Records of Wu 7: Biographies of Zhang Zhao, Gu Yong, Zhuge Jin and Bu Zhi

Records of Wu 7: Biographies of Zhang Zhao, Gu Yong, Zhuge Jin and Bu Zhi

Zhang Zhao

張昭

Zhang Zhao, courtesy name Zibu, was a man of Pengcheng. In his youth he loved learning and excelled at clerical script; he studied the Zuo Commentary on the Spring and Autumn Annals under Baihou Zi'an and read widely among many books. Together with Zhao Yu of Langya and Wang Lang of Donghai he became well known, and they were good friends. At about twenty he was recommended as Filial and Incorrupt but did not take up the post. He and Wang Lang discussed together the question of the taboo names of a former lord, and the talented men of the province and his home district, such as Chen Lin, all praised it. The Inspector Tao Qian nominated him as Flourishing Talent, but he did not respond; Tao Qian thought he was being slighted and had him arrested.

張昭字子布，彭城人也。少好學，善隸書，從白侯子安受《左氏春秋》，博覽眾書，與琅邪趙昱、東海王朗俱發名友善。弱冠察孝廉，不就。與朗共論舊君諱事，州里才士陳琳等皆稱善之。¹刺史陶謙舉茂才，不應，謙以爲輕己，遂見拘執。

Zhao Yu threw himself into rescuing him, and only then was he released. When great disorder came at the end of Han, many gentlemen and commoners of Xu Province fled the troubles to the land of Yang, and Zhang Zhao too crossed the Yangzi southward. When Sun Ce founded his enterprise, he made Zhang Zhao Chief Clerk and General of the Household Who Comforts the Army; he went up into the hall and bowed to Zhang Zhao's mother, treated him like an old friend of equal standing, and entrusted all matters civil and military to him. Whenever Zhang Zhao received letters from gentlemen and officials of the north, they gave all the praise to Zhang Zhao alone. If he kept silent and did not make them known, he feared it would look as though he harbored private designs; if he made them known, he worried it would be improper; so he was uneasy whichever way he turned.

昱傾身營救，方以得免。漢末大亂，徐方士民多避難揚土，昭皆南渡江。孫策創業，命昭爲長史、撫軍中郎將，升堂拜母，如比肩之舊，文武之事，一以委昭。¹昭每得北方士大夫書疏，專歸美於昭，昭欲嘿而不宣則懼有私，宣之則恐非宜，進退不安。

When Sun Ce heard of it, he laughed with delight and said, “In the past, when Guan Zhong served as minister of Qi, it was ‘Uncle Zhong’ at the first and ‘Uncle Zhong’ at the second, and yet Duke Huan became the foremost of the hegemons. Now Zibu is worthy and I am able to employ him—is the renown of it not mine alone?” As Sun Ce was dying, he entrusted his younger brother Sun Quan to Zhang Zhao, and Zhang Zhao led the officials in establishing Sun Quan and assisting him. He sent up a memorial to the house of Han and sent dispatches down to the subordinate cities, and ordered the generals and officers inside and outside each to carry out their duties. Sun Quan was grieving and had not yet taken up affairs, and Zhang Zhao said to him, “One who succeeds another is valued for being able to shoulder the path his predecessor laid down, make the house he inherited prosper, and so complete the great work.

策聞之，歡笑曰：「昔管仲相齊，一則仲父，二則仲父，而桓公爲霸者宗。今子布賢，我能用之，其功名獨不在我乎！」，策臨亡，以弟權託昭，昭率羣僚立而輔之。¹上表漢室，下移屬城，中外將校，各令奉職，權悲感未視事，昭謂權曰：「夫爲人後者，貴能負荷先軌，克昌堂構，以成勳業也。

Now the realm boils like a cauldron and bands of brigands fill the hills—how can you, Filial and Incorrupt, lie prostrate in grief and indulge the feelings of a common man?” He then personally helped Sun Quan onto his horse and led out the troops in array, and only then did the people know where their loyalty belonged. Zhang Zhao again became Sun Quan's Chief Clerk, with the same responsibilities as before. Later, when Liu Bei memorialized that Sun Quan be acting General of Chariots and Cavalry, Zhang Zhao became Military Adviser. Whenever Sun Quan went hunting, he would ride out and shoot tigers, and the tigers often charged forward and clawed at his saddle.

方今天下鼎沸，群盜滿山，孝廉何得寢伏哀戚，肆匹夫之情哉？」乃身自扶權上馬，陳兵而出，然後眾心知有所歸。昭復爲權長史，授任如前。¹後劉備表權行車騎將軍，昭爲軍師。權每田獵，常乘馬射虎，虎常突前攀持馬鞍。

Zhang Zhao changed color, came forward, and said, “General, how can you do such a thing? He who is a lord of men is one who can harness heroes and direct the worthy—how can it mean one who gallops in pursuit across the plains and matches courage with fierce beasts? If one day some mishap should occur, what of the ridicule of the whole realm?” Sun Quan apologized to Zhang Zhao, saying, “I am young and do not consider matters far ahead; for this I am ashamed before you.” Yet he still could not stop, and so he built a tiger-shooting carriage with square openings, leaving no cover over the spaces between; one man drove it, and he shot from inside.

昭變色而前曰：「將軍何有當爾？夫爲人君者，謂能駕御英雄，驅使群賢，豈謂馳逐於原野，校勇於猛獸者乎？如有一旦之患，奈天下笑何？」權謝昭曰：「年少慮事不遠，以此慚君。」然猶不能已，乃作射虎車，爲方目，間不置蓋，一人爲御，自於中射之。

At times a beast that had strayed from its herd would again charge the carriage, and Sun Quan would strike it with his own hand for his amusement. Although Zhang Zhao remonstrated and argued, Sun Quan always laughed and did not answer. In the second year of Huangchu of Wei, the envoy Xing Zhen was sent to invest Sun Quan as King of Wu. Xing Zhen entered the gate without getting down from his carriage. Zhang Zhao said to him, “In ritual there is nothing that lacks respect, and therefore in law there is nothing that is not carried out. Yet you dare to exalt yourself—is it because you think the south of the Yangzi is small and weak and has not so much as an inch of blade?”

時有逸群之獸，輒復犯車，而權每手擊以爲樂。昭雖諫爭，常笑而不答。魏黃初二年，遣使者邢貞拜權爲呉王。貞入門，不下車。昭謂貞曰：「夫禮無不敬，故法無不行。而君敢自尊大，豈以江南寡弱，無方寸之刃故乎！」

Xing Zhen at once hastily got down from his carriage. Zhang Zhao was appointed General Who Pacifies Distant Lands and enfeoffed as Marquis of Youquan. At Wuchang, Sun Quan went up to the Fishing Terrace and drank until he was very drunk. He had men sprinkle water on his officials and said, “Today we drink our fill, and we stop only when we collapse drunk on the terrace.” Zhang Zhao, stern-faced, said nothing, went outside, and sat in his carriage. Sun Quan sent someone to call him back and said, “We are only making merry together—why are you angry, sir?” Zhang Zhao replied, “In the past King Zhou made hills of dregs and a pool of wine and drank through the long nights, and at the time he too thought it a pleasure and did not think it wicked.” Sun Quan fell silent with a look of shame, and then ended the drinking.

貞即遽下車。拜昭爲綏遠將軍，封由拳侯。¹權於武昌，臨釣臺，飲酒大醉。權使人以水灑羣臣曰：「今日酣飲，惟醉墮臺中，乃當止耳。」昭正色不言，出外車中坐。權遣人呼昭還，謂曰：「爲共作樂耳，公何爲怒乎？」昭對曰：「昔紂爲糟丘酒池長夜之飲，當時亦以爲樂，不以爲惡也。」權默然。有慚色，遂罷酒。

Earlier, when Sun Quan was about to appoint a Chancellor, the general opinion settled on Zhang Zhao. Sun Quan said, “At present affairs are many, and he who oversees the office bears a heavy responsibility; this is no way to show him favor.” Later, when Sun Shao died, the officials again put forward Zhang Zhao, and Sun Quan said, “Do I begrudge the post to Zibu? The duties of the Chancellor are burdensome, and this gentleman is unbending by nature; if what he says is not followed, resentment and blame will arise. This is no way to benefit him.” So he employed Gu Yong.

初，權當置丞相，眾議歸昭。權曰：「方今多事，職統者責重，非所以優之也。」後孫邵卒，百寮復舉昭，權曰：「孤豈爲子布有愛乎？領丞相事煩，而此公性剛，所言不從，怨咎將興，非所以益之也。」乃用顧雍。

When Sun Quan took the imperial title, Zhang Zhao, citing age and illness, returned his office and the troops under his command. He was reappointed General Who Assists Wu, ranking next after the Three Excellencies, and his fief was changed to Marquis of Lou, with an estate of ten thousand households. Living without duties at his home in the village, he wrote an explanation of the Zuo Commentary on the Spring and Autumn Annals and a commentary on the Analects. Sun Quan once asked the Commandant of the Guards Yan Jun, “Do you still remember the texts you learned by heart as a child?” Yan Jun then recited “Zhongni was at leisure” from the Classic of Filial Piety. Zhang Zhao said, “Yan Jun is a rustic scholar. I ask to recite for Your Majesty,” and he recited “The gentleman in serving his superior,” and everyone considered that Zhang Zhao knew what ought to be recited.

權既稱尊號，昭以老病，上還官位及所統領。¹更拜輔呉將軍，班亞三司，改封婁侯，食邑萬戸。在里宅無事，乃著《春秋左氏傳》解及《論語》注。權嘗問衞尉嚴畯：「寧念小時所暗書不？」畯因誦《孝經》「仲尼居」。昭曰：「嚴畯鄙生，臣請爲陛下誦之。」乃誦「君子之事上」，咸以昭爲知所誦。

Whenever Zhang Zhao appeared at court, his words and bearing were forceful and severe, and his sense of right showed in his face. He once offended Sun Quan's wishes with blunt words, and for a time did not come to court. Later an envoy from Shu came and praised the excellence of Shu's virtue, and none of the officials rebutted him. Sun Quan sighed and said, “Had Lord Zhang been present, that man would have been either crushed or silenced—how could he have gone on boasting?” The next day he sent a palace messenger to comfort Zhang Zhao and inquire after him, and asked to see him. Zhang Zhao left his mat to apologize, and Sun Quan knelt to stop him. When Zhang Zhao was seated, he looked up and said, “In the past the Empress Dowager and King Huan (Sun Ce) did not entrust your old servant to Your Majesty, but entrusted Your Majesty to your old servant. Therefore I resolved to fulfill a subject's duty to the utmost to repay their great kindness,

昭每朝見，辭氣壯厲，義形於色，曾以直言逆旨，中不進見。後蜀使來，稱蜀德美，而群臣莫拒，權歎曰：「使張公在坐，彼不折則廢，安復自誇乎？」明日，遣中使勞問，因請見昭。昭避席謝，權跪止之。昭坐定，仰曰：「昔太后、桓王不以老臣屬陛下，而以陛下屬老臣，是以思盡臣節，以報厚恩。

so that after I had passed away there would be something worthy of praise. But my thinking is shallow and short, and I defied your august wishes; I judged myself sunk in obscurity, cast forever into a ditch, and never imagined I would again be granted an audience and be able to serve within the curtained tent. Yet the reason my foolish heart serves the state is that my aim lies in loyalty and benefit to it, until my life ends, and nothing more. If I were to change my heart and alter my thoughts in order to steal glory and win acceptance, that is something I cannot do.” Sun Quan apologized to him.

使泯沒之後，有可稱述，而意慮淺短，違逆盛旨，自分幽淪，長棄溝壑，不圖復蒙引見，得奉帷幄。然臣愚心所以事國，志在忠益，畢命而已。若乃變心易慮，以偷榮取容，此臣所不能也。」權辭謝焉。

When Gongsun Yuan declared himself a vassal, Sun Quan sent Zhang Mi and Xu Yan to Liaodong to invest him as King of Yan. Zhang Zhao remonstrated, “Gongsun Yuan has turned against Wei and fears punishment, and so he comes from afar seeking help; this is not his true intent. If Gongsun Yuan changes his plans and wishes to clear himself with Wei, the two envoys will not return—would that not make us a laughingstock to the realm?” Sun Quan argued back and forth with him, and Zhang Zhao grew ever more insistent. Unable to bear it, Sun Quan put his hand on his sword and said angrily, “The gentlemen of the state of Wu bow to me when they enter the palace and bow to you when they leave it; my respect for you has been as great as it can be. Yet you repeatedly humiliate me before everyone, and I have often feared that I might act amiss.”

權以公孫淵稱藩，遣張彌、許晏至遼東拜淵爲燕王。昭諫曰：「淵背魏懼討，遠來求援，非本志也。若淵改圖，欲自明於魏，兩使不反，不亦取笑於天下乎？」權與相反覆，昭意彌切。權不能堪，案刀而怒曰：「呉國士人入宮則拜孤，出宮則拜君，孤之敬君，亦爲至矣，而數於眾中折孤，孤嘗恐失計。」

Zhang Zhao looked at Sun Quan for a long time and said, “Although I know my words will not be used, I always exhaust my foolish loyalty because, truly, when the Empress Dowager was about to pass away, she called your old servant to her bedside, and the words of her last edict and charge still ring in my ears.” And tears streamed down his face. Sun Quan threw his sword to the ground and wept with Zhang Zhao face to face. But in the end he sent Zhang Mi and Xu Yan. Zhang Zhao, indignant that his advice had not been used, claimed illness and did not attend court. Sun Quan resented this and had his gate blocked up with earth, and Zhang Zhao in turn sealed it with earth from inside.

昭熟視權曰：「臣雖知言不用，每竭愚忠者，誠以太后臨崩，呼老臣於床下，遺詔顧命之言故在耳。」因涕泣橫流。權擲刀致地，與昭對泣。然卒遣彌、晏往。昭忿言之不用，稱疾不朝。權恨之，土塞其門，昭又於內以土封之。

Gongsun Yuan did indeed kill Zhang Mi and Xu Yan. Sun Quan repeatedly sought to console Zhang Zhao and apologize, but Zhang Zhao firmly refused to rise. Sun Quan then went out, passed by his gate, and called to him, but Zhang Zhao declined, saying his illness was grave. Sun Quan set fire to his gate, meaning to frighten him, but Zhang Zhao shut his doors all the tighter. Sun Quan had the fire put out and stood at the gate for a long time, until Zhang Zhao's sons together helped him up; Sun Quan took him in his carriage back to the palace and blamed himself deeply. Zhang Zhao had no choice, and after that he attended court.

淵果殺彌，晏。權數慰謝昭，昭固不起，權因出過其門呼昭，昭辭疾篤。權燒其門，欲以恐之，昭更閉門戸。權使人滅火，住門良久，昭諸子共扶昭起，權載以還宮，深自克責。昭不得已，然後朝會。¹

Zhang Zhao was stern and dignified in appearance and had an awesome presence. Sun Quan often said, “When I speak with Lord Zhang, I dare not speak carelessly.” The whole state stood in awe of him. He died in the fifth year of Jiahe, at the age of eighty-one. His last instructions were that he be wrapped in a plain kerchief, placed in an undecorated coffin, and dressed in ordinary clothes. Sun Quan, in white mourning garments, came to offer condolence, and he was given the posthumous title Marquis Wen. Since his eldest son Zhang Cheng had already been enfeoffed as a marquis in his own right, his youngest son Zhang Xiu inherited the title.

昭容貌矜嚴，有威風，權常曰：「孤與張公言，不敢妄也。」舉邦憚之。年八十一，嘉禾五年卒。遺令幅巾素棺，斂以時服。權素服臨弔，謚曰文侯。¹長子承已自封侯，少子休襲爵。

Zhang Zhao's nephew Zhang Fen

昭弟子　奮

Zhang Zhao's nephew Zhang Fen, at twenty, built large siege carts for attacking cities and was recommended by Bu Zhi. Zhang Zhao did not want this and said, “You are still young; why commit yourself to the army?” Zhang Fen replied, “In the past the boy Wang died for his state in its peril, and Ziqi governed E. It is only that I truly lack talent; in years I am not too young.” In the end he led troops as a general, won merit repeatedly, rose to Area Commander, and was enfeoffed as Marquis of Lexiang Village.

昭弟子奮年二十，造作攻城大攻車，爲歩騭所薦。昭不願曰：「汝年尚少，何爲自委於軍旅乎？」奮對曰：「昔童汪死難，子奇治阿，奮實不才耳，於年不爲少也。」遂領兵爲將軍，連有功效，至都督，封樂鄕亭侯。

Zhang Zhao's son Zhang Cheng

昭子　承

Zhang Cheng, courtesy name Zhongsi, was known from his youth for his talent and learning, and was on good terms with Zhuge Jin, Bu Zhi, and Yan Jun. When Sun Quan became General of Agile Cavalry, he summoned him as Clerk of the Western Bureau, and he went out as Chief Commandant of the Western Division of Changsha. He attacked and pacified the mountain bandits and obtained fifteen thousand picked troops. Later he became Area Commander of Ruxu and General Who Displays Might, was enfeoffed as Marquis of Du District, and commanded five thousand retainer troops. Zhang Cheng was resolute, loyal, and forthright by nature and could judge men well. He raised up Cai Kuan of Pengcheng and Xie Jing of Nanyang when they were humble, friendless boys, and later both became men of national standing: Cai Kuan rose to Commandant of the Guards, and Xie Jing became Prefect of Yuzhang.

承字仲嗣，少以才學知名，與諸葛瑾、歩騭、嚴畯相友善。權爲驃騎將軍，辟西曹掾，出爲長沙西部都尉。討平山寇，得精兵萬五千人。後爲濡須都督、奮威將軍，封都鄕侯，領部曲五千人。承爲人壯毅忠讜，能甄識人物，拔彭城蔡款、南陽謝景於孤微童幼，後並爲國士，款至衞尉，景豫章太守。¹

Further, when Zhuge Ke was young, everyone marveled at his brilliant talent, but Zhang Cheng said that the one who would in the end ruin the Zhuge clan was Yuanxun (Zhuge Ke). He worked hard at helping others advance and was earnest toward people, and of all those who showed promise there was none who did not come to his door. He died in the seventh year of Chiwu, at sixty-seven, and was given the posthumous title Marquis Ding. His son Zhang Zhen succeeded him. Earlier, when Zhang Cheng lost his wife, Zhang Zhao wanted to seek Zhuge Jin's daughter for him, but Zhang Cheng, being on friendly terms with Zhuge Jin, was reluctant. Sun Quan heard of it and urged the match, and so he became Zhuge Jin's son-in-law.

又諸葛恪年少時，眾人奇其英才。承言終敗諸葛氏者，元遜也。勤於長進，篤於物類，凡在庶幾之流，無不造門，年六十七，赤烏七年卒，謚曰定侯。子震嗣。初，承喪妻，昭欲爲索諸葛瑾女，承以相與有好，難之，權聞而勸焉，遂爲婿。¹

A daughter was born, and Sun Quan took her as wife for his son Sun He. Sun Quan repeatedly had Sun He show respect to Zhang Cheng and observe the courtesies of a son-in-law. Zhang Zhen died along with Zhuge Ke when Zhuge Ke was executed.

生女，權爲子和納之。權數令和修敬於承，執子婿之禮。震諸葛恪誅時亦死。

Zhang Zhao's son Zhang Xiu

昭子　休

Zhang Xiu, courtesy name Shusi, at about twenty became, together with Zhuge Ke, Gu Tan, and others, a companion and friend of the Heir Sun Deng, and taught Sun Deng the Book of Han. From Palace Cadet he was transferred to Chief Commandant Who Assists on the Right. Sun Quan was always going out hunting and returning only at dusk; Zhang Xiu submitted a memorial remonstrating and warning him, and Sun Quan thought it excellent and showed it to Zhang Zhao. After Sun Deng died, Zhang Xiu became Palace Attendant, was appointed Commander of the Feathered Forest with joint charge of the affairs of the three Army Supervisors, and was promoted to General Who Spreads Martial Might. He was slandered by the partisans of Sun Ba, King of Lu: along with Gu Tan and Gu Cheng, over the matter of the merit assessment for Quebei, it was alleged that Zhang Xiu and Gu Cheng had colluded with the Army Supervisor Chen Xun to falsely inflate their achievements, and all were exiled to Jiao Province.

休字叔嗣，弱冠與諸葛恪、顧譚等俱爲太子登僚友，以《漢書》授登。¹從中庶子轉爲右弼都尉。權常遊獵，迨暮乃歸，休上疏諫戒，權大善之，以示於昭。及登卒後，爲侍中，拜羽林都督，平三典軍事，遷揚武將軍。爲魯王霸友黨所譖，與顧譚、承俱以芍陂論功事，休、承與典軍陳恂通情，詐增其伐，並徙交州。

The Prefect of the Palace Secretariat Sun Hong was a flatterer, false, sinister, and crooked, and Zhang Xiu had always despised him. Sun Hong took this opportunity to slander him, and an edict was sent down granting Zhang Xiu death. He was forty-one at the time.

中書令孫弘佞偽險詖，休素所忿，¹弘因是譖訴，下詔書賜休死，時年四十一。

Gu Yong

顧雍

Gu Yong, courtesy name Yuantan, was a man of Wu County in Wu Commandery. When Cai Bojie (Cai Yong) returned from Shuofang, he once stayed in Wu to avoid his enemies, and Gu Yong studied the zither and writing under him. The province and commandery memorialized to recommend him, and at about twenty he became Chief of Hefei; later he was transferred to Lou, Qu'e, and Shangyu, and in all of them he left a record of good government. When Sun Quan took on the post of Prefect of Kuaiji but did not go to the commandery, he made Gu Yong his Assistant to act in the Prefect's place. Gu Yong attacked and eliminated the bandits, the commandery became peaceful, and officials and people submitted to him. After several years he entered the capital as Major of the Left.

顧雍字元歎，呉郡呉人也。¹蔡伯喈從朔方還，嘗避怨於呉，雍從學琴書。²州郡表薦，弱冠爲合肥長，後轉在婁、曲阿、上虞，皆有治跡。孫權領會稽太守，不之郡，以雍爲丞，行太守事，討除寇賊，郡界寧靜，吏民歸服，數年，入爲左司馬。

When Sun Quan became King of Wu, Gu Yong was promoted in turn to Grand Judge and Master of Ceremonies, concurrently served as Prefect of the Masters of Writing, and was enfeoffed as Marquis of Yangsui District. After receiving his marquisate he went back to his office, and his family did not know of it; they were astonished when they heard later.

權爲呉王，累遷大理、奉常，領尚書令，封陽遂鄕侯，拜侯還寺，而家人不知，後聞乃驚。

In the fourth year of Huangwu he brought his mother from Wu. When she arrived, Sun Quan went to congratulate him and personally bowed to his mother in the courtyard; the ministers and high officials all gathered, and later the Heir too went to offer congratulations. Gu Yong by nature did not drink wine, spoke little, and always acted in accord with the occasion. Sun Quan once sighed and said, “Lord Gu does not speak, but when he speaks he is sure to hit the mark.” At banquets, when the drinking grew merry, those around feared that if they misbehaved in their cups Gu Yong would be sure to see it, and so they did not dare let themselves go.

黃武四年，迎母於呉。既至，權臨賀之，親拜其母於庭，公卿大臣畢會，後太子又往慶焉。雍爲人不飲酒，寡言語，舉動時當。權嘗歎曰：「顧君不言，言必有中。」至飲宴歡樂之際，左右恐有酒失而雍必見之，是以不敢肆情。

Sun Quan also said, “When Lord Gu is present, he keeps people from enjoying themselves.” Such was the awe in which he was held. That year he was changed to Minister of Ceremonies. He was advanced to Marquis of Liling and replaced Sun Shao as Chancellor, with joint charge of the affairs of the Masters of Writing. The civil and military officers he selected were each employed according to their abilities, and he had no partiality in his heart. From time to time he made inquiries among the people, and whenever he found something suited to government and official duty he reported it in secret. If it was adopted, he gave the credit to the sovereign; if not, he never let it be known.

權亦曰：「顧公在坐，使人不樂。」其見憚如此。是歳，改爲太常。進封醴陵侯，代孫邵爲丞相，平尚書事。其所選用文武將吏各隨能所任，心無適莫。時訪逮民間，及政職所宜，輒密以聞。若見納用，則歸之於上，不用，終不宣洩。

Sun Quan valued him highly for this. Yet when he had something to present at open court, though his words and manner were mild, what he held to was upright. Sun Quan once asked about the successes and failures of his government, and Zhang Zhao set out what he had heard and gathered, holding that the laws and ordinances were too dense and the punishments somewhat heavy, and that some should be reduced. Sun Quan was silent, then turned to Gu Yong and asked, “What do you think?” Gu Yong replied, “What I have heard is also as Zhang Zhao has stated.” Thereupon Sun Quan deliberated on criminal cases and lightened punishments.

權以此重之，然於公朝有所陳及，辭色雖順而所執者正。權嘗咨問得失，張昭因陳聽采聞，頗以法令太稠，刑罰微重，宜有所蠲損。權默然，顧問雍曰：「君以爲何如？」雍對曰：「臣之所聞，亦如昭所陳。」於是權乃議獄輕刑。¹

After some time, Lü Yi and Qin Bo became officials of the Palace Secretariat, in charge of checking the documents of all the government offices and of the provinces and commanderies. Through this Lü Yi and the others gradually came to wield power arbitrarily. They went on to create profits from state monopolies on liquor and controls at barriers, exposed crimes and hunted out wrongdoing so that not the smallest matter went unreported, and on top of this they conducted harsh investigations and made vile false charges, defaming the great ministers and entrapping the innocent. Gu Yong and others were all denounced and reprimanded as a result. Later Lü Yi's wicked crimes came to light, and he was arrested and handed over to the Commandant of Justice. Gu Yong went to judge the case.

久之，呂壹、秦博爲中書，典校諸官府及州郡文書。壹等因此漸作威福，遂造作榷酤障管之利，舉罪糾奸，纖介必聞，重以深案醜誣，毀短大臣，排陷無辜，雍等皆見舉白，用被譴讓。後壹奸罪發露，收系廷尉。雍往斷獄。

Lü Yi was brought before him as a prisoner. Gu Yong kept a gentle expression and questioned him on his statement, and as he was leaving he said to Lü Yi again, “Is there perhaps something you wish to say?” Lü Yi knocked his head on the ground and said nothing. At that point the Gentleman of the Masters of Writing Huai Xu cursed and insulted Lü Yi to his face, and Gu Yong rebuked Huai Xu: “The government has proper laws; why go so far as this?”

壹以囚見，雍和顏色，問其辭狀，臨出，又謂壹曰：「君意得無欲有所道？」壹叩頭無言。時尚書郎懷敘面詈辱壹，雍責敘曰：「官有正法，何至於此？」¹

Gu Yong served as Chancellor for nineteen years and died in the sixth year of Chiwu, at the age of seventy-six. When his illness was still slight, Sun Quan sent the physician Zhao Quan to examine him, and appointed his youngest son Gu Ji Chief Commandant of Cavalry. When Gu Yong heard this, he said sorrowfully, “Zhao Quan is skilled at telling life from death. I shall surely not rise again, and so the sovereign wishes me to see Ji's appointment with my own eyes.” Sun Quan, in white mourning garments, came to offer condolence, and he was given the posthumous title Marquis Su. His eldest son Gu Shao had died early, and his second son Gu Yu had a grave illness, so his youngest son Gu Ji succeeded him; but Gu Ji had no heir, and the line was cut off.

雍爲相十九年，年七十六，赤烏六年卒。初疾微時，權令醫趙泉視之。拜其少子濟爲騎都尉。雍聞，悲曰：「泉善別生死，吾必不起，故上欲及吾目見濟拜也。」權素服臨吊，謚曰肅侯。長子邵早卒，次子裕有篤疾，少子濟嗣，無後，絶。

In the first year of Yong'an an edict said, “The late Chancellor Gu Yong, of perfect virtue, loyal and worthy, assisted the state with propriety, yet the line of his marquisate has been cut off. We pity this greatly. Let Gu Yong's second son Gu Yu inherit the title as Marquis of Liling, so as to make his past merit manifest.”

永安元年，詔曰：「故丞相雍，至德忠賢，輔國以禮，而侯統廢絶。朕甚愍之。其以雍次子裕襲爵爲醴陵侯，以明著舊勳。」¹

Gu Yong's son Gu Shao

雍子　邵

Gu Shao, courtesy name Xiaoze, read widely in the classics and histories and loved to assess people's character. In his youth he was as famous as his maternal uncle Lu Ji, and Lu Xun, Zhang Dun, Bu Jing, and others all ranked after him. From the promising men of the province and commandery to gentlemen from every quarter, people came and went to meet him; some discussed matters and left, some formed close ties before parting, and his reputation spread so that he was praised far and near. Sun Quan gave him Sun Ce's daughter as wife. At twenty-seven he entered office directly as Prefect of Yuzhang. On arriving at his post, he offered sacrifice at the tomb of the former worthy Xu Ruzi.

邵字孝則，博覽書傳，好樂人倫。少與舅陸績齊名，而陸遜、張敦、卜靜等皆亞焉。¹自州郡庶幾及四方人士，往來相見，或言議而去，或結厚而別，風聲流聞，遠近稱之。權妻以策女。年二十七，起家爲豫章太守。下車祀先賢徐孺子之墓。

He treated Xu Ruzi's descendants generously. He banned licentious shrines and sacrifices contrary to ritual. Whenever a minor clerk showed good ability, he had him go to study, and he chose the most advanced of them and raised them to important posts; by promoting the good and teaching others, he made moral influence spread widely. Earlier, Ding Xu of Qiantang had come from the ranks of the corvée laborers, and Zhang Bing of Yangxian was born a commoner. Wu Can of Wucheng and Yin Li of Yunyang had risen from humble and lowly origins. Gu Shao raised them all up and befriended them, and established their reputations for them. When Zhang Bing suffered a great bereavement, Gu Shao personally made his mourning garments and tied his hempen mourning band.

優待其後。禁其淫祀非禮之祭者。小吏資質佳者，輒令就學，擇其先進，擢置右職，舉善以教，風化大行。初，錢唐丁諝出於役伍，陽羨張秉生於庶民。烏程吾粲、雲陽殷禮起乎微賤，邵皆拔而友之，爲立聲譽。秉遭大喪，親爲制服結絰。

When Gu Shao was about to leave for Yuzhang and had set out on the road only a short way, it happened that Zhang Bing was ill; at that time those seeing him off numbered in the hundreds. Gu Shao excused himself to his guests, saying, “Zhang Zhongjie is ill and suffering and cannot come to bid farewell. I regret not seeing him, so I will go back for a moment to take my leave of him. Gentlemen, please wait a little while.” His care for those of lower rank and his following of goodness wherever it lay were all like this. Ding Xu rose to Army Supervisor General of the Household, Zhang Bing became Prefect of Yunyang, Yin Li Prefect of Lingling, and Wu Can Junior Tutor of the Heir. The world held that Gu Shao knew men. After five years in the commandery, he died in office. His sons were Gu Tan and Gu Cheng.

邵當之豫章，發在近路，值秉疾病，時送者百數。邵辭賓客曰：「張仲節有疾，苦不能來別，恨不見之，暫還與訣，諸君少時相待。」其留心下士，惟善所在，皆此類也。諝至典軍中郎，秉雲陽太守，禮零陵太守，¹粲太子少傅。世以邵爲知人。在郡五年，卒官，子譚、承云。

Gu Shao's son Gu Tan

邵子　譚

Gu Tan, courtesy name Zimo, at about twenty became one of the Heir's Four Friends together with Zhuge Ke and others, and was transferred from Palace Cadet to Chief Commandant Who Assists Rectitude. During the Chiwu era he replaced Zhuge Ke as Controller of the Left. Whenever he examined the registers and accounts, he never set out counting rods but merely counted on his fingers and calculated in his head, and he uncovered every doubtful point and error; the clerks under him submitted to him for this. He was additionally made Chief Commandant of Imperial Carriages. When Xue Zong became Master of Writing for Personnel, he firmly yielded the post to Gu Tan, saying, “Gu Tan is exacting in mind and meticulous in conduct; he penetrates the Way and reaches its subtleties; his talent illuminates men and his virtue fulfills the hopes of all. Truly he is not someone your foolish servant can go ahead of.” Later he did replace Xue Zong.

譚字子默，弱冠與諸葛恪等爲太子四友，從中庶子轉輔正都尉。¹赤烏中，代恪爲左節度。²每省簿書，未嘗下籌，徒屈指心計，盡發疑謬，下吏以此服之。加奉車都尉。薛綜爲選曹尚書，固讓譚曰：「譚心精體密，貫道達微，才照人物，德允眾望，誠非愚臣所可越先。」後遂代綜。

A few months after his grandfather Gu Yong died, he was appointed Minister of Ceremonies and replaced Gu Yong in joint charge of the affairs of the Masters of Writing. At this time Sun Ba, King of Lu, enjoyed great favor and stood on an equal footing with the Heir Sun He. Gu Tan submitted a memorial: “I have heard that those who possess a state or a house must make clear the distinction between the legitimate heir and other sons and differentiate the rites of the honored and the humble, so that high and low have their gradations and the ranks are set far apart. In this way the kindness of flesh and blood arises, and hopes of overreaching are cut off. In the past Jia Yi presented his plan for order and security and discussed the power of the feudal lords, holding that when their power is great, even close kin will be drawn into rebellion, and when their power is slight, even distant relations will enjoy the blessing of preservation.

祖父雍卒數月，拜太常，代雍平尚書事。是時魯王霸有盛寵，與太子和齊衡，譚上疏曰：臣聞有國有家者，必明嫡庶之端，異尊卑之禮，使高下有差，階級逾邈，如此則骨肉之恩生，覬覦之望絶。昔賈誼陳治安之計，論諸侯之勢，以爲勢重，雖親必有逆節之累，勢輕，雖疏必有保全之祚。

Thus the King of Huainan, though the Emperor's own younger brother, did not keep his state to the end—he lost it because his power was too great; Wu Rui, a distant subject, passed down his fortune in Changsha—he gained it because his power was slight. In the past, when Emperor Wen of Han had Lady Shen sit on the same mat as the Empress, Yuan Ang pulled the lady's seat back, and the Emperor looked angry. But when Yuan Ang explained the proper order of high and low and set out the warning of the ‘human swine,’ the Emperor was pleased, and the lady too understood. What I now set forth is not partial to either side; I truly wish to secure the Heir and to benefit the King of Lu.”

故淮南親弟，不終饗國，失之於勢重也。呉芮疏臣，傳祚長沙，得之於勢輕也。昔漢文帝使慎夫人與皇后同席，袁盎退夫人之座，帝有怒色。及盎辨上下之儀，陳人彘之戒，帝既悅懌，夫人亦悟。今臣所陳，非有所偏，誠欲以安太子而便魯王也。

Because of this there arose a rift between Sun Ba and Gu Tan. At that time Quan Ji, son of the General of the Guards Quan Cong—the husband of the Senior Princess—was a retainer of Sun Ba; Quan Ji had always been crooked, and Gu Tan would have nothing to do with him. Before this, Gu Tan's younger brother Gu Cheng had gone north with Zhang Xiu against Shouchun. Quan Cong was then Grand Area Commander and fought the Wei general Wang Ling at Quebei, but the battle went badly; the Wei troops, exploiting their victory, overran the army of Qin Er, Commander of the Five Camps, and Zhang Xiu and Gu Cheng struck back at them fiercely.

由是霸與譚有隙。時長公主婿衞將軍全琮子寄爲霸賓客，寄素傾邪，譚所不納。先是，譚弟承與張休俱北征壽春，全琮時爲大都督，與魏將王淩戰於芍陂，軍不利，魏兵乘勝陷沒五營將秦兒軍，休、承奮擊之。

In the end they halted the Wei army. At that time Quan Cong's sons Quan Xu and Quan Duan were also serving as generals; since the enemy had already been halted, they advanced and attacked, and Wang Ling's army withdrew as a result. When merit was assessed and rewards given, it was judged that the merit of halting the enemy was great and that of driving the enemy back was small. Zhang Xiu and Gu Cheng were both made generals with miscellaneous titles, while Quan Xu and Quan Duan became no more than lieutenants. Quan Ji and his father resented this all the more and together contrived charges against Gu Tan. Gu Tan was convicted and exiled to Jiao Province; confined there, he vented his indignation by writing the New Words in twenty chapters.

遂駐魏師。時琮群子緒、端亦並爲將，因敵既住，乃進擊之。淩軍用退。時論功行賞。以爲駐敵之功大，退敵之功小。休、承並爲雜號將軍，緒、端偏裨而已。寄父子益恨，共構會譚。¹譚坐徙交州，幽而發憤，著《新言》二十篇。

Its chapter “On Knowing Difficulty” was probably written in lament for himself. After two years in exile he died in Jiaozhi at the age of forty-two.

其《知難篇》蓋以自悼傷也。見流二年，年四十二，卒於交阯。

Gu Shao's son Gu Cheng

邵子　承

Gu Cheng, courtesy name Zizhi, was summoned with courtesy during the Jiahe era together with his maternal uncle Lu Mao. Sun Quan sent a letter to the Chancellor Gu Yong saying, “Your esteemed grandson Zizhi has a fine and generous reputation, and when I met him he surpassed what I had heard. I rejoice with you over him.” He was appointed Chief Commandant of Cavalry and commanded the Feathered Forest troops. Later he became Chief Commandant of the Western Division of Wu Commandery and, together with Zhuge Ke and others, pacified the Shanyue, separately obtaining eight thousand picked troops; he returned and garrisoned his army at Zhangkeng, was appointed General of the Household Who Manifests Righteousness, and entered court as Palace Attendant.

承字子直，嘉禾中與舅陸瑁俱以禮征。權賜丞相雍書曰：「貴孫子直，令問休休，至與相見，過於所聞，爲君嘉之。」拜騎都尉，領羽林兵。後爲呉郡西部都尉，與諸葛恪等共平山越，別得精兵八千人，還屯軍章阬，拜昭義中郎將，入爲侍中。

At the campaign of Quebei he was appointed General Who Displays Might and went out to take command at Jingxia. Some years later, together with his elder brother Gu Tan, Zhang Xiu, and others, he was exiled to Jiao Province, and he died at thirty-seven.

芍陂之役，拜奮威將軍，出領京下督。數年，與兄譚，張休等俱徙交州，年三十七卒。

Zhuge Jin

諸葛瑾

Zhuge Jin, courtesy name Ziyu, was a man of Yangdu in Langya. At the end of Han he fled the disorder to Jiangdong. It was just when Sun Ce died that Hong Zi of Qu'e, husband of Sun Quan's elder sister, met him, thought him remarkable, and recommended him to Sun Quan, and he was treated as an honored guest along with Lu Su and others. Later he became Sun Quan's Chief Clerk and was transferred to Major of the Center. In the twentieth year of Jian'an, Sun Quan sent Zhuge Jin as envoy to Shu to establish friendly relations with Liu Bei. He and his younger brother Zhuge Liang met only at official gatherings and never saw each other privately after withdrawing.

諸葛瑾字子瑜，琅邪陽都人也。¹漢末避亂江東。值孫策卒，孫權姊婿曲阿弘咨見而異之，薦之於權，與魯肅等並見賓待。後爲權長史，轉中司馬。建安二十年，權遣瑾使蜀通好劉備，與其弟亮俱公會相見，退無私面。

When he talked with Sun Quan to remonstrate or persuade, he was never sharp or confrontational; he would hint slightly at his view and set out the gist in broad terms. If there was something Sun Quan did not accept, he would drop it and move on to other matters, then slowly bring it up again through some pretext, drawing on comparable cases, and in this way Sun Quan's mind was often brought round. The Prefect of Wu Commandery, Zhu Zhi, was the general who had recommended Sun Quan. Sun Quan had once had cause for resentment against him, but because he had always shown him particular respect, he found it hard to confront and reproach him himself, and his anger would not go away. Zhuge Jin guessed the reason but did not dare state it openly; instead he asked leave to inquire privately on his own initiative, and then, in front of Sun Quan, wrote a letter discussing the principles of things in general terms, using his own mind to gauge Zhu Zhi's from afar.

與權談説諫喻，未嘗切愕，微見風彩，粗陳指歸。如有未合，則捨而及他，徐復托事造端，以物類相求，於是權意往往而釋。呉郡太守朱治，權舉將也，權曾有以望之，而素加敬，難自詰讓，忿忿不解。瑾揣知其故，而不敢顯陳，乃乞以意私自問，遂於權前爲書，泛論物理，因以己心遙往忖度之。

When he had finished, he presented it to Sun Quan. Sun Quan laughed with pleasure and said, “My resentment is dispelled. ‘The virtue of Master Yan made people draw closer to one another’—is this not what that means?” Sun Quan was also angered at the Colonel Yin Mo, whose offense had reached the point where the outcome could not be foreseen. Many of his subordinates spoke on Yin Mo's behalf, but Sun Quan's anger only grew worse and he argued back and forth with them; only Zhuge Jin remained silent. Sun Quan said, “Ziyu, why are you alone not speaking?” Zhuge Jin left his mat and said, “Yin Mo and I and others met with the overthrow of our home province, and our people were all wiped out. We abandoned the graves of our ancestors, brought our old and weak, cleared our way through the wilds, and came over to your sagely rule. Among the exiles and drifters we have received the blessing of life and nurture, yet we could not keep one another in line,

畢，以呈權，權喜，笑曰：「孤意解矣。顏氏之德，使人加親，豈謂此耶？」權又怪校尉殷模，罪至不測。群下多爲之言，權怒益甚，與相反覆，惟瑾默然。權曰：「子瑜何獨不言？」瑾避席曰：「瑾與殷模等遭本州傾覆，生類殄盡。棄墳墓，攜老弱，披草萊，歸聖化，在流隸之中，蒙生成之福，不能躬相督厲。

and could not repay even one ten-thousandth of it, so that in the end we let Yin Mo betray Your kindness and fall into crime of his own doing. I have no time for anything but apologizing for my fault; truly I dare not say a word.” When Sun Quan heard this, he was moved to sorrow and said, “I will pardon him especially for your sake.”

陳答萬一，至令模孤負恩惠，自陷罪戾。臣謝過不暇，誠不敢有言。」權聞之愴然，乃曰：「特爲君赦之。」

Later he followed the campaign against Guan Yu and was enfeoffed as Marquis of Xuancheng. As General Who Soothes the South, he replaced Lü Meng as Prefect of Nan Commandery and was stationed at Gong'an. When Liu Bei marched east against Wu and the King of Wu sought peace, Zhuge Jin wrote to Liu Bei: “I suddenly hear that your banners and drums have arrived at Baidi. I fear that some of your advisers may argue that, because the King of Wu seized this province and brought harm to Guan Yu, the grievance is deep and the injury great, so peace should not be answered. That is to set one’s mind on small things and pay no heed to great ones.

後從討關羽，封宣城侯，以綏南將軍代呂蒙領南郡太守，住公安。劉備東伐呉，呉王求和，瑾與備箋曰：「奄聞旗鼓來至白帝，或恐議臣以呉王侵取此州，危害關羽，怨深禍大，不宜答和，此用心於小，未留意於大者也。

Let me try to weigh for Your Majesty which is light and which heavy, which small and which great. If Your Majesty will restrain your might, lessen your anger, and consider my words for a moment, the plan can be settled at once, with no need to consult your vassals further. How does Your Majesty’s closeness to Guan Yu compare with that to the late Emperor? How does the size of Jing Province compare with all the land within the seas? If both deserve hatred as enemies, which should come first and which later? If you examine these points, the decision will be easier than turning over your hand.” At the time someone said that Zhuge Jin had privately sent a trusted man to communicate with Liu Bei. Sun Quan said, “Ziyu and I have sworn an oath that neither death nor life will change. That Ziyu will not betray me is just as sure as that I will not betray Ziyu.” In the first year of Huangwu, he was promoted to General of the Left, put in charge of Gong'an, granted the tally of authority, and enfeoffed as Marquis of Wanling.

試爲陛下論其輕重，及其大小。陛下若抑威損忿，暫省瑾言者，計可立決，不復咨之於群後也。陛下以關羽之親何如先帝？荊州大小孰與海內？俱應仇疾，誰當先後？若審此數，易於反掌。」¹時或言瑾別遣親人與備相聞，權曰：「孤與子瑜有死生不易之誓，子瑜之不負孤，猶孤之不負子瑜也。」²黃武元年，遷左將軍，督公安，假節，封宛陵侯。³

When Yu Fan was banished for his wild outspokenness, Zhuge Jin alone repeatedly spoke up for him. Yu Fan wrote to a friend: “Lord Zhuge is sincere and humane; he takes Heaven as his model and gives life to all things, and lately, thanks to his fair words, I have been able to keep my place. But my misdeeds are many and my offenses deep, and the resentment against me is very heavy. Even with a rescuer like old Qi Xi, I lack the virtue of Yangshe, so I can hardly hope to be released.”

虞翻以狂直流徙，惟瑾屢爲之説。翻與所親書曰：「諸葛敦仁，則天活物，比蒙清論，有以保分。惡積罪深，見忌殷重，雖有祁老之救，德無羊舌，解釋難冀也。」

Zhuge Jin had a fine appearance, thoughtfulness, and breadth of mind, and people of the time admired his magnanimity and grace. Sun Quan too esteemed him and consulted him on major affairs. He also wrote to Zhuge Jin separately: “Recently I received a memorial from Boyan saying that, since Cao Pi is dead, the people who suffered under his cruel misrule ought to fall apart as soon as they see our banners, yet all is quiet instead. He hears that they now choose the loyal and good for office, make punishments lenient, spread kindness, lighten taxes and reduce corvée to please the people, so that the danger they pose is even greater than in Cao Cao’s time. I do not think so.

瑾爲人有容貌思度，於時服其弘雅。權亦重之，大事咨訪。又別咨瑾曰：「近得伯言表，以爲曹丕已死，毒亂之民，當望旌瓦解，而更靜然。聞皆選用忠良，寬刑罰，布恩惠，薄賦省役，以悅民心，其患更深於操時。孤以爲不然。

In what Cao Cao did, the only faults were that his killing and campaigning went somewhat too far and that he was cruel in setting kin against kin. As for commanding generals, few since ancient times have matched him. Cao Pi was not a ten-thousandth as good as Cao Cao, and now Cao Rui falls short of Cao Pi just as Cao Pi fell short of Cao Cao. The reason he labors to honor petty kindnesses must be that, his father having just died, he judges himself weak and fears that the impoverished and suffering people may collapse in a single morning; so he forces himself to bend low to win the people’s hearts, simply to keep himself secure. How could this be a sign of rising fortune!

操之所行，其惟殺伐小爲過差，及離間人骨肉，以爲酷耳。至於御將，自古少有。丕之於操，萬不及也。今睿之不如丕，猶丕不如操也。其所以務崇小惠，必以其父新死，自度衰微，恐困苦之民一朝崩沮，故強屈曲以求民心，欲以自安住耳，寧是興隆之漸邪！

I hear that he employs men like Chen Changwen and Cao Zidan; some are men of letters and scholars, others members of the imperial clan or relatives by marriage. How could they command brilliant talents and tigerish generals and so bring the realm under control? When the handle of authority is not held by one man, affairs go awry. Long ago Zhang Er and Chen Yu were not lacking in friendship, yet once they held power they turned and harmed each other; it was the nature of things that made it so. Moreover, the reason Changwen and his like were able to hold their ground in the past was that Cao Cao kept his foot on their heads; they feared Cao Cao’s stern authority, so they put all their heart and mind into their work and dared not do wrong.

聞任陳長文、曹子丹輩，或文人諸生，或宗室戚臣，寧能御雄才虎將以制天下乎？夫威柄不專，則其事乖錯。如昔張耳、陳餘，非不敦睦。至於秉勢，自還相賊，乃事理使然也。又長文之徒，昔所以能善守者，以操笮其頭，畏操威嚴，故竭心盡意，不敢爲非耳。

When Cao Pi succeeded to the enterprise, he was already a grown man; following on Cao Cao, he added kindness and affection, and so they could be moved by a sense of duty. Now Cao Rui is young and weak and drifts east or west as others lead him. These men will surely take the opportunity to play clever tricks and put on airs, forming cliques and factions, each helping the one he is attached to. When that day comes, treachery and slander will arise together; they will entrap and resent one another until they turn to suspicion and estrangement. Once it has come to that, the subordinates will fight over profit and the young ruler will be unable to control them. How long could their ruin be in coming?

逮丕繼業，年已長大，承操之後，以恩情加之，用能感義。今睿幼弱，隨人東西，此曹等輩，必當因此弄巧行態，阿黨比周，各助所附。如此之日，奸讒並起，更相陷懟，轉成嫌貳。一爾已往，群下爭利，主幼不御。其爲敗也焉得久乎？

The reason I know this is so: from ancient times to the present, when have four or five men held the handle of punishment together without splitting apart, reviling one another, and turning to kick and bite? The strong are bound to trample the weak, and the weak are bound to seek help; that is the road to disorder and ruin. Ziyu, just keep your ear open and listen. Boyan is always good at calculation, but I fear that on this one matter he falls a little short.”

所以知其然者，自古至今，安有四五人把持刑柄，而不離刺轉相蹄嚙者也！強當陵弱，弱當求援，此亂亡之道也。子瑜，卿但側耳聽之，伯言常長於計校，恐此一事小短也。」¹

When Sun Quan took the imperial title, he appointed Zhuge Jin Grand General and Protector-General of the Left, and made him Imperial Protector of Yu Province. After Lü Yi was executed, Sun Quan also issued an edict earnestly reproaching Zhuge Jin and others; its words are in the Biography of Sun Quan. Zhuge Jin answered on each occasion according to the matter, his words deferential and his reasoning correct. Zhuge Jin’s son Zhuge Ke enjoyed great fame in his day, and Sun Quan valued him highly and thought him extraordinary. But Zhuge Jin always disliked him, saying he was not a son who would preserve the family, and was constantly worried about it. In the fourth year of Chiwu he died at the age of sixty-eight. He left instructions that he be encoffined in a plain coffin in everyday clothes, and that the funeral be simple and frugal.

權稱尊號，拜大將軍、左都護，領豫州牧。及呂壹誅，權又有詔切磋瑾等，語在〈權傳〉。瑾輒因事以答，辭順理正。瑾子恪，名盛當世，權深器異之；然瑾常嫌之，謂非保家之子，每以憂戚。¹赤烏四年，年六十八卒，遣命令素棺斂以時服，事從省約。

His Son Zhuge Rong

瑾子　融

Since Zhuge Ke had already been enfeoffed as a marquis in his own right, his younger brother Zhuge Rong inherited the title. He took over command of the troops and was stationed at Gong'an, and the officers and men of his retinue were devoted to him. When there was no trouble beyond the frontier, he hunted and practiced martial arts in autumn and winter, and in spring and summer he invited guests to grand gatherings; some officers and soldiers on leave traveled a thousand li to attend. At each gathering he questioned every guest in turn and had each tell what he was good at; then he drew the couches together, brought the seats close, and matched opponents according to their skill. Some played weiqi, some played chupu, and there were pitch-pot, archery, and pellet-bow shooting, each set apart by kind. Sweet fruits were brought in one after another and clear wine went slowly round, while Zhuge Rong strolled about watching everything, tireless all day long.

恪已自封侯，故弟融襲爵。攝兵業駐公安，¹部曲吏士親附之。疆外無事，秋冬則射獵講武，春夏則延賓高會，休吏假卒，或不遠千里而造焉。每會輒歷問賓客，各言其能，乃合榻促席，量敵選對，或有博弈，或有摴蒱，投壺弓彈，部別類分，於是甘果繼進，清酒徐行，融周流觀覽，終日不倦。

Zhuge Rong’s father and elder brother were plain and simple, wearing no ornament even while with the army, but Zhuge Rong alone was extravagant and showy, dressed in brocade, felt, and embroidery. When Sun Quan died, he was transferred to General Who Displays Might. Later, when Zhuge Ke campaigned against Huainan, he granted Zhuge Rong a tally and ordered him to lead troops into the Mian River to attack the western forces. After Zhuge Ke was executed, the Commander of the Wunan Guard Shi Kuan was sent to join the generals Shi Ji, Sun Yi, Quan Xi, and others to seize Zhuge Rong. When Zhuge Rong suddenly heard that soldiers were coming, he was frightened and hesitated, unable to decide what to do; when the troops arrived and surrounded the city, he took poison and died. His three sons were all executed.

融父兄質素，雖在軍旅，身無采飾；而融錦罽文繡，獨爲奢綺。孫權薨，徙奮威將軍。後恪征淮南，假融節，令引軍入沔，以擊西兵。恪既誅，遣無難督施寬就將軍施績、孫壹、全熙等取融。融卒聞兵士至，惶懼猶豫，不能決計，兵到圍城，飲藥而死，三子皆伏誅。¹

Bu Zhi

歩騭

Bu Zhi, courtesy name Zishan, was a man of Huaiyin County in Linhuai Commandery. When the world fell into disorder, he fled to Jiangdong, alone and destitute. He was the same age as Wei Jing of Guangling and on good terms with him, and the two supported themselves by growing melons, working hard with their bodies by day and reciting the classics and commentaries at night.

歩騭字子山，臨淮淮陰人也。¹世亂，避難江東，單身窮困。與廣陵衞旌同年相善，俱以種瓜自給，晝勤四體，夜誦經傳。²

Jiao Zhengqiang of Kuaiji was a powerful local magnate whose retainers were lawless. Since Bu Zhi and Wei Jing were seeking a living on his land, they feared he would harm them. So together they prepared name cards and presented him with melons. Jiao Zhengqiang was just then lying down inside and kept them waiting a long time, and Wei Jing wanted to give up and leave. Bu Zhi stopped him, saying, “We came here in the first place because we fear his power. If we now walk away to show how lofty we are, we will only make an enemy of him.” After a long while Jiao Zhengqiang opened a window to look at them. He himself sat inside his curtains leaning on an armrest, and had mats laid on the ground and seated Bu Zhi and Wei Jing outside the window. Wei Jing felt still more humiliated, but Bu Zhi’s words and expression remained perfectly composed.

會稽焦征羌，郡之豪族，¹人客放縱。騭與旌求食其地，懼爲所侵。乃共修刺奉瓜，以獻征羌。征羌方在內臥，駐之移時，旌欲委去。騭止之曰：「本所以來，畏其強也。而今捨去，欲以爲高，只結怨耳。」良久，征羌開牖見之，身隱几坐帳中，設席致地，坐騭、旌於牖外，旌愈恥之，騭辭色自若。

Jiao Zhengqiang had a meal prepared. He himself was served at a large table piled high with dishes, while Bu Zhi and Wei Jing were given rice on small plates with nothing but vegetables. Wei Jing could not eat, but Bu Zhi ate his fill of rice before taking his leave. Wei Jing said angrily to Bu Zhi, “How could you stand that?” Bu Zhi said, “We are poor and lowly, so it is only right that our host treated us as poor and lowly men. What is there to be ashamed of?”

征羌作食，身享大案，殽膳重沓，以小盤飯與騭、旌，惟菜茹而已。旌不能食，騭極飯致飽乃辭出。旌怒騭曰：「何能忍此？」騭曰：「吾等貧賤，是以主人以貧賤遇之，固其宜也，當何所恥？」¹

When Sun Quan became General Who Punishes Caitiffs, he summoned Bu Zhi to be his Recorder. Bu Zhi was appointed Chief of Haiyan, then came back and was called to serve as Official of the Eastern Bureau under the General of Chariots and Cavalry. In the fifteenth year of Jian'an he went out to take charge of Poyang as Prefect. Within the year he was transferred to Inspector of Jiao Province and General of the Household Who Establishes Martial Might, and, leading a thousand armed archer-officers, went straight south. The following year he was further appointed Commissioned with the Tally and General of the Household Who Campaigns in the South. Wu Ju, the Prefect of Cangwu appointed by Liu Biao, secretly harbored disloyal intentions, outwardly submitting but inwardly defiant.

孫權爲討虜將軍，召騭爲主記。¹除海鹽長，還辟車騎將軍東曹掾。²建安十五年，出領鄱陽太守。歳中，徙交州刺史、立武中郎將。領武射吏千人，便道南行。明年，追拜使持節、征南中郎將。劉表所置蒼梧太守呉巨陰懷異心，外附內違。

Bu Zhi humbled himself to coax him and asked for a meeting, then beheaded him and displayed his head, and his fame and awe spread far and wide. Shi Xie and his brothers led one another in accepting his orders; the submission of the southern lands began from this time. Yong Kai and others of the great clans of Yi Province killed Zheng Ang, the Prefect appointed by Shu, and got in touch with Shi Xie, asking to come over. Acting on imperial authority, Bu Zhi sent envoys to proclaim favor and receive and pacify them. For this he was given the additional title of General Who Pacifies the Rong and enfeoffed as Marquis of Guangxin.

騭降意懷誘，請與相見，因斬徇之，威聲大震。士燮兄弟，相率供命，南土之賓，自此始也。益州大姓雍闓等殺蜀所署太守正昂，與燮相聞，求欲內附。騭因承制遣使宣恩撫納，由是加拜平戎將軍，封廣信侯。

In the first year of Yankang, Sun Quan sent Lü Dai to replace Bu Zhi, and Bu Zhi led ten thousand volunteers from Jiao Province out to Changsha. Just then Liu Bei came down to the east and the Man tribes of Wuling stirred, so Sun Quan ordered Bu Zhi up to Yiyang. Even after Liu Bei was defeated, the commanderies of Lingling, Guiyang, and others were still in alarm and turmoil, with armed resistance everywhere; Bu Zhi campaigned all around and pacified them all. In the second year of Huangwu, he was promoted to General of the Right and Protector of the Army of the Left, and his fief was changed to Marquis of Linxiang. In the fifth year he was granted the tally of authority and moved his garrison to Oukou.

延康元年，權遣呂岱代騭，騭將交州義士萬人出長沙。會劉備東下，武陵蠻夷蠢動，權遂命騭上益陽。備既敗績，而零、桂諸郡猶相驚擾，處處阻兵，騭周旋征討，皆平之。黃武二年，遷右將軍、左護軍，改封臨湘侯。五年，假節，徙屯漚口。

When Sun Quan took the imperial title, Bu Zhi was appointed General of Agile Cavalry and made Imperial Protector of Ji Province. That year he took command at Xiling. He replaced Lu Xun in pacifying the two border regions; soon afterward, since Ji Province had been allotted to Shu, he was relieved of the protectorship. At that time Sun Quan’s Crown Prince, Sun Deng, was stationed at Wuchang; he loved people and delighted in goodness, and he wrote to Bu Zhi: “Worthy men and gentlemen are those who bring the great transformation to flourish and help to manage the affairs of the age. By nature I am dull and blinkered and have not mastered the principles of the Way. Though I sincerely wish to devote my heart to bright virtue and entrust myself to gentlemen, I am still in the dark about how the scholars near and far should be ranked and treated, and cannot make it out clearly.

權稱尊號，拜驃騎將軍，領冀州牧。是歳，都督西陵。代陸遜撫二境，頃以冀州在蜀分，解牧職。時權太子登駐武昌，愛人好善，與騭書曰：「夫賢人君子，所以興隆大化，佐理時務者也。受性暗蔽，不達道數，雖實區區欲盡心於明德，歸分於君子，至於遠近士人，先後之宜，猶或緬焉，未之能詳。

The Tradition says, ‘If you love someone, can you fail to make him work hard? If you are loyal to someone, can you fail to instruct him?’ That is the point; is this not what one hopes for from a gentleman?” Bu Zhi then listed those who were then serving within the borders of Jing Province, eleven men in all: Zhuge Jin, Lu Xun, Zhu Ran, Cheng Pu, Pan Jun, Pei Xuan, Xiahou Cheng, Wei Jing, Li Su, Zhou Tiao, and Shi Gan. He distinguished and set out their conduct and records, and then sent up a memorial of encouragement: “I have heard that a ruler does not handle small matters himself, but that the hundred officials and those in charge each attend to their own duties.

《傳》曰：『愛之能勿勞乎？忠焉能勿誨乎？』斯其義也，豈非所望於君子哉！」騭於是條於時事業在荊州界者，諸葛瑾、陸遜、朱然、程普、潘浚、裴玄、夏侯承，衞旌，李肅、¹周條、石干十一人。甄別行狀，因上疏獎勸曰：臣聞人君不親小事，百官有司各任其職。

Thus when Shun commissioned the Nine Worthies, he had nothing to trouble his mind; he played the five-stringed zither and sang the song of the South Wind, and without descending from his hall the realm was well governed. Duke Huan of Qi employed Guan Zhong, and though the Duke went about in his carriage with his hair unbound, the state of Qi was well ordered, and he went on to set the realm right and bring the lords together. More recently, Emperor Gaozu of Han gathered the Three Heroes and so founded his imperial enterprise, while Western Chu lost its brave and talented men and so lost its chance of success. While Ji An was at court, Huainan shelved its plots; while Zhi Du guarded the frontier, the Xiongnu kept out of sight.

故舜命九賢，則無所用心，彈五弦之琴，詠南風之詩，不下堂廟而天下治也。齊桓用管仲，被發載車，齊國既治，又致匡合。近漢高祖攬三傑以興帝業，西楚失雄俊以喪成功，汲黯在朝，淮南寢謀。郅都守邊，匈奴竄跡。

So wherever worthy men are, they break the enemy’s charge ten thousand li away; they are truly the sharp tools of the state and the source of its rise and decline. Now the royal transformation has not yet reached north of the Han River, and along the banks of the Yellow River and the Luo there are still vile usurpers and rebels. This is truly the time to gather heroes, pick out outstanding men, and entrust office to the worthy. I hope that Your Highness the enlightened Crown Prince will give this your earnest attention; then the realm will be most fortunate.”

故賢人所在，折沖萬里，信國家之利器，崇替之所由也。方今王化未被於漢北，河、洛之濱尚有僭逆之醜，誠攬英雄拔俊任賢之時也。願明太子重以經意，則天下幸甚。

Later, when the Palace Writer Lü Yi was in charge of inspecting documents and brought charges against many people, Bu Zhi submitted a memorial: “I humbly hear that the investigators dig out the tiniest matters and blow apart the fur to find a blemish, pressing charges heavily and making false accusations deep, always seeking to trap people so as to build up their own power. The guiltless and blameless suffer severe punishment without cause, so that the people bow their heads under Heaven and tread warily on the earth; who would not tremble? In the past only worthy men were appointed as judicial officials. So Gao Yao served as Minister of Justice and the Marquis of Lü set up redemption of punishments, and when Zhang and Yu were Commandants of Justice the people suffered no injustice; the blessings of harmony and peace truly arose from this.

後中書呂壹典校文書，多所糾舉，騭上疏曰：伏聞諸典校擿抉細微，吹毛求瑕，重案深誣，輒欲陷人以成威福。無罪無辜，橫受大刑，是以使民跼天蹐地，誰不戰慄？昔之獄官，惟賢是任，故皋陶作士，呂侯贖刑，張、于廷尉，民無冤枉，休泰之祚，實由此興。

The petty officials of today are, at every turn, unlike those of old: cases are settled by bribes and human life is treated lightly, while the blame is shifted onto the throne and resentment is quickly stirred up against the state. When even one man sighs in grief, the royal Way is impaired; this is most hateful. To make virtue shine and be cautious in punishment, and to have wise men administer the penal law, is what the classics and their traditions praise. From now on, in deciding cases, let Gu Yong be consulted in the capital, and Lu Xun and Pan Jun in Wuchang, so that with fair minds and single purpose they strive to get at the truth. If I, Zhi, am partial, the spirits will see it; what complaint could I have if I were punished?”

今之小臣，動與古異，獄以賄成，輕忽人命，歸咎於上，爲國速怨，夫一人吁嗟，王道爲虧，甚可仇疾。明德慎罰，哲人惟刑，書傳所美。自今蔽獄，都下則宜諮顧雍，武昌則陸遜、潘浚，平心專意，務在得情，騭黨神明，受罪何恨？

He also said: “The Son of Heaven takes Heaven as his father and Earth as his mother, so the palaces and the hundred officials are all modeled on the constellations. If, in carrying out government, he reverently follows the seasons and each office is given the right man, then yin and yang are in harmony and the Seven Luminaries keep to their courses. But today many offices are vacant, and even the great ministers who remain are not trusted with authority. How then could Heaven and Earth fail to show anomalies? So the droughts year after year are the response to an excess of yang. Moreover, on the fourteenth day of the fifth month of the sixth year of Jiahe, and on the first and twenty-seventh days of the first month of the second year of Chiwu, the earth quaked.

又曰：天子父天母地，故宮室百官，動法列宿。若施政令，欽順時節，官得其人，則陰陽和平，七曜循度。至於今日，官寮多闕，雖有大臣，復不信任，如此天地焉得無變？故頻年枯旱，亢陽之應也。又嘉禾六年五月十四日，赤烏二年正月一日及二十七日，地皆震動。

The earth belongs to the yin category and is the image of the subject; it moves because the yin force is strong, and that is because subordinates monopolize the government. When Heaven and Earth display anomalies, it is to warn and awaken the ruler. Can he fail to reflect deeply on their meaning?”

地陰類，臣之象，陰氣盛故動，臣下專政之故也。夫天地見異，所以警悟人主，可不深思其意哉！

He also said: “The Chancellor Gu Yong, the Senior Grand General Lu Xun, and the Minister of Ceremonies Pan Jun bear deep worries and heavy responsibilities; their resolve is to give their utmost sincerity, they are anxious day and night and can neither sleep nor eat in peace, and their thoughts are on securing the state, benefiting the people, and laying long-term plans. They may be called ministers who are heart and backbone, legs and arms, ministers of the altars of the state. Each should be entrusted with his charge, without other officials set to watch over what they manage; demand results of them and examine their failings. These three ministers may sometimes fail to think things through, but how would they dare to seize power for themselves and deceive and betray the one they look up to as Heaven?”

又曰：丞相顧雍、上大將軍陸遜、太常潘浚，憂深責重，志在竭誠，夙夜兢兢，寢食不寧，念欲安國利民，建久長之計，可謂心膂股肱，社稷之臣矣。宜各委任，不使他官監其所司，責其成效，課其負殿。此三臣者，思慮不到則已，豈敢專擅威福欺負所天乎？

He also said: “If rewards are posted to make goodness known and punishments set up to overawe wrongdoers, if the worthy are entrusted with office and the able employed, and if one is clear about law and method, then what achievement could fail, what affair could go unmanaged, what could one listen for and not hear, what could one look for and not see? If today the commandery prefects and the county magistrates who govern a hundred li were all the right men, working together like warp and weft, would not all the affairs of government go well! I have heard privately that every county has supernumerary officials. Where officials are many the people are harassed, and customs decline as a result.

又曰：懸賞以顯善，設刑以威奸，任賢而使能，審明於法術，則何功而不成，何事而不辨，何聽而不聞，何視而不睹哉？若今郡守百里，皆各得其人，共相經緯，如是，庶政豈不康哉！竊聞諸縣並有備吏，吏多民煩，俗以之弊。

These petty men receive their commissions through connections; instead of serving the public good they throw their weight around. They add nothing to what the ruler sees and hears and are a further harm to the people. In my foolish opinion, they should all be abolished.”

但小人因緣銜命，不務奉公而作威福，無益視聽，更爲民害，愚以爲可一切罷省。

Sun Quan came to his senses and at last executed Lü Yi. Over the years Bu Zhi sent up dozens of letters recommending men who had been held back and overlooked and rescuing those in trouble. Though Sun Quan could not accept them all, he adopted his advice from time to time, and many benefited from it.

權亦覺悟，遂誅呂壹。騭前後薦達屈滯，救解患難，書數十上。權雖不能悉納，然時采其言，多蒙濟賴。¹

In the ninth year of Chiwu he succeeded Lu Xun as Chancellor, yet he still taught and nurtured his disciples and never let a book out of his hand. In his clothing and dwelling he was like a Confucian scholar. But the wives and concubines of his household dressed extravagantly and showily, and he was criticized a good deal for this. He was at Xiling for twenty years, and the neighboring enemy respected his authority and good faith. By nature he was tolerant and generous and won people’s hearts; he never let joy or anger show in his voice or face, yet all within and without were orderly and respectful.

赤烏九年，代陸遜爲丞相，猶誨育門生，手不釋書。被服居處有如儒生。然門內妻妾服飾奢綺，頗以此見譏。在西陵二十年，鄰敵敬其威信。性寬弘得眾，喜怒不形於聲色，而外內肅然。

He died in the tenth year. His son Bu Xie succeeded him and took command of the troops Bu Zhi had led, with the added title of General Who Pacifies the Army. When Bu Xie died, his son Bu Ji inherited the marquisate. Bu Xie’s younger brother Bu Chan carried on the family charge as Area Commander of Xiling, with the added title of General Who Shows Martial Brilliance, and was enfeoffed as Marquis of Xiting. In the first year of Fenghuang he was summoned to become Commander of the Tent Guard. Bu Chan’s family had been at Xiling for generations; when he was suddenly recalled, he believed he was losing his post and also feared disaster from slander, so he held the city and surrendered to Jin, sending Bu Ji and his younger brother Bu Xuan to Luoyang as hostages. Jin made Bu Chan Chief Controller of the military affairs of Xiling, General of the Guards, with honors equal to the Three Excellencies, and added the title of Palace Attendant; he was granted the tally of authority, made Imperial Protector of Jiao Province, and enfeoffed as Duke of Yidu.

十年卒，子協嗣，統騭所領，加撫軍將軍。協卒，子璣嗣侯。協弟闡，繼業爲西陵督，加昭武將軍，封西亭侯，鳳皇元年，召爲繞帳督。闡累世在西陵，卒被征命，自以失職，又懼有讒禍，於是據城降晉，遣璣與弟璿詣洛陽爲任，晉以闡爲都督西陵諸軍事、衞將軍、儀同三司，加侍中，假節領交州牧，封宜都公。

Bu Ji was made Supervisor of the military affairs of Jiangling and General of the Left, with the added title of Regular Mounted Attendant; he took charge of Luling as Prefect and his fief was changed to Marquis of Jiangling. Bu Xuan was made Palace Steward and General Who Spreads Awe, and enfeoffed as Marquis of a Chief Village. Jin ordered the General of Chariots and Cavalry Yang Hu and the Inspector of Jing Province Yang Zhao to go to Bu Chan’s rescue. When Sun Hao sent Lu Kang west, Yang Hu and the others fled and withdrew. Lu Kang took the city and beheaded Bu Chan and the others. The Bu clan was wiped out; only Bu Xuan carried on the ancestral sacrifices.

璣監江陵諸軍事、左將軍。加散騎常侍，領廬陵太守，改封江陵侯；璿給事中、宣威將軍，封都鄕侯。命車騎將軍羊祜、荊州刺史楊肇往赴救闡。孫皓使陸抗西行，祜等遁退。抗陷城，斬闡等，歩氏泯滅，惟璿紹祀。

Zhou Zhao

周昭

Zhou Zhao of Yingchuan wrote a work praising Bu Zhi, Yan Jun, and others, which said: “The reasons why worthy scholar-officials of past and present have lost their good names, ruined themselves, brought down their families, and harmed their states are not one. Yet if we sum up their main causes and gather their common failings, there are only four: first, being hasty in argument; second, contending for fame and power; third, valuing factions; and fourth, striving for quick success. Hasty argument wounds others; contending for fame and power ruins friendships; valuing factions blinds the ruler; striving for quick success loses virtue. No one who failed to rid himself of these four has ever come through intact.

潁川周昭著書稱歩騭及嚴畯等曰：古今賢士大夫所以失名喪身傾家害國者，其由非一也，然要其大歸，總其常患，四者而已。急論議一也，爭名勢二也，重朋黨三也，務欲速四也。急論議則傷人，爭名勢則敗友，重朋黨則蔽主，務欲速則失德，此四者不除，未有能全也。

Among the gentlemen of our own age there have been several who were not like this; why should such men exist only in antiquity! But if we consider the most outstanding of them, none is finer than Gu of Yuzhang, Governor Zhuge, Chancellor Bu, Commandant of the Guards Yan, and Zhang the General Who Displays Might. The Analects says, ‘The Master, step by step, was good at leading people on,’ and also, ‘He helps others achieve what is good in them and does not help them achieve what is bad’; Gu of Yuzhang had this. ‘Seen from afar he is stern; approached, he is warm; hearing his words, one finds them exacting’; the Governor embodied this.

當世君子能不然者，亦比有之，豈獨古人乎！然論其絶異，未若顧豫章、諸葛使君、歩丞相、嚴衞尉、張奮威之爲美也。《論語》言『夫子恂恂然善誘人』，又曰『成人之美，不成人之惡』，豫章有之矣。『望之儼然，即之也溫，聽其言也厲』，使君體之矣。

‘Respectful yet at ease, awe-inspiring yet not fierce’; the Chancellor practiced this. To study without seeking salary and to have no desire for ill-gotten gain; the Commandant of the Guards and the General Who Displays Might walked this path. Though these five gentlemen differed in virtue and substance and were not of equal weight, in the great standard of what to take up and what to decline they were all alike in not committing the four faults. Formerly Ding Xu came from a humble family and Wu Can rose from being a herd boy, but Gu of Yuzhang made their merits known and placed them on a level with the Lu and Quan clans. As a result, no one was left buried in obscurity, and customs grew more generous.

『恭而安，威而不猛』，丞相履之矣。學不求祿，心無苟得，衞尉，奮威蹈之矣。此五君者，雖德實有差，輕重不同，至於趣捨大檢，不犯四者，俱一揆也。昔丁諝出於孤家，吾粲由於牧豎，豫章揚其善，以並陸、全之列，是以人無幽滯而風俗厚焉。

The Governor, the Chancellor, and the Commandant of the Guards were all close friends back when they were commoners without office, and commentators each ranked them as better or worse.

使君、丞相、衞尉三君，昔以布衣俱相友善，諸論者因各敘其優劣。

At first the Commandant of the Guards came first, the Chancellor second, and the Governor after them. Later they all served an enlightened ruler and managed the affairs of the age, and since their talents for office and retirement differed, the order of their reputations had to be the reverse of what it had been at first; this is where ordinary men’s friendships wear thin. Yet the friendship of these three gentlemen never suffered in the end; is this not a friendship of the ancients! Moreover, Lu of Hengjiang once commanded ten thousand troops and held Lukou; that was the finest post of the day, and who, able or not, would not have wanted it?

初，先衞尉，次丞相，而後有使君也。其後並事明主，經營世務，出處之才有不同，先後之名須反其初，此世常人所決勤薄也。至於三君分好，卒無虧損，豈非古人交哉！又魯橫江昔杖萬兵，屯據陸口，當世之美業也，能與不能，孰不願焉？

But when Hengjiang died and the Commandant of the Guards was chosen to succeed him, he declared that his talents were not those of a general, declined earnestly and firmly refused, and in the end did not take the post. Later he moved to the rank of the Nine Ministers and rose to head one of the Eight Seats, yet the honor was not enough to make him shine and the salary not enough to support himself. As for the other two gentlemen, both held the rank of senior general and attained the utmost wealth and honor. The Commandant of the Guards had no ambitions, and the two gentlemen did not recommend him either; each kept to his own aims and so they preserved their good names and their friendship. Confucius said, ‘The gentleman is dignified but does not contend; he is sociable but does not form factions.’

而橫江既亡，衞尉應其選，自以才非將帥，深辭固讓，終於不就。後徙九列，遷典八座，榮不足以自曜，祿不足以自奉。至於二君，皆位爲上將，窮富極貴。衞尉既無求欲，二君又不稱薦，各守所志。保其名好。孔子曰：『君子矜而不爭，群而不黨。』

These men had that spirit. Moreover, the General Who Displays Might was next to the three gentlemen in reputation; he held the defense of a whole region and bore the charge of a senior general, no different from the Governor and the Chancellor. Yet in their service to the state and their merits there was truly an order of precedence, and so the honor of their ranks differed. But the General Who Displays Might, placed in this position, clearly understood his own station; in his heart there was no desire that would lead him from the Way, and in his affairs he sought neither to swagger nor to cringe. Whenever he came to court he acted according to ritual, and his words were forthright; there was nothing in them but loyalty.

斯有風矣。又奮威之名，亦三君之次也，當一方之戍，受上將之任，與使君、丞相不異也。然歷國事，論功勞，實有先後；故爵位之榮殊焉。而奮威將處此，決能明其部分，心無失道之欲，事無充詘之求。每升朝堂，循禮而動，辭氣謇謇，罔不惟忠。

Of Shusi, though he was close kin and noble, he spoke with concern of his coming ruin; of Cai Wenzhi, though distant and humble, he spoke in praise of his worth. When his daughter was to marry the Crown Prince, he received the betrothal rites as though receiving condolences. His ardent concern was wholly devoted to judging men well, and success and failure, gain and loss all turned out as he had feared. He may be called a scholar who kept to the Way, saw the signs of things to come, and loved antiquity. As for managing the state, leading armies, and winning the achievements of hegemons and kings amid the gallop of war, these five did not surpass other men. But in walking the Way with purity, not seeking ill-gotten gain, preserving their names and conduct through the rises and falls of their age, and standing far above the common run, they are truly worth taking as models. Therefore I have briefly discussed their affairs to show to gentlemen of later times.”

叔嗣雖親貴，言憂其敗，蔡文至雖疏賤，談稱其賢。女配太子，受禮若弔，慷愾之趨，惟篤人物，成敗得失，皆如所慮，可謂守道見機，好古之士也。若乃經國家，當軍旅，於馳騖之際，立霸王之功，此五者未爲過人。至其純粹履道，求不苟得，升降當世，保全名行，邈然絶俗，實有所師。故粗論其事，以示後之君子。

Zhou Zhao, courtesy name Gongyuan, compiled the Book of Wu together with Wei Yao, Xue Ying, and Hua He. He later became a Gentleman of the Palace Writers, but was implicated in an affair and thrown into prison. Hua He sent up a memorial to save him, but Sun Xiu would not listen, and so he was executed.

周昭者字恭遠，與韋曜、薛瑩、華覈並述《呉書》，後爲中書郎，坐事下獄，覈表救之，孫休不聽，遂伏法云。

Appraisal

評

Appraisal: Zhang Zhao received the dying charge and served as a mainstay, fully achieving great merit; he was loyal and outspoken, upright and unbending, and never acted for his own sake. Yet his sternness made him feared and his loftiness kept him at a distance, so that he neither held the post of chancellor nor rose to be tutor and guardian, but merely lived out his old age at leisure in his village lane; this shows that Sun Quan fell short of Sun Ce. Gu Yong relied on his family’s plain tradition of learning and added to it wisdom and capacity, so he was able to reach the highest honors. Zhuge Jin and Bu Zhi were both valued in their day for their virtue, breadth of mind, and sense of proper bounds. Zhang Cheng and Gu Shao were open-minded men of standing who delighted in and esteemed worthy men, and Zhou Zhao’s essay praised them most highly; that is why it is recorded in full here.

評曰：張昭受遺輔佐，功勳克舉，忠謇方直，動不爲己。而以嚴見憚，以高見外，既不處宰相，又不登師保，從容閭巷，養老而已，以此明權之不及策也。顧雍依杖素業，而將之智局，故能究極榮位。諸葛瑾、歩騭並以德度規檢見器當世，張承，顧邵虛心長者，好尚人物，周昭之論，稱之甚美，故詳錄焉。

Gu Tan offered counsel and remonstrance for the public good and had the integrity of loyalty and uprightness. Zhang Xiu and Gu Cheng cultivated their aims and all hoped to do good. But love and hatred attacked each other, and they were banished to the far south. How sad!

譚獻納在公，有忠貞之節。休、承修志，咸庶爲善。愛惡相攻，流播南裔，哀哉！