong Jue

董厥

Dong Jue had been a clerk in the Chancellor’s office in the time of Chancellor Zhuge Liang, who praised him, saying, “Clerk Dong is a fine gentleman. Every time I talk with him, his thinking is careful and apt.” He was transferred to Registrar. After Zhuge Liang’s death he was gradually promoted to Supervisor of the Masters of Writing, succeeded Chen Zhi as Prefect of the Masters of Writing, and was then made Grand General and jointly managed the affairs of the Secretariat, while Fan Jian of Yiyang took his place. In the fourteenth year of Yanxi, Fan Jian went as envoy to Wu with the rank of Colonel, but Sun Quan was then gravely ill and did not see Fan Jian in person.

董厥者，丞相亮時為府令史，亮稱之曰：「董令史，良士也。吾每與之言，思慎宜適。」徙為主簿。亮卒後，稍遷至尚書僕射，代陳祗為尚書令，遷大將軍，平台事，而義陽樊建代焉。¹延熙十四年，以校尉使吳，值孫權病篤，不自見建。

Sun Quan asked Zhuge Ke, “How does Fan Jian compare with Zong Yu?” Zhuge Ke replied, “In talent and insight he falls short of Zong Yu, but in refinement of character he surpasses him.” Fan Jian later became Palace Attendant and acting Director of the Secretariat. After Zhuge Zhan, Dong Jue, and Fan Jian took charge of affairs, Jiang Wei was constantly away on campaign, and the eunuch Huang Hao secretly manipulated the levers of power; they all shielded him together and none was able to correct him. Fan Jian alone, however, did not keep up friendly relations with Huang Hao. In the spring of the year after Shu fell, Dong Jue and Fan Jian both went to the capital, where they were both made Adjutants to the Chancellor of State; that autumn they were each concurrently made Cavalier Attendant-in-Ordinary and sent to Shu to console its people.

權問諸葛恪曰：「樊建何如宗預也？」恪對曰：「才識不及預，而雅性過之。」後為侍中，守中書令。自瞻、厥、建統事，姜維常征伐在外，宦人黃皓竊弄機柄，咸共將護，無能匡矯，¹然建特不與皓好往來。蜀破之明年春，厥、建俱詣京都，同為相國參軍，其秋并兼散騎常侍，使蜀使慰勞。²

Appraisal

評

Appraisal: As chancellor, Zhuge Liang cared for the common people, set forth proper rites and rules, kept official posts lean, and followed measures suited to the times. He opened his heart in sincerity and spread a public-spirited justice. Those who gave their full loyalty and benefited the times he always rewarded, even if they were his enemies; those who broke the law or were negligent he always punished, even if they were his kin; those who admitted their crimes and confessed the truth he always released, even if their offenses were grave; those who used evasive words and clever pretexts he always put to death, even if their offenses were light. No good deed was too small to be rewarded, and no wrong too slight to be censured. He was expert and practiced in every kind of business and dealt with each matter at its root. He held names to account against realities and gave no place to falsehood. In the end, everyone within the realm both feared and loved him; that his punishments and government were strict and yet no one resented them was because his intentions were fair and his encouragements and warnings were clear.

評曰：諸葛亮之為相國也，撫百姓，示儀軌，約官職，從權制，開誠心，布公道；盡忠益時者雖讎必賞，犯法怠慢者雖親必罰，服罪輸情者雖重必釋，游辭巧飾者雖輕必戮；善無微而不賞，惡無纖而不貶；庶事精練，物理其本，循名責實，虛偽不齒；終於邦域之內，咸畏而愛之，刑政雖峻而無怨者，以其用心平而勸戒明也。

He may be called a fine talent who understood governance, a match second only to Guan Zhong and Xiao He. Yet though he mobilized his forces year after year, he could not achieve success; perhaps adaptability in the face of change and generalship were not his strengths!

可謂識治之良才，管、蕭之亞匹矣。然連年動眾，未能成功，蓋應變將略，非其所長歟！¹²