Records of Shu 15: Biographies of Deng Zhi, Zhang Yi, Zong Yu and Yang Xi

Records of Shu 15: Biographies of Deng Zhi, Zhang Yi, Zong Yu and Yang Xi

Deng Zhi

鄧芝

Deng Zhi, courtesy name Bomiao, was a man of Xinye County in Yiyang Commandery and a descendant of the Han Minister over the Masses Deng Yu. At the end of the Han he entered Shu but found no one to recognize him. At that time Zhang Yu, an Assistant Officer of Yi Province, was skilled at physiognomy, and Deng Zhi went to follow him. Zhang Yu said to Deng Zhi, “You will live past seventy, rise to the rank of Grand General, and be enfeoffed as a marquis.” Hearing that Pang Xi, Prefect of Baxi, was fond of men of talent, Deng Zhi went to attach himself to him. When the First Ruler pacified Yi Province, Deng Zhi became Superintendent of the Granaries at Pi. The First Ruler went out to Pi, talked with him, and thought him most remarkable; he promoted him to Magistrate of Pi and then transferred him to Prefect of Guanghan. Wherever he served he was upright and strict and achieved good government, and he entered the court as Master of Writing.

鄧芝字伯苗，義陽新野人，漢司徒禹之後也。漢末入蜀，未見知待。時益州從事張裕善相，芝往從之，裕謂芝曰：「君年過七十，位至大將軍，封侯。」芝聞巴西太守龐羲好士，往依焉。先主定益州，芝為郫邸閣督。先主出至郫，與語，大奇之，擢為郫令，遷廣漢太守。所在清嚴有治績，入為尚書。

The First Ruler died at Yong'an. Before this, Sun Quan, King of Wu, had asked for peace, and the First Ruler had several times sent Song Wei, Fei Yi and others to respond to him. Chancellor Zhuge Liang was deeply worried that when Sun Quan heard of the First Ruler's death he might form other designs, and he did not know what to do. Deng Zhi went to see Zhuge Liang and said, “Our sovereign is now young and weak and has only just taken the throne. We should send a great envoy to renew our friendship with Wu.” Zhuge Liang answered, “I have been thinking of this for a long time, but I had not found the right man. Only today have I found him.”

先主薨於永安。先是，吳王孫權請和，先主累遣宋瑋、費禕等與相報答。丞相諸葛亮深慮權聞先主殂隕，恐有異計，未知所如。芝見亮曰：「今主上幼弱，初在位，宜遣大使重申吳好。」亮答之曰：「吾思之久矣，未得其人耳，今日始得之。」

Deng Zhi asked who that man was. Zhuge Liang said, “It is you.” So he sent Deng Zhi to restore friendly relations with Sun Quan. As expected, Sun Quan was suspicious and did not receive Deng Zhi promptly. Deng Zhi therefore submitted a memorial himself asking to see Sun Quan, saying, “In coming here now I also mean to serve Wu, not only Shu.” Sun Quan then received him and said to Deng Zhi, “I truly wish to make peace and kinship with Shu. But I fear that the ruler of Shu is young and weak, and that the state is small and hard pressed, so that if Wei takes advantage of it, it will not be able to preserve itself. That is the only reason I hesitate.”

芝問其人為誰？亮曰：「即使君也。」乃遣芝脩好於權。權果狐疑，不時見芝，芝乃自表請見權曰：「臣今來亦欲為吳，非但為蜀也。」權乃見之，語芝曰：「孤誠願與蜀和親，然恐蜀主幼弱，國小勢偪，為魏所乘，不自保全，以此猶豫耳。」

Deng Zhi replied, “Wu and Shu, the two states, hold the land of four provinces. Your Highness is the hero of the age, and Zhuge Liang too is the outstanding man of his time. Shu has the strength of layered defiles, and Wu has the barrier of the Three Rivers. If we join these two advantages and stand together like lips and teeth, then in advancing we can annex the whole realm, and in holding back we can stand like the three legs of a cauldron. This is the natural order of things. If Your Highness now submits yourself to Wei, Wei will surely demand from above that Your Highness come to its court, and from below that the Heir Apparent serve as an attendant in its palace. If you do not obey its commands, it will march against you in the name of punishing a rebel, and Shu too will surely come down with the current and advance whenever it sees an opening. Then the land south of the Yangzi will no longer be Your Highness's.”

芝對曰：「吳、蜀二國四州之地，大王命世之英，諸葛亮亦一時之傑也。蜀有重險之固，吳有三江之阻，合此二長，共為脣齒，進可並兼天下，退可鼎足而立，此理之自然也。大王今若委質於魏，魏必上望大王之入朝，下求太子之內侍，若不從命，則奉辭伐叛，蜀必順流見可而進，如此，江南之地非復大王之有也。」

Sun Quan was silent for a long while, then said, “What you say is right.” He then broke with Wei on his own account and allied himself with Shu, and sent Zhang Wen to Shu on a return embassy. Shu again sent Deng Zhi, and Sun Quan said to him, “If the realm becomes peaceful and two rulers divide it and govern it, would that not be a happy thing!” Deng Zhi replied, “There are not two suns in the sky, nor two kings on the earth. If, after Wei has been absorbed, Your Highness still does not deeply understand the Mandate of Heaven, then each ruler will cultivate his virtue, each minister will give his utmost loyalty, and the generals will take up the drumsticks and the drums; only then will the war truly begin.”

權默然良久曰：「君言是也。」遂自絕魏，與蜀連和，遣張溫報聘於蜀。蜀復令芝重往，權謂芝曰：「若天下太平，二主分治，不亦樂乎！」芝對曰：「夫天無二日，土無二王，如並魏之後，大王未深識天命者也，君各茂其德，臣各盡其忠，將提枹鼓，則戰爭方始耳。」

Sun Quan laughed heartily and said, “So this is how sincere you are!” Sun Quan wrote to Zhuge Liang, saying, “Ding Hong was florid and inflated, and Yin Hua did not say all he should. The one who has brought our two states together is Deng Zhi alone.” When Zhuge Liang went north and stationed himself at Hanzhong, he made Deng Zhi Central Army Supervisor and General Who Displays Martial Might. After Zhuge Liang died, Deng Zhi was transferred to Army Adviser of the Van and General of the Front, took charge of Yan Province as Imperial Protector, and was enfeoffed as Village Marquis of Yangwu. Before long he became Area Commander of Jiangzhou. Sun Quan exchanged messages with Deng Zhi many times and sent him lavish gifts.

權大笑曰：「君之誠款，乃當爾邪！」權與亮書曰：「丁厷掞張，¹陰化不盡；和合二國，唯有鄧芝。」及亮北住漢中，以芝為中監軍、揚武將軍。亮卒，遷前軍師前將軍，領兗州刺史，封陽武亭侯，頃之為督江州。權數與芝相聞，饋遺優渥。

In the sixth year of Yanxi he was promoted in place to General of Chariots and Cavalry, and was later granted the tally. In the eleventh year, the people of the Fuling Dependent State killed their Chief Commandant and rebelled. Deng Zhi led troops to suppress them, at once beheaded their ringleaders and displayed their heads, and the common people were set at ease. He died in the fourteenth year.

延熙六年，就遷為車騎將軍，後假節。十一年，涪陵國人殺都尉反叛，芝率軍征討，即梟其渠帥，百姓安堵，¹十四年卒。

For more than twenty years as a general, Deng Zhi was clear and decisive in rewards and punishments and took good care of his soldiers. For his own clothing and food he relied on what the government provided. He did not make a show of plainness, yet to the end he never built up private property, so that his wife and children were not spared hunger and cold, and on the day he died his household had no wealth left. He was firm and blunt by nature and made no effort to dress up his manner, so he did not get along with the gentry. There were few men of his time whom he respected or valued; only Jiang Wei did he regard as a vessel of unusual capacity, it is said. His son Deng Liang inherited his rank; during Jingyao he became Gentleman of the Left Selection Bureau of the Masters of Writing, and under the Jin court he was Prefect of Guanghan.

芝為將軍二十餘年，賞罰明斷，善卹卒伍。身之衣食資仰於官，不苟素儉，然終不治私產，妻子不免飢寒，死之日家無餘財。性剛簡，不飾意氣，不得士類之和。於時人少所敬貴，唯器異姜維云。子良，襲爵，景耀中為尚書左選郎，晉朝廣漢太守。

Zhang Yi

張翼

Zhang Yi, courtesy name Bogong, was a man of Wuyang County in Qianwei Commandery. His great-great-grandfather, the Minister of Works Zhang Hao, and his great-grandfather, the Prefect of Guangling Zhang Gang, were both men of renown and achievement.

張翼字伯恭，犍為武陽人也。高祖父司空浩，曾祖父廣陵太守綱，皆有名跡。 ¹

When the First Ruler pacified Yi Province and took charge of it as Governor, Zhang Yi became a Clerk. At the end of Jian'an he was nominated as Filial and Incorrupt and became Chief of Jiangyang; he was transferred to Magistrate of Fuling, promoted to Prefect of Zitong, and rose through further promotions to Prefect of Guanghan and of Shu Commandery. In the ninth year of Jianxing he became Area Commander of Laixiang and General of the Household Who Pacifies the South. Zhang Yi was by nature strict in upholding the law, and so he did not win the goodwill of the peoples of different customs. When the tribal chief Liu Zhou turned against him and rose in revolt, Zhang Yi raised troops to attack Liu Zhou. Before Liu Zhou had been defeated, Zhang Yi happened to be summoned back to court, and his subordinates all thought he ought to gallop back at once to answer for his failure. Zhang Yi said, “Not so.

先主定益州，領牧，翼為書佐。建安末，舉孝廉，為江陽長，徙涪陵令，遷梓潼太守，累遷至廣漢、蜀郡太守。建興九年，為庲降都督、綏南中郎將。翼性持法嚴，不得殊俗之歡心。耆率劉胄背叛作亂，翼舉兵討胄。胄未破，會被徵當還，群下咸以為宜便馳騎即罪，翼曰：「不然。

I am going back only because the barbarians stirred up trouble and I proved unequal to my post. But my successor has not yet arrived, and I am facing the battlefield now. I ought to transport provisions and store up grain to provide the means of destroying the rebels. How could I neglect the public business just because I am being dismissed?” So he kept up his command without slackening and set out only when his replacement arrived. Ma Zhong built on the foundation he had laid to crush and wipe out Liu Zhou, and when Chancellor Zhuge Liang heard of this he approved of him. When Zhuge Liang marched out to Wugong, he made Zhang Yi Area Commander of the Van Army and gave him charge of Fufeng as Prefect.

吾以蠻夷蠢動，不稱職故還耳，然代人未至，吾方臨戰場，當運糧積穀，為滅賊之資，豈可以黜退之故而廢公家之務乎？」於是統攝不懈，代到乃發。馬忠因其成基以破殄胄，丞相亮聞而善之。亮出武功，以翼為前軍都督，領扶風太守。

After Zhuge Liang died, Zhang Yi was appointed Leader of the Army of the Van, and his merit in suppressing Liu Zhou was assessed retroactively, for which he was granted the rank of Marquis Within the Pass. In the first year of Yanxi he entered the court as Master of Writing, and was gradually promoted to Area Commander of Jianwei; he was granted the tally, advanced in fief to Chief Village Marquis, and made Grand General Who Attacks the West.

亮卒，拜前領軍，追論討劉胄功，賜爵關內侯。延熙元年，入為尚書，稍遷督建威，假節，進封都亭侯，征西大將軍。

In the eighteenth year he returned to Chengdu together with the General of the Guard Jiang Wei. Jiang Wei proposed to march out again, and Zhang Yi alone argued against it at court, holding that the state was small and the people weary, and that military force should not be used recklessly. Jiang Wei did not listen; he took Zhang Yi and others along on the campaign and raised Zhang Yi's rank to Grand General Who Guards the South. Jiang Wei reached Didao and routed the Wei Imperial Protector of Yong Province, Wang Jing; those of Wang Jing's troops who died in the Tao River numbered in the tens of thousands. Zhang Yi said, “We may stop now. We should not advance any further. If we advance, we may ruin this great achievement.”

十八年，與衛將軍姜維俱還成都。維議復出軍，唯翼廷爭，以為國小民勞，不宜黷武。維不聽，將翼等行，進翼位鎮南大將軍。維至狄道，大破魏雍州刺史王經，經眾死於洮水者以萬計。翼曰：「可止矣，不宜復進，進或毀此大功。」

Jiang Wei was enraged. The words were: “That is drawing feet on a snake.” In the end Jiang Wei besieged Wang Jing at Didao but could not take the city. After Zhang Yi had voiced his dissent, Jiang Wei bore a grudge against him in his heart, yet he always took him along with him, and Zhang Yi had no choice but to go. In the second year of Jingyao he was transferred to General of Chariots and Cavalry of the Left and took charge of Ji Province as Imperial Protector. In the sixth year he was at Jiange together with Jiang Wei, and they went together to Fu County to surrender to Zhong Hui. In the first month of the next year he followed Zhong Hui to Chengdu and was killed by mutinous soldiers.

維大怒。曰：「為蛇畫足。」維竟圍經於狄道，城不能克。自翼建異論，維心與翼不善，然常牽率同行，翼亦不得已而往。景耀二年，遷左車騎將軍，領冀州刺史。六年，與維咸在劍閣，共詣降鍾會於涪。明年正月，隨會至成都，為亂兵所殺。 ¹

Zong Yu

宗預

Zong Yu, courtesy name Deyan, was a man of Anzhong County in Nanyang Commandery. During Jian'an he followed Zhang Fei into Shu. At the beginning of Jianxing, Chancellor Zhuge Liang made him his Registrar, and he was transferred to Army Adviser and General of the Household of the Right. When Zhuge Liang died, Wu feared that Wei might take advantage of Shu's weakness to seize it, and increased the garrison at Baqiu by ten thousand men, intending first to send relief, and second to use the occasion to carve up the land. When Shu heard of this, it too strengthened the garrison at Yong'an to guard against the unexpected.

宗預字德艷，南陽安眾人也。建安中，隨張飛入蜀。建興初，丞相亮以為主簿，遷參軍右中郎將。及亮卒，吳慮魏或承衰取蜀，增巴丘守兵萬人，一欲以為救援，二欲以事分割也。蜀聞之，亦益永安之守，以防非常。

When Zong Yu went to Wu as envoy under orders, Sun Quan asked him, “East and west are, so to speak, a single family. Yet I hear that the west has further strengthened its garrison at Baidicheng. Why is that?” Zong Yu replied, “In my view, the east reinforcing its garrison at Baqiu and the west strengthening its defenses at Baidicheng are both what the situation naturally calls for; neither is worth questioning the other about.” Sun Quan laughed heartily, praised his unbending frankness, and treated him with great affection; the respect shown him was second only to that shown Deng Zhi and Fei Yi. He was promoted to Palace Attendant and transferred to Master of Writing.

預將命使吳，孫權問預曰：「東之與西，譬猶一家，而聞西更增白帝之守，何也？」預對曰：「臣以為東益巴丘之戍，西增白帝之守，皆事勢宜然，俱不足以相問也。」權大笑，嘉其抗直，甚愛待之，見敬亞於鄧芝、費禕。遷為侍中，徙尚書。

In the tenth year of Yanxi he became Colonel of Garrison Cavalry. At that time the General of Chariots and Cavalry Deng Zhi came back from Jiangzhou to attend court and said to Zong Yu, “According to the rites, at sixty one no longer serves in war. Yet you have only now been given command of troops. Why is that?” Zong Yu answered, “You are seventy and have not given back your troops. Why should I not accept mine at sixty?” Deng Zhi was arrogant by nature, and everyone from the Grand General Fei Yi down avoided him and deferred to him; Zong Yu alone would not bow to him. When Zong Yu went east again on an embassy to Wu, Sun Quan took his hand and wept as he bade him farewell, saying, “Each time you have come under orders to bind our two states in friendship.

延熙十年，為屯騎校尉。時車騎將軍鄧芝自江州還，來朝，謂預曰：「禮，六十不服戎，而卿甫受兵，何也？」預答曰：「卿七十不還兵，我六十何為不受邪？」¹芝性驕傲，自大將軍費禕等皆避下之，而預獨不為屈。預復東聘吳，孫權捉預手，涕泣而別曰：「君每銜命結二國之好。

Now you are old, and I too am aged and failing. I fear we shall never meet again!” He gave Zong Yu a hu measure of large pearls, and only then did Zong Yu return. He was promoted to General of the Rear and Area Commander of Yong'an, was appointed in place as Grand General Who Attacks the West, and was granted the rank of Marquis Within the Pass. In the first year of Jingyao he was recalled to Chengdu because of illness. Later he became Grand General Who Guards the Army and took charge of Yan Province as Imperial Protector. At that time the Protector-General Zhuge Zhan had just taken over the conduct of court affairs, and Liao Hua called on Zong Yu, wanting to go with him to pay a visit at Zhuge Zhan's residence.

今君年長，孤亦衰老，恐不復相見！」遺預大珠一斛， ¹乃還。遷後將軍，督永安，就拜征西大將軍，賜爵關內侯。景耀元年，以疾徵還成都。後為鎮軍大將軍，領兗州刺史。時都護諸葛瞻初統朝事，廖化過預，欲與預共詣瞻許。

Zong Yu said, “We are both past seventy, and what we have undeservedly obtained is already more than enough; all we lack is death. What would we want from these young men, that we should go fussing at their gates?” And in the end he did not go.

預曰：「吾等年逾七十，所竊已過，但少一死耳，何求於年少輩而屑屑造門邪？」遂不往。

Liao Hua

廖化

Liao Hua, courtesy name Yuanjian, originally named Chun, was a man of Xiangyang. He was Registrar to the General of the Front Guan Yu, and when Guan Yu was defeated he came under Wu. Longing to return to the First Ruler, he pretended to have died, and the people of the time believed it. He then set out west with his aged mother, traveling day and night. It happened that the First Ruler was campaigning eastward, and they met at Zigui. The First Ruler was overjoyed and made Liao Hua Prefect of Yidu. After the First Ruler died, he became Army Adviser to the Chancellor and later Area Commander of Guangwu. He was gradually promoted to General of Chariots and Cavalry of the Right, granted the tally, given charge of Bing Province as Imperial Protector, and enfeoffed as Marquis of Zhongxiang. He was known for his boldness and fierce resolve. His office and rank were equal to Zhang Yi's and above Zong Yu's.

廖化字元儉，本名淳，襄陽人也。為前將軍關羽主簿，羽敗，屬吳。思歸先主，乃詐死，時人謂為信然，因攜持老母晝夜西行。會先主東征，遇於秭歸。先主大悅，以化為宜都太守。先主薨，為丞相參軍，後為督廣武，稍遷至右車騎將軍，假節，領并州刺史，封中鄉侯，以果烈稱。官位與張翼齊，而在宗預之右。 ¹

In the spring of the first year of Xianxi, Liao Hua and Zong Yu were both moved inland to Luoyang, and died of illness on the road.

咸熙元年春，化、預俱內徙洛陽，道病卒。

Yang Xi

楊戲

Yang Xi, courtesy name Wenran, was a man of Wuyang County in Qianwei Commandery. In his youth he became well known together with Cheng Qi (courtesy name Gonghong) of Baxi, Yang Tai (courtesy name Jiru) of Ba Commandery, and Zhang Biao (courtesy name Boda) of Shu Commandery. Yang Xi always put Cheng Qi forward as the foremost among them, and Chancellor Zhuge Liang recognized Yang Xi's worth deeply. When he was a little over twenty, Yang Xi rose from provincial Clerk to Assistant Officer Supervising the Army, in charge of criminal cases; he was said to be fair and sound in discussing the law and settling doubtful cases. The Chancellor's office summoned him and made him a Registrar on its staff.

楊戲字文然，犍為武陽人也。少與巴西程祁公弘、巴郡楊汰季儒、蜀郡張表伯達並知名。戲每推祁以為冠首，丞相亮深識之。戲年二十餘，從州書佐為督軍從事，職典刑獄，論法決疑，號為平當，府辟為屬主簿。

After Zhuge Liang died, he became Gentleman of the Right Selection Bureau of the Masters of Writing, and the Imperial Protector Jiang Wan invited him to be his Headquarters Officer. When Jiang Wan opened his office as Grand General, he again summoned him, as Head of the Eastern Bureau. He was transferred to Army Adviser to the General of the Household of the South, serving as deputy to the Area Commander of Laixiang and taking charge of Jianning as Prefect. Recalled to Chengdu because of illness, he was appointed Protector of the Army and Army Supervisor, went out to take charge of Zitong as Prefect, and came back to court as Colonel of Archers Who Shoot at a Sound. Wherever he served he was clean, frugal and free of needless fuss. In the twentieth year of Yanxi he followed the Grand General Jiang Wei on campaign as far as the Mang River.

亮卒，為尚書右選部郎，刺史蔣琬請為治中從事史。琬以大將軍開府，又辟為東曹掾，遷南中郎參軍，副貳庲降都督，領建寧太守。以疾徵還成都，拜護軍監軍，出領梓潼太守，入為射聲校尉，所在清約不煩。延熙二十年，隨大將軍姜維出軍至芒水。

Yang Xi had never in his heart accepted Jiang Wei's authority, and whenever he was laughing and talking after drinking he would make scornful, mocking remarks. Jiang Wei, outwardly tolerant but inwardly jealous, could not bear it. When the army returned, the officials concerned, following his wishes, impeached Yang Xi, and he was dismissed and made a commoner. He died later, in the fourth year of Jingyao.

戲素心不服維，酒後言笑，每有傲弄之辭。維外寬內忌，意不能堪，軍還，有司承旨奏戲，免為庶人。後景耀四年卒。

Although Yang Xi was by nature casual and indolent and cut things short, he never plied others with sweet words or treated them more warmly than he really felt. When he wrote out instructions on official business, he rarely filled a sheet of paper. Yet he was devoted to old friends and was sincere and generous in his dealings. He had been close to Han Yan and Li Tao of Baxi since childhood; later Han Yan was disabled by a chronic illness, and Li Tao was cast off for his poor conduct, but Yang Xi managed their affairs and relieved them, and his kindness and friendship remained as they had been at first. Also, the people of the time said that Qiao Zhou had no talent useful to the age, and few respected him; only Yang Xi thought highly of him, and once praised him, saying, “In later ages, people like us will in the end never match this tall fellow.” Men of discernment valued Yang Xi for this.

戲性雖簡惰省略，未嘗以甘言加人，過情接物。書符指事，希有盈紙。然篤於舊故，居誠存厚。與巴西韓儼、黎韜童幼相親厚，後儼痼疾廢頓，韜無行見捐，戲經紀振卹，恩好如初。又時人謂譙周無當世才，少歸敬者，唯戲重之，嘗稱曰：「吾等後世，終自不如此長兒也。」有識以此貴戲。

Zhang Biao had a dignified bearing and fine presence, and at first his reputation and rank were equal to Yang Xi's. Later he rose to Master of Writing and became Area Commander of Laixiang and General of the Rear, and he died before Yang Xi. Cheng Qi and Yang Tai both died young.

張表有威儀風觀，始名位與戲齊，後至尚書，督庲降後將軍，先戲沒。祁、汰各早死。¹

Eulogies for the Supporting Ministers of Ji Han

季漢輔臣贊

In the fourth year of Yanxi, Yang Xi composed the Eulogies for the Supporting Ministers of Ji Han. Many of those he praised and described are now recorded in the Book of Shu, and so I set it down below. Those who died after this were not eulogized retrospectively, so there are some who deserve to be praised and recorded who do not appear in the piece. For those whom Yang Xi eulogized but for whom no biography has now been written, I have added notes on the beginning and end of their careers beneath his words, so that one may get a rough idea of them.

戲以延熙四年著《季漢輔臣贊》，其所頌述，今多載於蜀書，是以記之於左。自此之後卒者，則不追諡，故或有應見稱紀而不在乎篇者也。其戲之所贊而今不作傳者，餘皆注疏本末於其辭下，可以觕知其彷彿云爾。

Of old, King Wen was sung for his virtue and King Wu for his rise. When a ruler who is the hero of his age establishes himself and practices the Way, it is not for one time only; it is also by opening the foundations and planting the threads that he shines upon later ages. From the end of our Middle Han, when the royal order lost its grip, heroes and strongmen rose up all at once, forced labor grew heavy and calamities became entangled, and the living were crushed into the mud. Thereupon the sovereign of our age was moved and took thought for this. When he first rose from Yan and Dai, the fame of his benevolence spread widely; when he went on to Qi and Lu, the renown of his heroism was carried abroad; when he lodged his enterprise in Jing and Ying, ministers and lords gave him their hearts; when he looked to Wu and Yue for aid, the wise and the foolish alike relied on his example; when he displayed his might in Ba and Shu, ten thousand li trembled in awe; and when he spurred his troops on in Yong and Han, the chief villain withdrew and hid his tracks. Thus he was able to carry on the first omens of the Founding Emperor and restore the ancestral sacrifices of the imperial Han.

昔文王歌德，武王歌興，夫命世之主，樹身行道，非唯一時，亦由開基植緒，光於來世者也。自我中漢之末，王綱棄柄，雄豪並起，役殷難結，生人塗地。於是世主感而慮之，初自燕、代則仁聲洽著，行自齊、魯則英風播流，寄業荊、郢則臣主歸心，顧援吳、越則賢愚賴風，奮威巴、蜀則萬里肅震，厲師庸、漢則元寇斂跡，故能承高祖之始兆，復皇漢之宗祀也。

Yet the wicked and violent held on in resentment behind their defiles, and Heaven's punishment had not yet fallen upon them; it was like raising the army at Mengjin and still having to fight again at Mingtiao. Heaven's blessing has its end, and he suddenly fell ill and passed away. Although he did not gather all under a single rule, the myriad states joined together and followed him because the outstanding men of the time supported him, bore him up and served him, drawn to him by his bright virtue; truly there was an impressive array of talent to behold. So I have set down together their fine qualities, to stir the ears of those who come after. The words run: The scion left by the emperors
spread through the eight directions;
branching off from Zhongshan,
the spirit's essence gathered there.
Born outstanding in accord with the times,
he rose a hero, soaring like a dragon.

然而姦兇懟險，天徵未加，猶孟津之翔師，復須戰於鳴條也。天祿有終，奄忽不豫。雖攝歸一統，萬國合從者，當時俊乂扶攜翼戴，明德之所懷致也，蓋濟濟有可觀焉。遂乃並述休風，動於後聽。其辭曰：皇帝遺植，爰滋八方，別自中山，靈精是鍾，順期挺生，傑起龍驤。

Beginning in Yan and Dai,
he led Yu Province and ruled Jing;
Wu and Yue relied on him,
and seeing his banner, sought alliance.
Holding Ba and bestriding Shu,
he joined Yong and Han to them.

始於燕代，伯豫君荊，吳越憑賴，望風請盟，挾巴跨蜀，庸漢以並。

Heaven and earth were set in order again,
and the ancestral rites were at peace;
treading the foundations and following the footsteps,
he spread his virtue and his fragrant fame.

乾坤復秩，宗祀惟寧，躡基履跡，播德芳聲。

The Chinese lands longed for his goodness,
as for the fame of the Western Earl;
he opened blessings for ages to come,
flourishing more as the years go by. — In praise of Emperor Zhaolie. Loyal, martial, heroic and lofty,
he offered his plan on the riverbank,
holding on to Wu and linking it with Shu,
weighing out the true line for our age.

華夏思美，西伯其音，開慶來世，歷載攸興。 ──贊昭烈皇帝忠武英高，獻策江濱，攀吳連蜀，權我世真。

Receiving the last charge, he served as Aheng,
setting the military in order and harmonizing the civil;
he spread virtue and teaching,
governed affairs and transformed customs;
the wise and the foolish vied in devotion,
all forgetting themselves.

受遺阿衡，整武齊文，敷陳德教，理物移風，賢愚競心，僉忘其身。

He brought great calm within the realm,
and the four frontiers were pacified;
again and again he advanced on the enemy's court,
truly making his might shine;
he gave his utmost against the great state,
grieving that it was not yet subdued. — In praise of Chancellor Zhuge. The Minister over the Masses, of pure demeanor,
was consulted and approved;
he discerned and loved the bonds among men,
and his fine words rang clear. — In praise of Minister over the Masses Xu. Guan and Zhang, valiant and bold,
gave themselves to set the age aright,
supporting and bearing up their lord,
heroic and fierce as tigers.

誕靜邦內，四裔以綏，屢臨敵庭，實耀其威，研精大國，恨於未夷。 ──贊諸葛丞相司徒清風，是諮是臧，識愛人倫，孔音鏘鏘。 ──讚許司徒關張赳赳，出身匡世，扶翼攜上，雄壯虎烈。

Screens and bulwarks to left and right,
they flew and struck like lightning;
they carried him through hardship
and helped their lord's great enterprise;
matching the deeds of Han and Geng,
the two virtues were equal in fame.

籓屏左右，翻飛電發，濟於艱難，贊主洪業，侔跡韓耿，齊聲雙德。

In their dealings with others they lacked courtesy,
and both brought treachery upon themselves;
alas for their careless thinking,
they lost their lives in setting the state right. — In praise of Guan Yunchang and Zhang Yide. The General of Swift Cavalry rose up,
forging alliances east and west and north and south;
he was first to take up arms in the Three Qin,
holding fast the Yellow River and Tong Pass.

交待無禮，並致姦慝，悼惟輕慮，隕身匡國。 ──贊關雲長、張益德驃騎奮起，連橫合從，首事三秦，保據河潼。

His clan made plans at court,
now at odds, now in agreement;
the enemy took advantage of the rift,
his family was ruined and his army lost.

宗計於朝，或異或同，敵以乘釁，家破軍亡。

Though he strayed from the Way and turned against virtue,
he entrusted himself to the phoenix and clung to the dragon. — In praise of Ma Mengqi. The Marquis Yi, with his sound plans,
foresaw the rise and fall of the age;
pledging himself to his lord,
he gave instruction and counsel;
with a moment's thought he laid his strategy,
seeing events, he knew the crucial moment. — In praise of Fa Xiaozhi. The Army Adviser, of utmost excellence,
with a refined spirit shining bright,
gave his life for an enlightened lord,
his loyalty welling from his breast;
he was the very pattern of righteousness,
losing his life to repay kindness. — In praise of Pang Shiyuan. The general, steadfast and strong,
broke the enemy's edge and scaled the heights in adversity;
he won merit and achieved great deeds,
a pillar of his time.

乖道反德，託鳳攀龍。 ──贊馬孟起翼侯良謀，料世興衰，委質於主，是訓是諮，暫思經算，睹事知機。 ──贊法孝直軍師美至，雅氣曄曄，致命明主，忠情發臆，惟此義宗，亡身報德。 ──贊龐士元將軍敦壯，摧鋒登難，立功立事，於時之幹。

— In praise of Huang Hansheng. The General of the Household in Charge of the Army, of pure integrity,
was upright and ever constant;
honest counsel was his charge,
and the people remembered his principles. — In praise of Dong Youzai. The General Who Pacifies the Distant, of strong will,
was truly excellent and truly fierce;
careless of wealth, bold and stalwart,
he was unshaken in the face of danger;
with few he held off many,
preserving his charge in a distant region. — In praise of Deng Kongshan. Kongshan's name was Fang; he was a man of Nan Commandery. As an Assistant Officer of Jing Province he followed the First Ruler into Shu. After Shu was pacified he became Chief Commandant of the Qianwei Dependent State, and when the commandery's name was changed he became Prefect of Shushi. He was chosen to be General Who Pacifies the Distant and Area Commander of Laixiang, and was stationed at Nanchang County. He died in the second year of Zhangwu. His deeds have been lost, so no biography was written for him.

──贊黃漢升掌軍清節，亢然恆常，讜言惟司，民思其綱。 ──贊董幼宰安遠強志，允休允烈，輕財果壯，當難不惑，以少禦多，殊方保業。 ──贊鄧孔山孔山名方，南郡人也。以荊州從事隨先主入蜀。蜀既定，為犍為屬國都尉，因易郡名，為朱提太守，選為安遠將軍、庲降都督，住南昌縣。章武二年卒。失其行事，故不為傳。

The General Who Spreads Might had talent and ability,
in letters and arms he drew sighs of admiration;
holding office he managed his charge,
genial and discerning in handling affairs;
he increased wealth and gave it away,
with righteousness and with order. — In praise of Fei Binbo — Binbo’s name was Guan; he was a man of Meng in Jiangxia. Liu Zhang’s mother was a paternal aunt from Fei Guan’s clan, and Liu Zhang also gave Fei Guan his daughter in marriage. In the eighteenth year of Jian’an, Fei Guan took part in Li Yan’s army and resisted the First Ruler at Mianzhu, then surrendered together with Li Yan. After the First Ruler had settled Yi Province, he was appointed Lieutenant General, later becoming Prefect of Ba Commandery and Area Commander of Jiangzhou; in the first year of Jianxing he was enfeoffed as Marquis of a Chief Village and given the additional title General Who Spreads Awe.

揚威才幹，欷歔文武，當官理任，衎衎辯舉，圖殖財施，有義有敘。 ──贊費賓伯賓伯名觀，江夏鄳人也。劉璋母，觀之族姑，璋又以女妻觀。觀建安十八年參李嚴軍，拒先主於綿竹，與嚴俱降，先主既定益州，拜為裨將軍，後為巴郡太守、江州都督，建興元年封都亭侯，加振威將軍。

Fei Guan was, by nature, good at making friends. The Protector-General Li Yan was proud and haughty by temperament; the Protector of the Army Fu Kuang and others were close to Li Yan in age and rank, yet Li Yan was never familiar with them. Fei Guan was more than twenty years younger than Li Yan, yet he was on easy, intimate terms with him as though they were of the same generation, it is said. He died at the age of thirty-seven. His deeds have been lost, so no biography is given for him.

觀為人善於交接。都護李嚴性自矜高，護軍輔匡等年位與嚴相次，而嚴不與親褻；觀年少嚴二十餘歲，而與嚴通狎如時輩云。年三十七卒。失其行事，故不為傳。

The Colonel of Garrison Cavalry was true to his former lord,
holding firm to his integrity without wavering;
once he accepted his new appointment,
he gave his whole heart to the rules of the age;
the army’s supplies relied upon him,
and he managed them and made them grow. — In praise of Wang Wenyi — The Master of Writing was pure and lofty,
careful in conduct and upright in person;
he raised his aims high and held to righteousness,
savoring the classics and the written records;
relying on his lofty bearing,
he loved to stand level with the ancients. — In praise of Liu Zichu — The General Who Pacifies the Han was genial and dignified,
bound by marriage and honored as a guest,
he was treated with courtesy in his day:
such a man is called a dutiful minister. — In praise of Mi Zizhong — The Privy Treasurer was cultivated and careful,
the Grand Herald clear-sighted and true;
the Grandee Remonstrant was of hidden virtue,
the Colonel of Confucian Scholars versed in astronomy;

屯騎主舊，固節不移，既就初命，盡心世規，軍資所恃，是辨是裨。 ──贊王文儀尚書清尚，敕行整身，抗志存義，味覽典文，倚其高風，好侔古人。 ──贊劉子初安漢雍容，或婚或賓，見禮當時，是謂循臣。 ──贊麋子仲少府修慎，鴻臚明真，諫議隱行，儒林天文。

they spread abroad the great transformation,
some at the head, some among the throng. — In praise of Wang Yuantai, He Yanying, Du Fuguo, and Zhou Zhongzhi — Wang Yuantai’s name was Mou; he was a man of Hanjia. He was of fine bearing and upright conduct. Under Liu Zhang he became Prefect of Ba Commandery and returned to be Attendant Officer of the Headquarters Office of the province. When the First Ruler settled Yi Province and took the governorship, he made him Attendant Officer with Separate Carriage. When the First Ruler became King of Hanzhong, he appointed senior scholars of Jing and Chu: Lai Gong of Lingling as Minister of Ceremonies, Huang Zhu of Nanyang as Minister of the Household, and Wang Mou as Privy Treasurer. At the beginning of Jianxing he was granted the rank of Marquis Within the Passes, and later he succeeded Lai Gong as Minister of Ceremonies.

宣班大化，或首或林。 ──贊王元泰、何彥英、杜輔國、周仲直王元泰名謀，漢嘉人也。有容止操行。劉璋時，為巴郡太守，還為州治中從事。先主定益州，領牧，以為別駕。先主為漢中王，用荊楚宿士零陵賴恭為太常，南陽黃柱為光祿勳，謀為少府；建興初，賜爵關內侯，後代賴恭為太常。

Lai Gong, Huang Zhu, and Wang Mou all have no surviving record of their deeds, so no biographies are given for them. Lai Gong’s son Lai Hong became a Clerk of the Western Bureau under the Chancellor and followed Zhuge Liang to Hanzhong, but he died young. Zhuge Liang grieved for him deeply and wrote to the Chief Clerk of the Remaining Headquarters Zhang Yi and the Army Adviser Jiang Wan, saying, “Among the clerks we have lost Lai Hong, and among the officers of the staff we have lost Yang Yong. This is a great loss to the court.” Yang Yong was also a man of Jing Province. Later the Grand General Jiang Wan asked Zhang Xiu, “Among the elders of Hanjia there was Wang Yuantai. Who now succeeds him?”

恭、柱、謀皆失其行事，故不為傳。恭子厷，為丞相西曹令史，隨諸葛亮於漢中，早夭，亮甚惜之，與留府長史參軍張裔、蔣琬書曰：「令史失賴厷，掾屬喪楊顒，為朝中損益多矣。」顒亦荊州人也。後大將軍蔣琬問張休曰：「漢嘉前輩有王元泰，今誰繼者？」

Zhang Xiu replied, “As for Yuantai, there is no one in the whole province to succeed him, let alone in my humble commandery!” Such was the esteem in which he was held.

休對曰：「至於元泰，州里無繼，況鄙郡乎！」其見重如此。¹

He Yanying’s name was Zong; he was a man of Pi in Shu Commandery. He studied under Ren An of Guanghan and mastered Ren An’s arts thoroughly; he had the same teacher as Du Qiong but surpassed him in reputation. Under Liu Zhang he became Prefect of Qianwei. When the First Ruler settled Yi Province and took the governorship, he summoned him as Libationer Attendant Officer. Later He Zong cited the prophetic charts and apocryphal texts to urge the First Ruler to assume the imperial title. After the First Ruler ascended the throne, He Zong was promoted to Grand Herald. He died during the Jianxing era. His deeds have been lost, so no biography is given for him.

何彥英名宗，蜀郡郫人也。事廣漢任安學，精究安術，與杜瓊同師而名問過之。劉璋時，為犍為太守。先主定益州，領牧，辟為從事祭酒。後援引圖、讖，勸先主即尊號。踐阼之後，遷為大鴻臚。建興中卒。失其行事，故不為傳。

His son He Shuang, courtesy name Han’ou, was witty and full of jests, with something of the air of Chunyu Kun and Dongfang Shuo. He became Chief of Shuangbai. He died young.

子雙，字漢偶。滑稽談笑，有淳于髡、東方朔之風。為雙柏長。早卒。

The General of Chariots and Cavalry was lofty and strong,
and broad was his love for others;
with the weak he mastered the strong,
and never fell into peril. — In praise of Wu Ziyuan — Ziyuan’s name was Yi; he was a man of Chenliu. He followed Liu Yan into Shu. Under Liu Zhang he became General of the Household and led troops to resist the First Ruler at Fu, but went over and surrendered. When the First Ruler settled Yi Province, he made Wu Yi Protector of the Army and General Who Attacks Rebels, and took Wu Yi’s younger sister as his wife. In the first year of Zhangwu he became Area Commander of Guanzhong. In the eighth year of Jianxing he entered the borders of Nan’an with Wei Yan and defeated the Wei general Fei Yao; he was moved up from village marquis to be enfeoffed as Marquis of Gaoyang District, and was promoted to General of the Left.

車騎高勁，惟其汎愛，以弱制強，不陷危墜。 ──贊吳子遠子遠名壹，陳留人也。隨劉焉入蜀。劉璋時，為中郎將，將兵拒先主於涪，詣降。先主定益州，以壹為護軍討逆將軍，納壹妹為夫人。章武元年，為關中都督。建興八年，與魏延入南安界，破魏將費瑤，徙亭侯，進封高陽鄉侯，遷左將軍。

In the twelfth year, when Chancellor Zhuge Liang died, Wu Yi was put in command of Hanzhong as General of Chariots and Cavalry, granted the Acting Tally, and made concurrently Inspector of Yong Province, and he was advanced to Marquis of Jiyang. He died in the fifteenth year. His deeds have been lost, so no biography is given for him.

十二年，丞相亮卒，以壹督漢中，車騎將軍，假節，領雍州刺史，進封濟陽侯。十五年卒。失其行事，故不為傳。

Wu Yi’s clan younger brother Wu Ban, courtesy name Yuanxiong, was the son of Wu Kuang, who had been on the staff of the Grand General He Jin. He was known for his bold and chivalrous spirit, and his office and rank were always just below Wu Yi’s. Under the First Ruler he became Commander of the Army. In the reign of the Latter Ruler he was gradually promoted to General of Swift Cavalry, granted the Acting Tally, and enfeoffed as Marquis of Mianzhu.

壹族弟班，字元雄，大將軍何進官屬吳匡之子也。以豪俠稱，官位常與壹相亞。先主時，為領軍。後主世，稍遷至驃騎將軍，假節，封綿竹侯。

The General Who Pacifies the Han governed the south,
striking hard in his old homeland;
he cut away the weeds and filth,
and by punishment made order prevail;
he moved the Man and Pu peoples far and wide,
and so the resources of the state grew strong. — In praise of Li Deang — The General Who Supports Han was keen of mind,
both shrewd and kind;
from words he thought far ahead,
asking earnestly and answering to the point;
he aided the goodness of his time
and brought harmony to our enterprise for generations. — In praise of Zhang Junsi — The General Who Guards the North was quick in thought,
his plans and schemes had method;
he guided the army and swept away the foulness,
and so the work was accomplished with distinction;

安漢宰南，奮擊舊鄉，翦除蕪穢，惟刑以張，廣遷蠻濮，國用用強。 ──贊李德昂輔漢惟聰，既機且惠，因言遠思，切問近對，贊時休美，和我業世。 ──贊張君嗣鎮北敏思，籌畫有方，導師禳穢，遂事成章。

given a partial charge in the eastern corner,
his final fate was ill-omened;
grieving for his true intent,
he drifted off into a foreign land. — In praise of Huang Gongheng — The Colonel of Elite Cavalry was loyal through and through,
he whetted his will and kept himself reverent;
serving in posts at court and abroad,
he thought of the public good and forgot himself. — In praise of Yang Jixiu — The General Who Conquers the South was generous and steady,
the General Who Conquers the West loyal and capable;
chosen warriors of their time,
they had the ardor of fierce generals. — In praise of Zhao Zilong and Chen Shuzhi — Shuzhi’s name was Dao; he was a man of Runan. He had followed the First Ruler since the days in Yu Province; his fame and rank were always just below Zhao Yun’s, and both were known for loyalty and courage. At the beginning of Jianxing his office reached Area Commander of Yong’an and General Who Conquers the West, and he was enfeoffed as a village marquis.

偏任東隅，末命不祥，哀悲本志，放流殊疆。 ──贊黃公衡越騎惟忠，厲志自祗，職於內外，念公忘私。 ──贊楊季休征南厚重，征西忠克，統時選士，猛將之烈。 ──贊趙子龍、陳叔至叔至名到，汝南人也。自豫州隨先主，名位常亞趙雲，俱以忠勇稱。建興初，官至永安都督、征西將軍，封亭侯。

The General Who Guards the South was rough and strong,
the Army Supervisor prized sincerity;
both took part in military charges,
and their charges lay on the frontiers. — In praise of Fu Yuanbi and Liu Nanhe — Fu Yuanbi’s name was Kuang; he was a man of Xiangyang. He followed the First Ruler into Shu. After Yi Province was settled he became Prefect of Ba Commandery. During the Jianxing era he was transferred to General Who Guards the South, then became General of the Right, and was enfeoffed as Marquis of Zhong District. Liu Nanhe’s name was Yong; he was a man of Yiyang. He followed the First Ruler into Shu. After Yi Province was settled he became Prefect of Jiangyang.

鎮南粗強，監軍尚篤，並豫戎任，任自封裔。 ──贊輔元弼、劉南和輔元弼名匡，襄陽人也。隨先主入蜀。益州既定，為巴郡太守。建興中，徙鎮南，為右將軍，封中鄉侯。　　劉南和名邕，義陽人也。隨先主入蜀。益州既定，為江陽太守。

During the Jianxing era he was gradually promoted to Army Supervisor and General of the Rear and was granted the rank of Marquis Within the Passes; then he died. His son Liu Shi succeeded him. His youngest son Liu Wu had literary talent and was as famous as Fan Jian; he too rose in office to Master of Writing.

建興中，稍遷至監軍後將軍，賜爵關內侯，卒。子式嗣。少子武，有文，與樊建齊名，官亦至尚書。

The Grand Minister of Agriculture had native talent,
his expositions were fitting and brilliant;
ornate and lovely in diction and reasoning,
they shone with radiant light. — In praise of Qin Zichi — Zhengfang received the late ruler’s charge
and shared in the governance that followed,
yet he neither spoke his mind nor joined in accord,
and so brought about this discord;
he was driven out in his own time,
and his office and career were lost. — In praise of Li Zhengfang — Wenchang was tough and coarse;
facing danger he received command,
he broke the enemy’s thrusts and held the outer defenses,
guarding and securing the borders of the state;

司農性才，敷述允章，藻麗辭理，斐斐有光。 ──贊秦子敕正方受遺，豫聞後綱，不陳不僉，造此異端，斥逐當時，任業以喪。 ──贊李正方文長剛粗，臨難受命，折衝外禦，鎮保國境。

out of harmony, out of accord,
he forgot his duty and spoke of revolt;
we deplore his end and regret his beginning —
truly it lay in his nature. — In praise of Wei Wenchang — Weigong was hot-tempered and narrow,
setting himself apart from other men;
at ease he could reach reason,
but under pressure he wounded and trespassed;
forsaking compliance he entered misfortune,
just as the Great Changes says. — In praise of Yang Weigong — Jichang was good and sincere,
Wenjing diligent and well-ordered,
Shiyuan spoke by the rule,
Churen heeded counsel;
Kongxiu and Wenxiang,
some talented, some virtuous,
they set forth their aims for all to see,
fragrant orchids of Chu.

不協不和，忘節言亂，疾終惜始，實惟厥性。 ──贊魏文長威公狷狹，取異眾人；閒則及理，逼則傷侵，舍順入兇，大易之云。 ──贊楊威公季常良實，文經勤類，士元言規，處仁聞計，孔休文祥，或才或臧，播播述志，楚之蘭芳。

— In praise of Ma Jichang, Wei Wenjing, Han Shiyuan, Zhang Churen, Yin Kongxiu, and Xi Wenxiang — For Wenjing and Shiyuan, their names, deeds, and home commanderies and counties have all been lost. Churen’s original name was Cun; he was a man of Nanyang. As an Attendant Officer of Jing Province he followed the First Ruler into Shu, and when the army advanced south as far as Luo he was made Prefect of Guanghan. Zhang Cun had never thought much of Pang Tong. When Pang Tong was struck by an arrow and died, the First Ruler spoke in praise of him and sighed, but Zhang Cun said, “Pang Tong gave his utmost loyalty and it is a pity, but he went against the principle taught in the Greater Odes.”

──贊馬季常、衛文經、韓士元、張處仁、殷孔休、習文祥文經、士元，皆失其名實、行事、郡縣。　　處仁本名存，南陽人也。以荊州從事隨先主入蜀，南次至雒，以為廣漢太守。存素不服龐統，統中矢卒，先主發言嘉嘆，存曰：「統雖盡忠可惜，然違大雅之義。」

The First Ruler said angrily, “Pang Tong gave his life to fulfill benevolence — and you call that wrong?” He dismissed Zhang Cun from office. Not long afterward Zhang Cun died of illness. His deeds have been lost, so no biography is given for him. Kongxiu’s name was Guan; he served as Registrar and Attendant Officer with Separate Carriage of Jing Province, as recorded in the “Biography of the First Ruler.” His home commandery and county have been lost. Wenxiang’s name was Zhen; he was a man of Xiangyang. He followed the First Ruler into Shu and served in turn as Magistrate of Luo and of Pi and as Prefect of Guanghan. His deeds have been lost. His son Xi Zhong rose in office to Gentleman of the Masters of Writing.

先主怒曰：「統殺身成仁，更為非也？」免存官。頃之，病卒。失其行事，故不為傳。　　孔休名觀，為荊州主簿別駕從事，見《先主傳》。失其郡縣。　　文祥名禎，襄陽人也。隨先主入蜀，歷雒、郫令，廣漢太守。失其行事。子忠，官至尚書郎。 ¹

Guoshan of fine repute,
Yongnan absorbed in thought;
Shengheng and Chengbo,
who knew when to hold their words and when to speak;
Sunde resolute and keen,
Weinan steadfast and constant;
Dexu and Yiqiang,
strong in will and firm in spirit;

國山休風，永南耽思；盛衡、承伯，言藏言時；孫德果銳，偉南篤常；德緒、義強，志壯氣剛。

many and dignified, they cultivated their aims,
the fragrance of Shu. — In praise of Wang Guoshan, Li Yongnan, Ma Shengheng, Ma Chengbo, Li Sunde, Li Weinan, Gong Dexu, and Wang Yiqiang — Guoshan’s name was Fu; he was a man of Qi in Guanghan. He was fond of discussing and ranking the character of others. Under Liu Zhang he became a Scribe of the province. After the First Ruler settled Shu he became Magistrate of Mianzhu, and he returned to be Attendant Officer of the Bureau of Consultation of Jing Province. He followed the First Ruler on the campaign against Wu, and when the army was defeated at Zigui he was killed.

濟濟脩志，蜀之芬香。 ──贊王國山、李永南、馬盛衡、馬承伯、李孫德、李偉南，龔德緒、王義強國山名甫，廣漢郪人也。好人流言議。劉璋時，為州書佐。先主定蜀後，為綿竹令，還為荊州議曹從事。隨先主征吳，軍敗於秭歸，遇害。

His son Wang You had his father’s air and rose in office to Gentleman of the Right Selection Bureau of the Masters of Writing. Yongnan’s name was Shao; he was a man of Qi in Guanghan. After the First Ruler settled Shu he became a Scribe and Division Attendant Officer of the province. In the first year of Jianxing, Chancellor Zhuge Liang summoned him as Clerk of the Western Bureau. When Zhuge Liang campaigned in the south, he left Li Shao behind as Attendant Officer of the Headquarters Office; Li Shao died that same year.

子祐，有父風，官至尚書右選郎。　　永南名邵，廣漢郪人也。先主定蜀後，為州書佐部從事。建興元年，丞相亮辟為西曹掾。亮南征，留邵為治中從事，是歲卒。 ¹

Shengheng’s name was Xun and Chengbo’s name was Qi; both were men of Langzhong in Baxi. Ma Xun was a Scribe of the province under Liu Zhang; when the First Ruler settled Shu he was summoned to be a subordinate of the General of the Left, later transferred to Attendant Officer with Separate Carriage of the province, and died. Ma Qi was Officer of Merit to the Prefect Zhang Fei. Zhang Fei recommended him to the First Ruler, and he became Gentleman of the Masters of Writing. During the Jianxing era he served as a clerk of the Chancellor, was promoted to Prefect of Guanghan, and became Army Adviser once again. After Zhuge Liang died he became Master of Writing.

盛衡名勳，承伯名齊，皆巴西閬中人也。勳，劉璋時為州書佐，先主定蜀，辟為左將軍屬，後轉州別駕從事，卒。齊為太守張飛功曹。飛貢之先主，為尚書郎。建興中，從事丞相掾，遷廣漢太守，復為參軍。亮卒，為尚書。

Ma Xun and Ma Qi both made names for themselves through their talent and ability, but in winning the trust of the people of the province they fell short of Yao Zhou. Yao Zhou, courtesy name Zixu, was also a man of Langzhong. After the First Ruler settled Yi Province he became Scribe of the Officer of Merit. In the first year of Jianxing he became Prefect of Guanghan. When Chancellor Zhuge Liang went north and was stationed at Hanzhong, he summoned him as a clerk. Yao Zhou recommended both civil and military men, and Zhuge Liang praised him, saying, “Of all loyal service that benefits the state, none is greater than recommending men; yet those who recommend men each strive only for what they themselves esteem. Now Clerk Yao embraces both the firm and the gentle, broadening the use of both civil and military talent — he may be called broad and refined. I wish all you clerks would each aspire to this, and so fulfill my hopes.”

勳、齊皆以才幹自顯見；歸信於州黨，不如姚伷。　　伷字子緒，亦閬中人。先主定益州後，為功曹書佐。建興元年，為廣漢太守。丞相亮北駐漢中，辟為掾。並進文武之士，亮稱曰：「忠益者莫大於進人，進人者各務其所尚；今姚掾並存剛柔，以廣文武之用，可謂博雅矣，願諸掾各希此事，以屬其望。」

He was promoted to Army Adviser. After Zhuge Liang died he was gradually promoted to Supervisor of the Masters of Writing. The people of the time admired his sincerity, earnestness, and purity. He died in the fifth year of Yanxi, after the eulogies had been written.

遷為參軍。亮卒，稍遷為尚書僕射。時人服其真誠篤粹。延熙五年卒，在作讚之後。

Sunde’s name was Fu; he was a man of Fu in Zitong. After the First Ruler settled Yi Province he became a Scribe, Chief of Xichongguo, and Magistrate of Chengdu. In the first year of Jianxing he was transferred to Prefect of Baxi, became Area Commander of Jiangzhou and General Who Spreads Might, then entered the court as Supervisor of the Masters of Writing and was enfeoffed as Marquis of Pingyang Village. At the beginning of Yanxi, when the Grand General Jiang Wan went out on campaign to Hanzhong, Li Fu served as Army Supervisor of the Van and concurrently Major; he died.

孫德名福，梓潼涪人也。先主定益州後，為書佐、西充國長、成都令。建興元年，徙巴西太守，為江州督、揚威將軍，入為尚書僕射，封平陽亭侯。延熙初，大將軍蔣琬出征漢中，福以前監軍領司馬，卒。 ¹

Weinan’s name was Chao; he was Yongnan’s elder brother. He served as Officer of Merit of the commandery, was recommended as Filial and Incorrupt, became Magistrate of Linqiong, and entered the court as Attendant Officer with Separate Carriage. He followed the First Ruler east against Wu and died at Yong’an in the second year of Zhangwu. Dexu’s name was Lu; he was a man of Anhan in Baxi. When the First Ruler settled Yi Province he became Attendant Officer of the commandery and Yamen General. In the third year of Jianxing he became Prefect of Yuexi; he followed Chancellor Zhuge Liang on the southern campaign and was killed by the Man and Yi tribes, at the age of thirty-one.

偉南名朝，永南兄。郡功曹，舉孝廉，臨邛令，入為別駕從事。隨先主東征吳，章武二年卒於永安。 ¹　　德緒名祿，巴西安漢人也。先主定益州，為郡從事牙門將。建興三年，為越巂太守，隨丞相亮南征，為蠻夷所害，時年三十一。

His younger brother Gong Heng became Commander of the Army during the Jingyao era. Yiqiang’s name was Shi; he was a man of Qi in Guanghan and an elder cousin of Guoshan. After following the First Ruler into Shu he was recommended as Filial and Incorrupt and became Chief of Fujie, was promoted to Yamen General, went out as Prefect of Dangqu, and was transferred to Qianwei. When Chancellor Zhuge Liang launched his southern campaign, Wang Shi was moved to be Prefect of Yizhou, but as he was about to set out south he was killed by the Man and Yi tribes.

弟衡，景耀中為領軍。　　義強名士，廣漢郪人，國山從兄也。從先主入蜀後，舉孝廉，為符節長，遷牙門將，出為宕渠太守，徙在犍為。會丞相亮南征，轉為益州太守，將南行，為蠻夷所害。

Xiuyuan made light of the enemy,
squandering the moment and bringing harm;
Wenjin flung himself forward,
sharing in this same downfall;
the calamity arose from one man,
yet it grew to vast proportions. — In praise of Feng Xiuyuan and Zhang Wenjin — Xiuyuan’s name was Xi; he was a man of Nan Commandery. He followed the First Ruler into Shu. When the First Ruler marched east against Wu, Feng Xi, as Commander of the Army, led all the forces and was badly defeated at Xiaoting. Wenjin’s name was Nan; he too had followed the First Ruler from Jing Province into Shu. He led troops with the First Ruler against Wu and died together with Feng Xi.

休元輕寇，損時致害，文進奮身，同此顛沛，患生一人，至於弘大。 ──贊馮休元、張文進休元名習，南郡人。隨先主入蜀。先主東征吳，習為領軍，統諸軍，大敗於猇亭。文進名南，亦自荊州隨先主入蜀，領兵從先主征吳，與習俱死。

At that time there was also Fu Tong of Yiyang. When the First Ruler withdrew his army, Fu Tong held the rear and fought off the pursuit until all his men were dead. A Wu general called on him to surrender, but Fu Tong cursed him: “Dog of Wu! When has a general of Han ever surrendered?” And he fought on until he died. His son Fu Qian was appointed Gentleman of the Palace of the Left, and later became Area Commander of Guanzhong; in the sixth year of Jingyao he too faced danger and gave his life. Commentators praised father and son for their loyalty and righteousness across successive generations.

　　時又有義陽傅肜，先主退軍，斷後拒戰，兵人死盡，吳將語肜令降，肜罵曰：「吳狗！何有漢將軍降者！」遂戰死。拜子僉為左中郎，後為關中都督，景耀六年，又臨危授命。論者嘉其父子奕世忠義。 ¹

The Prefect of Jiangyang was firm and fierce,
he upheld his integrity under an enlightened lord;
when the armies met and he faced the foe,
he would not bend his body;
a lone man at a single post,
he gave his life with the army. — In praise of Cheng Jiran — Jiran’s name was Ji; he was a man of Langzhong in Baxi. Under Liu Zhang he became Chief of Hanchang. In the county lived the Cong people, a hardy and fierce race whom Emperor Gaozu had once used to pacify Guanzhong. Pang Xi, Prefect of Baxi, reasoning that since the realm was in turmoil the commandery ought to have armed defenses, gathered a good many retainer troops.

江陽剛烈，立節明君，兵合遇寇，不屈其身，單夫只役，隕命於軍。 ──贊程季然季然名畿，巴西閬中人也。劉璋時為漢昌長。縣有賨人，種類剛猛，昔高祖以定關中。巴西太守龐羲以天下擾亂，郡宜有武衛，頗招合部曲。

Someone slandered Pang Xi to Liu Zhang, saying he meant to rebel, and Liu Zhang secretly suspected him. When Pang Xi heard of this he was greatly alarmed and planned to make himself secure; he sent Cheng Ji’s son Cheng Yu to convey his wishes and ask for troops to help him. Cheng Ji replied, “The commandery gathered its retainer troops, but never for the sake of rebellion. Though there are those who sow discord, what matters is to show complete sincerity. If one should, out of fear, go on to harbor disloyal intent, that is not a way I have ever heard of.” He also instructed Cheng Yu, “I have received the province’s favor and must give my all for the Governor. You are an officer of the commandery and should exert yourself for the Prefect, but you must not harbor disloyal intent on my account.”

有讒於璋，說羲欲叛者，璋陰疑之。羲聞，甚懼，將謀自守，遣畿子鬱宣旨，索兵自助。畿報曰：「郡合部曲，本不為叛，雖有交構，要在盡誠；若必以懼，遂懷異志，非畿之所聞。」並敕鬱曰：「我受州恩，當為州牧盡節。汝為郡吏，當為太守效力，不得以吾故有異志也。」

Pang Xi sent someone to tell Cheng Ji, “Your son is in the commandery. If you do not go along with the Prefect, disaster will fall on your family!” Cheng Ji said, “Long ago, when Yue Yang served as a general, he drank a soup made of his own son. It was not that there was no love between father and son; the great principle demanded it. Even if my son were now made into soup as well, I would surely drink it.” Pang Xi, knowing that Cheng Ji would never side with him, made profuse apologies to Liu Zhang and so escaped blame. When Liu Zhang heard of this, he promoted Cheng Ji to Prefect of Jiangyang. When the First Ruler took the governorship of Yi Province, he summoned him as Libationer Attendant Officer.

羲使人告畿曰：「爾子在郡，不從太守，家將及禍！」畿曰：「昔樂羊為將，飲子之羹，非父子無恩，大義然也。今雖復羹子，吾必飲之。」羲知畿必不為己，厚陳謝於璋以致無咎。璋聞之，遷畿江陽太守。先主領益州牧，辟為從事祭酒。

Later he followed the First Ruler against Wu. When the great army met with defeat and he was heading back upstream, someone said to him, “The pursuers are already upon us. If we cast off the boats and go light, we may yet escape.” Cheng Ji said, “In all my time with the army I have never fled before the enemy — how much less now, when I am following the Son of Heaven and he is in danger!” The pursuers then caught up with Cheng Ji’s boat. Cheng Ji took up a halberd and fought in person, and some of the enemy boats capsized. Then the enemy arrived in great numbers and attacked him together, and at last he died.

後隨先主征吳，遇大軍敗績，溯江而還，或告之曰：「後追已至，解船輕去，乃可以免。」畿曰：「吾在軍，未曾為敵走，況從天子而見危哉！」追人遂及畿船，畿身執戟戰，敵船有覆者。眾大至，共擊之，乃死。

Gonghong, a young man of the rising generation,
stood out with rare brilliance;
cut off at twenty,
we grieve that it was never shown. — In praise of Cheng Gonghong — Gonghong’s name was Qi; he was the son of Jiran.

公弘後生，卓爾奇精，夭命二十，悼恨未呈。 ──贊程公弘公弘，名祁，季然之子也。

Among the fugitive ministers of old,
the rites allow for those driven out by pressure;
but these men, resentful over their offices,
cared nothing for great kindness;

古之奔臣，禮有來偪，怨興司官，不顧大德。

none of them made any effort at rescue,
but turned their backs and brought about the rout;
they cut themselves off from their fellow men
and became a laughingstock to two states. — In praise of Mi Fang, Shi Ren, Hao Pu, and Pan Jun — Mi Fang, courtesy name Zifang, was a man of Donghai and served as Prefect of Nan Commandery. Shi Ren, courtesy name Junyi, was a man of Guangyang; as a general he was stationed at Gong’an under the command of Guan Yu, but he fell out with Guan Yu, turned traitor, and welcomed Sun Quan in. Hao Pu, courtesy name Zitai, was a man of Yiyang. When the First Ruler went from Jing Province into Shu, he made Hao Pu Prefect of Lingling.

靡有匡救，倍成奔北，自絕於人，作笑二國。 ──贊糜芳、士仁、郝普、潘濬糜芳字子方，東海人也，為南郡太守。士仁字君義，廣陽人也，為將軍，住公安，統屬關羽；與羽有隙，叛迎孫權。郝普字子太，義陽人。先主自荊州入蜀，以普為零陵太守。

Hao Pu was tricked by the Wu general Lü Meng, opened the city gates, and went over to Lü Meng. Pan Jun, courtesy name Chengming, was a man of Wuling. When the First Ruler entered Shu, he made Pan Jun Headquarters Officer of Jing Province and put him in charge of the affairs of the province left behind; he too was on bad terms with Guan Yu. When Sun Quan attacked Guan Yu, Pan Jun went over to Wu. Hao Pu rose to Commandant of Justice and Pan Jun to Minister of Ceremonies, and both were enfeoffed as marquises.

為吳將呂蒙所譎，開城詣蒙。潘濬字承明，武陵人也。先主入蜀，以為荊州治中，典留州事，亦與關羽不穆。孫權襲羽，遂入吳。普至廷尉，濬至太常，封侯。¹

Appraisal

評

Appraisal: Deng Zhi was firm and upright, plain and clear-sighted; in office he forgot his own household. Zhang Yi stood up to Jiang Wei’s aggressive zeal, and Zong Yu held his ground against Sun Quan’s sternness; all of them deserve praise. Yang Xi, in his judgments of men, aimed to stand apart from the crowd, but his wisdom and judgment had their shortcomings, and this is probably why he fell foul of the troubles of his age.

評曰：鄧芝堅貞簡亮，臨官忘家，張翼亢姜維之銳，宗預禦孫權之嚴，咸有可稱。楊戲商略，意在不群，然智度有短，殆罹世難云。