Records of Wei 8: Biographies of the Two Gongsuns, Tao Qian and the Four Zhangs

Records of Wei 8: Biographies of the Two Gongsuns, Tao Qian and the Four Zhangs

Gongsun Zan

公孫瓚

Gongsun Zan, whose courtesy name was Bogui, was a man of Lingzhi in Liaoxi. He served as a scribe in the commandery’s inner office. He had a fine bearing and a loud, resonant voice, and Prefect Hou thought highly of him, gave him his daughter in marriage, and sent him to Lu Zhi in Zhuo Commandery to study the classics. Later he became a commandery official again. When Prefect Liu was implicated in an affair and summoned before the Commandant of Justice, Gongsun Zan drove his carriage and personally did the menial work of a servant. When Liu was to be exiled to Rinan, Gongsun Zan prepared rice and meat and sacrificed to his ancestors on Mount Beimang. Raising his cup, he prayed, “Once I was a son to my parents; now I am a subject to my lord, and I must go to Rinan.

公孫瓚字伯珪，遼西令支人也。¹為郡門下書佐。有姿儀，大音聲，侯太守器之，以女妻焉，²遣詣涿郡盧植讀經。後復為郡吏。劉太守坐事徵詣廷尉，瓚為御車，身執徒養。及劉徙日南，瓚具米肉，於北芒上祭先人，舉觴祝曰：「昔為人子，今為人臣，當詣日南。

Rinan is full of miasma, and I fear I may not come back, so here I take leave of my ancestors.” He bowed twice and rose with a stirring resolve, and of those who saw it at the time, there was no one who did not sob. On the way Liu received a pardon and returned. Gongsun Zan was nominated Filial and Incorrupt and became a Gentleman, and was then appointed Chief Clerk of the Liaodong Dependent State. Once he went out with a few dozen horsemen to patrol the frontier and came upon several hundred Xianbei cavalry. Gongsun Zan withdrew into an empty post station and made a pact with his riders, saying, “If we do not charge through them now, we will all die.” Then Gongsun Zan himself took up a spear with a blade at each end, galloped out and stabbed at the barbarians, killing or wounding several dozen of them. He lost half of his riders, but in the end he got away.

日南瘴氣，或恐不還，與先人辭於此。」再拜慷慨而起，時見者莫不歔欷。劉道得赦還。瓚以孝廉為郎，除遼東屬國長史。嘗從數十騎出行塞，見鮮卑數百騎，瓚乃退入空亭中，約其從騎曰：「今不沖之，則死盡矣。」瓚乃自持矛，兩頭施刃，馳出刺胡，殺傷數十人，亦亡其從騎半，遂得免。

The Xianbei were chastened and never again dared to cross the frontier. Gongsun Zan was transferred to be Magistrate of Zhuo. In the Guanghe era, when bandits rose in Liang Province, three thousand shock cavalry were levied from You Province, and Gongsun Zan was given a provisional warrant as acting commander-in-chief to lead them. When the army reached Ji, Zhang Chun of Yuyang induced Qiuliju and other Wuhuan of Liaoxi to rebel. They plundered Ji, and Zhang Chun styled himself a general; they carried off officials and commoners and attacked the cities of Youbeiping and the Liaoxi Dependent State, laying waste wherever they went.

鮮卑懲艾，後不敢復入塞。遷為涿令。光和中，涼州賊起，發幽州突騎三千人，假瓚都督行事傳，使將之。軍到薊中，漁陽張純誘遼西烏丸丘力居等叛，劫略薊中，自號將軍，¹略吏民攻右北平、遼西屬國諸城，所至殘破。

Gongsun Zan led his troops in pursuit of Zhang Chun and the others and was credited with merit, and he was promoted to Chief Commandant of Cavalry. Tanzhiwang of the Wuhuan of the Dependent State led his tribespeople to Gongsun Zan and surrendered. Gongsun Zan was promoted to General of the Household and enfeoffed as Marquis of a Chief Village, and he advanced to garrison the Dependent State, fighting the barbarians for five or six years. Qiuliju and the others raided Qing, Xu, You and Ji, and the four provinces suffered from their depredations, but Gongsun Zan could not hold them back.

瓚將所領，追討純等有功，遷騎都尉。屬國烏丸貪至王率種人詣瓚降。遷中郎將，封都亭侯，進屯屬國，與胡相攻擊五六年。丘力居等鈔略青、徐、幽、冀，四州被其害，瓚不能禦。

Liu Yu

劉虞

The court deliberated and concluded that the Director of the Imperial Clan, Liu Bo’an of Donghai, possessed virtue and righteousness; when he had formerly been Imperial Protector of You Province, his kindness and good faith had become widely known and the Rong and Di tribes had attached themselves to him. If he were sent to pacify the region, it could be settled without burdening the people. So Liu Yu was made Governor of You Province. On arriving, Liu Yu sent envoys among the barbarians to explain where their advantage and harm lay, and demanded that they send him Zhang Chun’s head. When Qiuliju and the others heard that Liu Yu had come, they were glad, and each sent interpreters to submit of their own accord. Gongsun Zan, jealous that Liu Yu would gain the credit, secretly sent men to waylay and kill the barbarian envoys.

朝議以宗正東海劉伯安既有德義，昔為幽州刺史，恩信流著，戎狄附之，若使鎮撫，可不勞眾而定，乃以劉虞為幽州牧。¹虞到，遣使至胡中，告以利害，責使送純首。丘力居等聞虞至，喜，各遣譯自歸。瓚害虞有功，乃陰使人徼殺胡使。

The barbarians learned what had happened and went to Liu Yu by back roads. Liu Yu memorialized that the various garrisons be disbanded, leaving only Gongsun Zan in command of ten thousand infantry and cavalry stationed at Youbeiping. Zhang Chun abandoned his wife and children and fled into the Xianbei, where he was killed by his retainer Wang Zheng, who sent his head to Liu Yu. Wang Zheng was enfeoffed as a full marquis. For his achievement Liu Yu was at once appointed Grand Commandant and enfeoffed as Marquis of Xiangben. Just then Dong Zhuo arrived at Luoyang; Liu Yu was promoted to Grand Marshal, and Gongsun Zan was made General of Vigorous Might and enfeoffed as Marquis of Ji.

胡知其情，間行詣虞。虞上罷諸屯兵，但留瓚將步騎萬人屯右北平。純乃棄妻子，逃入鮮卑，為其客王政所殺，送首詣虞。封政為列侯。虞以功即拜太尉，封襄賁侯。¹會董卓至洛陽，遷虞大司馬，瓚奮武將軍，封薊侯。

When the righteous armies rose east of the passes, Dong Zhuo abducted the Emperor and moved him west, and summoned Liu Yu to be Grand Tutor, but the roads were cut off and the summons could not reach him. Yuan Shao and Han Fu deliberated that the young emperor was under the control of treacherous ministers and the realm had no one to give its allegiance to, while Liu Yu was a distinguished member of the imperial house and the hope of the people. So they proposed Liu Yu as emperor and sent envoys to him, but Liu Yu firmly refused to accept. Yuan Shao and the others then urged Liu Yu to take charge of the affairs of the Imperial Secretariat and to confer fiefs and appointments on the Emperor’s authority, but Liu Yu would not agree to that either. Even so, he remained in alliance and on good terms with Yuan Shao and the others.

關東義兵起，卓遂劫帝西遷，徵虞為太傅，道路隔塞，信命不得至。袁紹、韓馥議，以為少帝制於奸臣，天下無所歸心。虞，宗室知名，民之望也，遂推虞為帝。遣使詣虞，虞終不肯受。紹等復勸虞領尚書事，承制封拜，虞又不聽，然猶與紹等連和。¹

Liu Yu’s son Liu He was a Palace Attendant in Chang’an. The Emperor longed to return east, and he had Liu He pretend to flee from Dong Zhuo, slip out secretly through the Wu Pass, and go to Liu Yu, instructing Liu Yu to bring troops to escort him back. On the way Liu He passed through Yuan Shu’s territory and told him of the Emperor’s wishes. Yuan Shu, seeing an advantage in having Liu Yu as his support, detained Liu He and would not let him go, promising that when the troops arrived they would all go west together, and he had Liu He write a letter to Liu Yu. On receiving Liu He’s letter, Liu Yu sent several thousand horsemen to him. Gongsun Zan knew that Yuan Shu harbored disloyal ambitions and did not want the troops sent; he tried to stop Liu Yu, but Liu Yu would not listen.

虞子和為侍中，在長安。天子思東歸，使和偽逃卓，潛出武關詣虞，令將兵來迎。和道經袁術，為說天子意。術利虞為援，留和不遣，許兵至俱西，令和為書與虞。虞得和書，乃遣數千騎詣和。瓚知術有異志，不欲遣兵，止虞，虞不可。

Gongsun Zan, fearing that Yuan Shu would hear of this and hold it against him, also sent his cousin Gongsun Yue with a thousand horsemen to Yuan Shu to ally himself with him, and secretly advised Yuan Shu to seize Liu He and take his troops. Because of this the rift between Liu Yu and Gongsun Zan grew wider. Liu He escaped from Yuan Shu and came north, but he was detained again, this time by Yuan Shao.

瓚懼術聞而怨之，亦遣其從弟越將千騎詣術以自結，而陰教術執和，奪其兵。由是虞、瓚益有隙。和逃術來北，復為紹所留。

At this time Yuan Shu had sent Sun Jian to camp at Yangcheng to hold off Dong Zhuo, and Yuan Shao sent Zhou Ang to seize his position. Yuan Shu sent Gongsun Yue with Sun Jian to attack Zhou Ang, but they failed, and Gongsun Yue was killed by a stray arrow. Gongsun Zan said in anger, “My brother’s death—the calamity came from Yuan Shao.” He led out his army and camped on the Pan River, intending to take revenge on Yuan Shao. Yuan Shao was afraid, and he gave the seal and ribbon of the Prefect of Bohai that he wore at his waist to Gongsun Zan’s cousin Gongsun Fan and sent him to the commandery, hoping to win him as an ally. Gongsun Fan, however, used the troops of Bohai to help Gongsun Zan. They defeated the Yellow Turbans of Qing and Xu, and his forces grew ever stronger; he advanced to Jie Bridge.

是時，術遣孫堅屯陽城拒卓，紹使周昂奪其處。術遣越與堅攻昂，不勝，越為流矢所中死。瓚怒曰：「余弟死，禍起於紹。」遂出軍屯磐河，將以報紹。紹懼，以所佩勃海太守印綬授瓚從弟範，遣之郡，欲以結援。範遂以勃海兵助瓚，破青、徐黃巾，兵益盛；進軍界橋。¹

Gongsun Zan put Yan Gang over Ji Province, Tian Kai over Qing Province and Shan Jing over Yan Province, and set up commanderies and counties. Yuan Shao encamped at Guangchuan and had his general Qu Yi lead the first charge against Gongsun Zan, and Yan Gang was taken alive. Gongsun Zan’s army was defeated and fled to Bohai, and he returned with Gongsun Fan to Ji. There he built a small walled town southeast of the main city, close to Liu Yu, and the two gradually came to resent each other.

以嚴綱為冀州，田楷為青州，單經為兗州，置諸郡縣。紹軍廣川，令將麴義先登與瓚戰，生禽綱。瓚軍敗走勃海，與範俱還薊，於大城東南築小城，與虞相近，稍相恨望。

Liu Yu feared that Gongsun Zan would rise against him, and so he raised troops and attacked him. But Liu Yu was defeated by Gongsun Zan and fled to Juyong. Gongsun Zan stormed Juyong, captured Liu Yu alive and brought him back to Ji. Just then Dong Zhuo died, and the Emperor sent the envoy Duan Xun to increase Liu Yu’s fief and give him oversight of six provinces; Gongsun Zan was promoted to General of the Van and enfeoffed as Marquis of Yi. Gongsun Zan falsely accused Liu Yu of wanting to claim the imperial title and coerced Duan Xun into beheading him. Gongsun Zan then recommended Duan Xun as Imperial Protector of You Province. After this Gongsun Zan became arrogant and conceited; he remembered others’ faults and forgot their good deeds, and did harm to many.

虞懼瓚為變，遂舉兵襲瓚。虞為瓚所敗，出奔居庸。瓚攻拔居庸，生獲虞，執虞還薊。會卓死，天子遣使者段訓增虞邑，督六州；瓚遷前將軍，封易侯。瓚誣虞欲稱尊號，脅訓斬虞。¹瓚上訓為幽州刺史。瓚遂驕矜，記過忘善，多所賊害。²

Liu Yu’s Assistant Officers Xianyu Fu of Yuyang and Qi Zhou, together with the Chief Commandant of Cavalry Xianyu Yin and others, led the provincial troops to avenge him on Gongsun Zan. Because Yan Rou of the State of Yan had long been known for his kindness and good faith, they jointly put him forward as Major of the Wuhuan. Yan Rou called on and won over the Wuhuan and the Xianbei and gathered tens of thousands of barbarians and Han Chinese. He fought Zou Dan, whom Gongsun Zan had appointed Prefect of Yuyang, north of Lu, crushed him and beheaded him. Yuan Shao also sent Qu Yi and Liu Yu’s son Liu He at the head of troops to join forces with Xianyu Fu and attack Gongsun Zan.

虞從事漁陽鮮于輔、齊周、騎都尉鮮于銀等，率州兵欲報瓚，以燕國閻柔素有恩信，共推柔為烏丸司馬。柔招誘烏丸、鮮卑，得胡、漢數萬人，與瓚所置漁陽太守鄒丹戰於潞北，大破之，斬丹。袁紹又遣麴義及虞子和，將兵與輔合擊瓚。

After repeated defeats, Gongsun Zan’s army fell back to Yijing to hold it firmly. He surrounded it with ten rings of trenches, and inside the trenches he built earthen mounds, each five or six zhang high, with towers on top of them; the mound inside the central trench was especially high, ten zhang, and there he lived himself. He stored up three million hu of grain. Gongsun Zan said, “I used to think the affairs of the realm could be settled with a wave of my hand. Looking at them today, they are not mine to decide. Better to rest my troops, work the fields and store up grain. The art of war says that a hundred towers are not to be attacked.

瓚軍數敗，乃走還易京固守。¹為圍塹十重，於塹裏築京，皆高五六丈，為樓其上；中塹為京，特高十丈，自居焉，積穀三百萬斛。²瓚曰：「昔謂天下事可指麾而定，今日視之，非我所決，不如休兵，力田畜穀。兵法，百樓不攻。

Now my towers and turrets rise a thousandfold; by the time I have eaten up all this grain, I will know well enough how the affairs of the realm have turned out.” By this he hoped to wear Yuan Shao down. Yuan Shao sent generals to attack him, but year after year they could not take the place.

今吾樓櫓千重，食盡此穀，足知天下之事矣。」欲以此弊紹。紹遣將攻之，連年不能拔。¹

In the fourth year of Jian’an, Yuan Shao surrounded Yijing with his entire army. Gongsun Zan sent his son to seek help from the Heishan Bandits, and he also intended to lead his shock cavalry straight out himself, skirting the mountains to the southwest, to join up with the Heishan hordes, sweep through Ji Province and cut across Yuan Shao’s rear. His Chief Clerk Guan Jing advised Gongsun Zan, “General, your officers and men have already crumbled like earth and shattered like tiles. The only reason they can still hold together is that they cling to their homes and to the old and young who live here, and look upon you, General, as their lord.

建安四年，紹悉軍圍之。瓚遣子求救於黑山賊，復欲自將突騎直出，傍西南山，擁黑山之眾，陸梁冀州，橫斷紹後。長史關靖說瓚曰：「今將軍將士，皆已土崩瓦解，其所以能相守持者，顧戀其居處老小，以將軍為主耳。

If you hold firm and wait it out, Yuan Shao will surely withdraw of his own accord, and once he has withdrawn, the hosts of the four quarters can certainly be gathered again. But if you abandon this place now and leave, the army will have nothing to anchor it, and the fall of Yijing can be expected at any moment. General, if you lose your base and are left alone in the wilds, what could you achieve?” So Gongsun Zan gave up the idea and did not go out. When the relief force was on its way, he intended to attack Yuan Shao from inside and out together. He sent a man with a letter to his son, fixing the date on which the troops would arrive and agreeing that a fire would be raised as the signal.

將軍堅守曠日，袁紹要當自退；自退之後，四方之眾必復可合也。若將軍今舍之而去，軍無鎮重，易京之危，可立待也。將軍失本，孤在草野，何所成邪！」瓚遂止不出。¹救至，欲內外擊紹。遣人與子書，刻期兵至，舉火為應。²

Yuan Shao’s scouts got hold of the letter and raised the fire on the appointed day. Gongsun Zan, thinking the relief force had arrived, went out to fight. Yuan Shao had laid an ambush; he struck and routed him, and Gongsun Zan went back to hold his defenses. Yuan Shao dug tunnels and broke through under his towers, bringing them down, and gradually reached the central mound. Knowing that his defeat was certain, Gongsun Zan killed all his wives and children and then killed himself.

紹候者得其書，如期舉火。瓚以為救兵至，遂出欲戰。紹設伏擊，大破之，復還守。紹為地道，突壞其樓，稍至中京。¹瓚自知必敗，盡殺其妻子，乃自殺。²

Xianyu Fu led his followers to submit to the royal command. Xianyu Fu was made General Who Establishes Loyalty, with oversight of the six commanderies of You Province. When Taizu faced Yuan Shao at Guandu, Yan Rou sent an envoy to Taizu to receive his orders, and was promoted to Colonel Protector of the Wuhuan. Xianyu Fu went to Taizu in person and was appointed General Who Crosses the Liao of the Left, enfeoffed as a Village Marquis, and sent back to govern and pacify his home province. When Taizu took Nanpi, Yan Rou led his personal troops and the Xianbei to present fine horses in support of the army, and followed him on the campaign against the Wuhuan of the Three Commanderies; for his merit he was enfeoffed as Marquis Within the Pass.

鮮于輔將其眾奉王命。以輔為建忠將軍，督幽州六郡。太祖與袁紹相拒於官渡，閻柔遣使詣太祖受事，遷護烏丸校尉。而輔身詣太祖，拜左度遼將軍，封亭侯，遣還鎮撫本州。¹太祖破南皮，柔將部曲及鮮卑獻名馬以奉軍，從征三郡烏丸，以功封關內侯。²

Xianyu Fu, too, led his followers on the campaign. When Emperor Wen ascended the throne, Xianyu Fu was appointed Tiger Fang General and Yan Rou General Who Crosses the Liao, and both were advanced to the rank of county marquis. Their rank was Specially Advanced.

輔亦率其眾從。文帝踐阼，拜輔虎牙將軍，柔度遼將軍，皆進封縣侯。位特進。

Tao Qian

陶謙

Tao Qian, courtesy name Gongzu, was a man of Danyang. As a young man he loved learning and became a student at the academy. He served in the province and the commandery, was recommended as Flourishing Talent, and was appointed Magistrate of Lu. He was promoted to Inspector of You Province, and was then summoned to court and made a Court Consultant. He took part in the military affairs of Zhang Wen, General of Chariots and Cavalry, and went west to campaign against Han Sui. When the Yellow Turbans rose in Xu Province, Tao Qian was made Inspector of Xu Province; he attacked the Yellow Turbans, defeated them, and put them to flight.

陶謙字恭祖，丹楊人。¹少好學，爲諸生，仕州郡，舉茂才，除盧令，²遷幽州刺史，徵拜議郎，參車騎將軍張溫軍事，西討韓遂。³會徐州黃巾起，以謙爲徐州刺史，擊黃巾，破走之。

During Dong Zhuo’s disorders the provinces and commanderies raised troops, and with the Emperor holding court at Chang’an, all communication with the four quarters was cut off. Tao Qian sent envoys by secret byways to deliver tribute, and so he was promoted to General Who Pacifies the East and Governor of Xu Province and enfeoffed as Marquis of Liyang. At that time the people of Xu Province were numerous and prosperous and grain was plentiful, and many refugees came to settle there. But Tao Qian turned his back on the right way and followed his own feelings. Zhao Yu of Langya, Prefect of Guangling, was a famous scholar of the Xu region, yet he was kept at a distance for his loyalty and uprightness; Cao Hong and others were slanderous and wicked petty men, yet Tao Qian kept them close and trusted them.

董卓之亂，州郡起兵，天子都長安，四方斷絕，謙遣使間行致貢獻，遷安東將軍、徐州牧，封溧陽侯。是時，徐州百姓殷盛，穀米豐贍，流民多歸之。而謙背道任情：廣陵太守琅邪趙昱，徐方名士也，以忠直見疏；¹曹宏等，讒慝小人也，謙親任之。

Punishments and government lost their balance, and many good and honest people suffered harm, so that things gradually fell into disorder. When Que Xuan of Xiapi proclaimed himself Son of Heaven, Tao Qian at first joined with him in raiding and plundering, but later he killed Que Xuan and absorbed his followers.

刑政失和，良善多被其害，由是漸亂。下邳闕宣自稱天子，謙初與合從寇鈔，後遂殺宣，并其衆。

In the fourth year of Chuping, Taizu campaigned against Tao Qian, stormed and took more than ten cities, and fought a great battle at Pengcheng. Tao Qian’s troops were routed and fled; the dead numbered in the tens of thousands, and the Si River was stopped from flowing because of them. Tao Qian withdrew to hold Shan. Because his provisions were running low, Taizu led his army back.

初平四年，太祖征謙，攻拔十餘城，至彭城大戰。謙兵敗走，死者萬數，泗水爲之不流。謙退守剡。太祖以糧少引軍還。¹

In the first year of Xingping, Taizu again campaigned east and overran and pacified the counties of Langya and Donghai. Tao Qian was afraid and wanted to flee back to Danyang. Just then Zhang Miao rebelled and welcomed Lü Bu, and Taizu turned back to attack Lü Bu. That year Tao Qian died of illness.

興平元年，復東征，略定琅邪、東海諸縣。謙恐，欲走歸丹楊。會張邈叛迎呂布，太祖還擊布。是歲，謙病死。¹

Zhang Yang

張楊

Zhang Yang, courtesy name Zhishu, was a man of Yunzhong. For his martial valor he was given service in Bing Province as Assistant Officer of Martial Ferocity. At the end of Emperor Ling’s reign, when the realm was in turmoil, the Emperor made his favorite, the Junior Eunuch of the Yellow Gate Jian Shuo, Colonel of the Upper Army of the Western Garden, stationing troops in the capital in order to control the four quarters, and summoned the heroes of the realm to serve as his lieutenants. Taizu, Yuan Shao, and others all became colonels and were placed under him. Ding Yuan, Inspector of Bing Province, sent Zhang Yang with troops to join Jian Shuo, and Zhang Yang became Acting Major.

張楊字稚叔，雲中人也。以武勇給并州，為武猛從事。靈帝末，天下亂，帝以所寵小黃門蹇碩為西園上軍校尉，軍京都，欲以御四方，徵天下豪傑以為偏裨。太祖及袁紹等皆為校尉，屬之。¹并州刺史丁原遣楊將兵詣碩，為假司馬。

When Emperor Ling died, Jian Shuo was killed by He Jin. Zhang Yang was again sent by He Jin, this time back to his home province to recruit troops; he raised more than a thousand men and stayed on in Shangdang to fight the mountain bandits. He Jin fell, and Dong Zhuo threw the realm into disorder. Zhang Yang then led his troops against the Prefect of Shangdang at Huguan but could not take it, so he plundered the counties, and his following grew to several thousand. East of the mountains troops rose to destroy Dong Zhuo. When Yuan Shao reached Henei, Zhang Yang joined forces with him, and he also camped on the Zhang River together with Yufuluo, Chanyu of the Xiongnu.

靈帝崩，碩為何進所殺。楊復為進所遣，歸本州募兵，得千餘人，因留上黨，擊山賊。進敗，董卓作亂。楊遂以所將攻上黨太守於壺關，不下，略諸縣，眾至數千人。山東兵起，欲誅卓。袁紹至河內，楊與紹合，復與匈奴單于於夫羅屯漳水。

The Chanyu wanted to rebel, but Yuan Shao and Zhang Yang would not go along. The Chanyu seized Zhang Yang and took him away, and Yuan Shao sent his general Qu Yi to pursue them; he attacked them south of Ye and defeated them. Still holding Zhang Yang captive, the Chanyu reached Liyang, where he attacked and crushed the army of Geng Zhi, General Who Crosses the Liao, and his following revived. Dong Zhuo made Zhang Yang General Who Establishes Righteousness and Prefect of Henei.

單于欲叛，紹、楊不從。單于執楊與俱去，紹使將麴義追擊於鄴南，破之。單于執楊至黎陽，攻破度遼將軍耿祉軍，眾復振。卓以楊為建義將軍、河內太守。

While the Emperor was in Hedong, Zhang Yang led troops to Anyi; he was appointed General Who Secures the State and enfeoffed as Marquis of Jinyang. Zhang Yang wanted to escort the Emperor back to Luoyang, but the other generals would not listen, so he returned to Yewang. In the first year of Jian’an, Yang Feng, Dong Cheng, and Han Xian brought the Emperor back to the old capital, but they were short of provisions. Zhang Yang met them on the road with grain and went on with them to Luoyang. He said to the generals, “The Emperor belongs to the whole realm, and fortunately there are ministers and high officials here. It is my duty to ward off troubles from outside; what business have I in the capital?”

天子之在河東，楊將兵至安邑，拜安國將軍，封晉陽侯。楊欲迎天子還洛，諸將不聽；楊還野王。建安元年，楊奉、董承、韓暹挾天子還舊京，糧乏。楊以糧迎道路，遂至洛陽。謂諸將曰：「天子當與天下共之，幸有公卿大臣，楊當捍外難，何事京都？」

So he went back to Yewang, where he was straightaway appointed Grand Marshal. Zhang Yang had long been on good terms with Lü Bu. When Taizu besieged Lü Bu, Zhang Yang wanted to rescue him but could not, so he sent troops out to Dongshi to make a show of support from afar. His general Yang Chou killed Zhang Yang to side with Taizu. Another of Zhang Yang’s generals, Sui Gu, killed Yang Chou, took command of his men, and tried to go north to join Yuan Shao. Taizu sent Shi Huan to intercept him; Shi Huan defeated him at Quancheng, beheaded Sui Gu, and took over all his troops.

遂還野王。即拜為大司馬。¹楊素與呂布善。太祖之圍布，楊欲救之，不能。乃出兵東市，遙為之勢。其將楊醜，殺楊以應太祖。楊將眭固殺醜，將其眾，欲北合袁紹。太祖遣史渙邀擊，破之於犬城，斬固，盡收其眾也。²

Gongsun Du

公孫度

Gongsun Du, courtesy name Shengji, was originally a man of Xiangping in Liaodong. His father, Gongsun Yan, fled from the authorities and settled in Xuantu, and had Gongsun Du made a commandery clerk. At that time Gongsun Yu, Prefect of Xuantu, had a son named Bao who died young at eighteen. Gongsun Du’s childhood name was Bao, and he was also the same age as Gongsun Yu’s son, so when Gongsun Yu saw him he grew fond of him, sent him to study under a teacher, and found him a wife. Later he was recommended as a man Possessing the Way and appointed Gentleman of the Masters of Writing; he rose step by step to Inspector of Ji Province, but was dismissed because of hostile rumors.

公孫度字升濟，本遼東襄平人也。度父延，避吏居玄菟，任度為郡吏。時玄菟太守公孫琙，子豹，年十八歲，早死。度少時名豹，又與琙子同年，琙見而親愛之，遣就師學，為取妻。後舉有道，除尚書郎，稍遷冀州刺史，以謠言免。

Xu Rong, a man of the same commandery, was a General of the Household under Dong Zhuo, and he recommended Gongsun Du as Prefect of Liaodong. Because Gongsun Du had risen from a petty clerk in Xuantu, the people of Liaodong looked down on him. Earlier, Gongsun Zhao of the dependent state, while acting as Magistrate of Xiangping, had summoned Gongsun Du’s son Gongsun Kang to serve as a squad leader. When Gongsun Du took up his post, he arrested Gongsun Zhao and had him flogged to death in the marketplace of Xiangping. Tian Shao and others from the commandery’s famous and powerful great clans had never treated him kindly, so he had them all put to death under the law; more than a hundred families were wiped out, and the whole commandery trembled in fear. To the east he campaigned against Goguryeo, to the west he struck the Wuhuan, and his authority reached beyond the seas.

同郡徐榮為董卓中郎將，薦度為遼東太守。度起玄菟小吏，為遼東郡所輕。先時，屬國公孫昭守襄平令，召度子康為伍長。度到官，收昭，笞殺於襄平市。郡中名豪大姓田韶等宿遇無恩，皆以法誅，所夷滅百餘家，郡中震栗。東伐高句驪，西擊烏丸，威行海外。

In the first year of Chuping, Gongsun Du, knowing that the Central Plains were in turmoil, said to his trusted officers Liu Yi, Yang Yi, and others, “The Han’s mandate is about to end. I shall plan for a kingdom together with you gentlemen.” At that time a great stone appeared at the earth altar of Yan Village in Xiangping, more than one zhang long, with three small stones beneath it serving as its feet. Someone said to Gongsun Du, “This is the same omen as the capstone of Emperor Xuan of Han, and the village bears the same name as your late father. The earth altar governs the land; this plainly means you will possess land, with the Three Excellencies as your supporters.”

初平元年，度知中國擾攘，語所親吏柳毅、陽儀等曰：「漢祚將絕，當與諸卿圖王耳。」¹時襄平延里社生大石，長丈餘，下有三小石為之足。或謂度曰：「此漢宣帝冠石之祥，而里名與先君同。社主土地，明當有土地，而三公為輔也。」

Gongsun Du was all the more delighted. Li Min, the former Prefect of Henei, a well-known man of the commandery, hated what Gongsun Du was doing and, fearing he would be harmed, took his family and fled out to sea. Gongsun Du was furious; he dug up the tomb of Li Min’s father, split open the coffin, burned the corpse, and put Li Min’s clan to death. He divided Liaodong Commandery to form the commanderies of Liaoxi and Zhongliao, and appointed prefects to them. Crossing the sea, he took the counties of Donglai and set up an Inspector of Ying Province. He proclaimed himself Marquis of Liaodong and Governor of Ping Province, and posthumously enfeoffed his father Gongsun Yan as Marquis of Jianyi.

度益喜。故河內太守李敏，郡中知名，惡度所為，恐為所害，乃將家屬入於海。度大怒，掘其父塚，剖棺焚屍，誅其宗族。¹分遼東郡為遼西中遼郡，置太守。越海收東萊諸縣，置營州刺史。自立為遼東侯、平州牧，追封父延為建義侯。

He set up a temple to the two founding ancestors of the Han and, claiming to act on imperial authority, built altars and sacred grounds south of the city of Xiangping, where he performed the suburban sacrifices to Heaven and Earth; he ploughed the sacred field and drilled his troops. He rode in a carriage hung with phoenix bells, flew a banner with nine pendants, and was attended by vanguard horsemen with streaming hair and plumed cavalry. Taizu memorialized that Gongsun Du be made General of Martial Might and enfeoffed as Marquis of Yongning District, but Gongsun Du said, “I am king of Liaodong—what is this Yongning!” and he stored the seal and ribbon away in the armory. When Gongsun Du died, his son Gongsun Kang succeeded him, and the title of Marquis of Yongning District was given to Kang’s younger brother Gongsun Gong. That year was the ninth year of Jian’an.

立漢二祖廟，承制設壇墠於襄平城南，郊祀天地，藉田，治兵，乘鸞路，九旒，旄頭羽騎。太祖表度為武威將軍，封永寧鄉侯，度曰：「我王遼東，何永寧也！」藏印綬武庫。度死，子康嗣位，以永寧鄉侯封弟恭。是歲建安九年也。

In the twelfth year, Taizu campaigned against the Wuhuan of the three commanderies and put Liucheng to the sword. Yuan Shang and others fled to Liaodong, and Gongsun Kang cut off Yuan Shang’s head and sent it on. The account is in the Annals of Emperor Wu. Gongsun Kang was enfeoffed as Marquis of Xiangping and appointed General of the Left. When Gongsun Kang died, his sons Gongsun Huang, Gongsun Yuan, and the others were all young, so the people set up Gongsun Gong as Prefect of Liaodong. When Emperor Wen took the throne, he sent an envoy to appoint Gongsun Gong on the spot General of Chariots and Cavalry with Provisional Credentials and to enfeoff him as Marquis of Pingguo; Gongsun Kang was posthumously granted the title of Grand Marshal.

十二年，太祖征三郡烏丸，屠柳城。袁尚等奔遼東，康斬送尚首。語在〈武紀〉。封康襄平侯，拜左將軍。康死，子晃、淵等皆小，眾立恭為遼東太守。文帝踐阼，遣使即拜恭為車騎將軍、假節，封平郭侯；追贈康大司馬。

Gongsun Yuan

公孫淵

Earlier, Gongsun Gong had suffered an illness that withered his private parts and left him a eunuch, and he was too feeble to govern. In the second year of Taihe, Gongsun Yuan coerced Gongsun Gong and seized his position. Emperor Ming at once appointed Gongsun Yuan General Who Displays Ardor and Prefect of Liaodong. Gongsun Yuan sent envoys south to open relations with Sun Quan, and they exchanged bribes and gifts back and forth.

初，恭病陰消為閹人，劣弱不能治國。太和二年，淵脅奪恭位。明帝即拜淵揚烈將軍、遼東太守。淵遣使南通孫權，往來賂遺。¹

Sun Quan sent the envoys Zhang Mi, Xu Yan, and others bearing gold, jade, and rare treasures to set up Gongsun Yuan as King of Yan. But Gongsun Yuan also feared that Sun Quan was too far away to be relied upon, and he coveted the goods besides; so he lured the envoys in, cut off the heads of Zhang Mi, Xu Yan, and the rest, and sent them on.

權遣使張彌、許晏等，齎金玉珍寶，立淵為燕王。淵亦恐權遠不可恃，且貪貨物，誘致其使，悉斬送彌、晏等首，¹

Emperor Ming thereupon appointed Gongsun Yuan Grand Marshal and enfeoffed him as Duke of Lelang, and he kept his Credentials and his command of the commandery as before.

明帝於是拜淵大司馬，封樂浪公，持節、領郡如故。¹

When the envoys arrived, Gongsun Yuan drew up armored troops in battle formation before going out to receive them, and he repeatedly spoke insolently before the guests of his realm. In the first year of Jingchu, Guanqiu Jian, Inspector of You Province, and others were sent with a sealed imperial letter to summon Gongsun Yuan to court. Gongsun Yuan then mobilized his troops, met them at Liaosui, and fought Guanqiu Jian and his colleagues, who fared badly and withdrew. Gongsun Yuan then proclaimed himself King of Yan and set up the hundred offices and their officials. He sent envoys bearing credentials to confer a seal on the Chanyu of the Xianbei, granted titles and offices to the people of the frontier, and lured the Xianbei into raiding and harassing the north.

使者至，淵設甲兵為軍陳，出見使者，又數對國中賓客出惡言。¹景初元年，乃遣幽州刺史毌丘儉等齎璽書徵淵。淵遂發兵，逆於遼隧，與儉等戰。儉等不利而還。淵遂自立為燕王，置百官有司。遣使者持節，假鮮卑單于璽，封拜邊民，誘呼鮮卑，侵擾北方。²

In the spring of the second year, the Grand Commandant Sima Yi (King Xuan) was sent to campaign against Gongsun Yuan. In the sixth month his army reached Liaodong. Gongsun Yuan sent his generals Bei Yan, Yang Zuo, and others with several tens of thousands of foot and horse to camp at Liaosui, surrounding it with trenches more than twenty li long. When Sima Yi’s army arrived, Gongsun Yuan ordered Bei Yan to meet it in battle. Sima Yi sent his general Hu Zun and others, who attacked and defeated him. Sima Yi had his army break through the encirclement and led his troops heading southeast, then turned sharply northeast and made straight for Xiangping. Afraid that Xiangping was undefended, Bei Yan and the others fled by night.

二年春，遣太尉司馬宣王徵淵。六月，軍至遼東。¹淵遣將軍卑衍、楊祚等步騎數萬屯遼隧，圍塹二十餘里。宣王軍至，令衍逆戰。宣王遣將軍胡遵等擊破之。宣王令軍穿圍，引兵東南向，而急東北，即趨襄平。衍等恐襄平無守，夜走。

The armies advanced to Shoushan, and Gongsun Yuan again sent Bei Yan and others to meet them and fight to the death. They attacked again and crushed them, then advanced right up to the city walls and dug siege trenches around it. Just then heavy rain fell for more than thirty days and the Liao River rose suddenly, so that the transport boats could sail straight from the mouth of the Liao up to the city walls. When the rain cleared, they raised earthen mounds and built towers, and set up catapults and repeating crossbows to shoot into the city. Gongsun Yuan was hard pressed. His food ran out, people ate one another, and very many died. His general Yang Zuo and others surrendered.

諸軍進至首山，淵復遣衍等迎軍殊死戰。復擊，大破之，遂進軍造城下，為圍塹。會霖雨三十餘日，遼水暴長，運船自遼口徑至城下。雨霽，起土山、脩櫓，為發石連弩射城中。淵窘急。糧盡，人相食，死者甚多。將軍楊祚等降。

On the night of the day bingyin in the eighth month, a great meteor several tens of zhang long fell from the northeast of Shoushan to the southeast of the city of Xiangping. On the day renwu Gongsun Yuan’s forces collapsed, and with his son Gongsun Xiu and several hundred horsemen he broke through the encirclement and fled southeast. The main army pursued them swiftly, and at the very place where the meteor had fallen they beheaded Gongsun Yuan and his son. When the city fell, the heads taken, from the Chancellor of State down, numbered in the thousands. Gongsun Yuan’s head was sent to Luoyang, and Liaodong, Daifang, Lelang, and Xuantu were all pacified.

八月丙寅夜，大流星長數十丈，從首山東北墜襄平城東南。壬午，淵眾潰，與其子脩將數百騎突圍東南走，大兵急擊之，當流星所墜處，斬淵父子。城破，斬相國以下首級以千數，傳淵首洛陽，遼東、帶方、樂浪、玄菟悉平。

Earlier there had been many strange occurrences in Gongsun Yuan’s household. A dog wearing a cap and headcloth and a crimson robe climbed onto the roof, and when rice was being steamed a small child was found steamed to death in the pot. In the northern market of Xiangping a lump of flesh appeared, several chi in both length and girth, with a head, eyes, mouth, and beak; it had no hands or feet, yet it moved and writhed. The divination said, “It has form but is not complete; it has a body but no voice: that state will perish.” From the time Gongsun Du seized Liaodong in the sixth year of Zhongping down to Gongsun Yuan there were three generations, and after some fifty years in all they were destroyed.

初，淵家數有怪，犬冠幘絳衣上屋，炊有小兒蒸死甑中。襄平北市生肉，長圍各數尺，有頭目口喙，無手足而動搖。占曰：「有形不成，有體無聲，其國滅亡。」始度以中平六年據遼東，至淵三世，凡五十年而滅。¹

Zhang Yan

張燕

Zhang Yan was a man of Zhending in Changshan; his original surname was Chu. When the Yellow Turbans rose, Zhang Yan gathered young men into a bandit band that roved about attacking among the mountains and marshes; when he returned to Zhending his following numbered more than ten thousand. Zhang Niujue of Boling had also raised a following and called himself Assistant Officer Commanding Troops; he joined forces with Zhang Yan. Zhang Yan put Zhang Niujue forward as leader, and together they attacked Yingtao. Zhang Niujue was hit by a flying arrow. Wounded and about to die, he ordered his followers to serve Zhang Yan, telling them, “You must make Yan your leader.”

張燕，常山真定人也，本姓褚。黃巾起，燕合聚少年為群盜，在山澤間轉攻，還真定，眾萬餘人。博陵張牛角亦起眾，自號將兵從事，與燕合。燕推牛角為帥，俱攻癭陶。牛角為飛矢所中。被創且死，令眾奉燕，告曰：「必以燕為帥。」

When Zhang Niujue died, his followers served Zhang Yan, and so Zhang Yan changed his surname to Zhang. He was fierce, bold, and quick beyond other men, so in the army he was called Flying Swallow. Afterward his following grew steadily larger, until the mountain valleys of Changshan, Zhao Commandery, Zhongshan, Shangdang, and Henei were all linked together. His lesser chieftains, Sun Qing, Wang Dang, and others, each brought their bands to follow Zhang Yan, and his host reached a million; they were known as the Heishan (Black Mountain). Emperor Ling could not subdue them, and the commanderies north of the Yellow River suffered from their depredations.

牛角死，眾奉燕，故改姓張。燕剽捍捷速過人，故軍中號曰飛燕。其後人眾寢廣，常山、趙郡、中山、上黨、河內諸山谷皆相通，其小帥孫輕、王當等，各以部眾從燕，眾至百萬，號曰黑山。靈帝不能征，河北諸郡被其害。

Zhang Yan sent men to the capital to beg to surrender, and he was appointed General of the Household Who Pacifies Difficulties. After this, Dong Zhuo moved the Emperor to Chang’an and troops rose again and again across the realm, and Zhang Yan joined his following with the other powerful men. When Yuan Shao and Gongsun Zan contended for Ji Province, Zhang Yan sent his general Du Chang and others to help Gongsun Zan fight Yuan Shao, but they were defeated by Yuan Shao, and Zhang Yan’s following gradually scattered. When Taizu was about to pacify Ji Province, Zhang Yan sent an envoy asking to assist the royal army, and he was appointed General Who Pacifies the North. He led his followers to Ye and was enfeoffed as Marquis of Anguo Village with a fief of five hundred households. When Zhang Yan died, his son Zhang Fang succeeded him. When Zhang Fang died, his son Zhang Rong succeeded him.

燕遣人至京都乞降，拜燕平難中郎將。¹是後，董卓遷天子於長安，天下兵數起，燕遂以其眾與豪傑相結。袁紹與公孫瓚爭冀州，燕遣將杜長等助瓚，與紹戰，為紹所敗，人眾稍散，太祖將定冀州，燕遣使求佐王師，拜平北將軍；率眾詣鄴，封安國亭侯，邑五百戶。燕薨，子方嗣。方薨，子融嗣。²

Zhang Xiu

張繡

Zhang Xiu was a man of Zuli in Wuwei and the son of a clansman of Zhang Ji, General of Swift Cavalry. When Bian Zhang and Han Sui rebelled in Liang Province, Qu Sheng of Jincheng made a surprise attack on Liu Jun, Chief of Zuli, and killed him. Zhang Xiu, a clerk in the county, watched for his chance and killed Qu Sheng, and the people of the commandery thought him righteous for it. He then gathered young men around him and became a leading local hero. After Dong Zhuo fell, Zhang Ji, Li Jue, and others attacked Lü Bu to avenge Dong Zhuo; the account is in the Biography of Dong Zhuo. Zhang Xiu followed Zhang Ji and through military merit rose step by step to General Who Establishes Loyalty and was enfeoffed as Marquis of Xuanwei.

張繡，武威祖厲人，驃騎將軍濟族子也。邊章、韓遂為亂涼州，金城麴勝襲殺祖厲長劉雋。繡為縣吏，間伺殺勝，郡內義之。遂招合少年，為邑中豪傑。董卓敗，濟與李傕等擊呂布，為卓報仇。語在〈卓傳〉。繡隨濟，以軍功稍遷至建忠將軍，封宣威侯。

Zhang Ji was stationed at Hongnong; when his soldiers were starving he attacked Rang to the south and was killed by a stray arrow. Zhang Xiu took command of his men, camped at Wan, and allied with Liu Biao. When Taizu campaigned south and encamped on the Yu River, Zhang Xiu and the others surrendered with all their troops. Taizu took Zhang Ji’s widow into his household, and Zhang Xiu resented it. Hearing of his displeasure, Taizu secretly made a plan to kill him. The plan leaked, and Zhang Xiu launched a surprise attack on Taizu. Taizu’s army was defeated, and two of his sons died. Zhang Xiu went back to hold Rang; Taizu attacked him year after year but could not take it.

濟屯弘農，士卒飢餓，南攻穰，為流矢所中死。繡領其眾，屯宛，與劉表合。太祖南征，軍淯水，繡等舉眾降。太祖納濟妻，繡恨之。太祖聞其不悅，密有殺繡之計。計漏，繡掩襲太祖。太祖軍敗，二子沒。繡還保穰，¹太祖比年攻之，不克。

When Taizu was holding off Yuan Shao at Guandu, Zhang Xiu followed Jia Xu’s advice and surrendered again with his troops; the account is in the Biography of Jia Xu. When Zhang Xiu arrived, Taizu took him by the hand and feasted with him joyfully, took Zhang Xiu’s daughter as a wife for his son Cao Jun, and appointed Zhang Xiu General Who Spreads Martial Might. In the campaign at Guandu Zhang Xiu fought hard and won merit, and was promoted to General Who Smashes the Qiang. He took part in the defeat of Yuan Tan at Nanpi, and his fief was increased again to two thousand households in all. At that time the registered population of the realm had dwindled so that barely one in ten remained, and none of the generals held a fief of a full thousand households; Zhang Xiu alone had especially many.

太祖拒袁紹於官渡，繡從賈詡計，復以眾降。語在〈詡傳〉。繡至，太祖執其手，與歡宴，為子均取繡女，拜揚武將軍。官渡之役，繡力戰有功，遷破羌將軍。從破袁譚於南皮，復增邑凡二千戶。是時天下戶口減耗，十裁一在，諸將封未有滿千戶者，而繡特多。

He accompanied the campaign against the Wuhuan at Liucheng but died before arriving there, and was given the posthumous name Marquis Ding. His son Zhang Quan succeeded him, but was executed for his involvement in Wei Feng’s plot to rebel, and the fief was abolished.

從征烏丸於柳城，未至，薨，諡曰定侯。¹子泉嗣，坐與魏諷謀反誅，國除。

Zhang Lu

張魯

Zhang Lu, courtesy name Gongqi, was a man of Feng in Pei. His grandfather Zhang Ling lived as a sojourner in Shu and studied the Way on Mount Huming; he composed books of the Way with which he beguiled the common people. Those who received the Way from him had to contribute five pecks of rice, so the world called them the Rice Bandits. When Zhang Ling died, his son Zhang Heng practiced his Way; when Zhang Heng died, Zhang Lu practiced it in turn. Liu Yan, Governor of Yi Province, made Zhang Lu Major Superintending Righteousness and sent him with Zhang Xiu, Major of a Separate Command, to lead troops against Su Gu, Prefect of Hanzhong; Zhang Lu then made a surprise attack on Zhang Xiu, killed him, and took over his troops.

張魯字公祺，沛國豐人也。祖父陵，客蜀，學道鵠鳴山中，造作道書以惑百姓，從受道者出五斗米，故世號米賊。陵死，子衡行其道。衡死，魯復行之。益州牧劉焉以魯為督義司馬，與別部司馬張脩將兵擊漢中太守蘇固，魯遂襲脩殺之，奪其眾。

When Liu Yan died and his son Liu Zhang succeeded him, Liu Zhang, because Zhang Lu would not obey him, killed Zhang Lu’s mother and all his household. Zhang Lu then took possession of Hanzhong and taught the people the Way of Demons, calling himself the “Lord Teacher.” Those who came to study the Way were all called “demon soldiers” at first; once they had received the fundamental Way and believed in it, they were called “libationers.” Each commanded a following, and those with many followers became Great Libationers at the Head of Parishes. He taught them all to be sincere and trustworthy and not to lie or cheat, and those who fell ill were to confess their own faults. On the whole it resembled the Yellow Turbans.

焉死，子璋代立，以魯不順，盡殺魯母家室。魯遂據漢中，以鬼道教民，自號「師君」。其來學道者，初皆名「鬼卒」。受本道已信，號「祭酒」。各領部眾，多者為治頭大祭酒。皆教以誠信不欺詐，有病自首其過，大都與黃巾相似。

The libationers all built Charity Lodges, like the post-station hostels of today. They also set out charity rice and meat, hung up in the Charity Lodges, and travelers took as much as they judged would fill their bellies; if anyone took too much, the Way of Demons would at once make him ill. Lawbreakers were pardoned three times, and only then were they punished. No senior officials were appointed; everything was governed by the libationers, and both the Han people and the non-Han tribes found this convenient and were content with it. He held sway over Ba and Hanzhong for nearly thirty years.

諸祭酒皆作義舍，如今之亭傳。又置義米肉，縣於義舍，行路者量腹取足；若過多，鬼道輒病之。犯法者，三原，然後乃行刑。不置長吏，皆以祭酒為治，民夷便樂之。雄據巴、漢垂三十年。¹

At the end of the Han, lacking the strength to subdue him, the court simply favored Zhang Lu by appointing him General of the Household Who Guards the People and Prefect of Hanning, and he did no more than send tribute. One of the people found a jade seal in the ground, and his subordinates wanted to honor Zhang Lu as King of Hanning. Zhang Lu’s Officer of Merit, Yan Pu of Baxi, remonstrated with him, saying, “The people of the Han River valley number more than a hundred thousand households; its wealth is abundant, its soil fertile, and it is strongly protected on all four sides. If at best you set the Emperor right, you will be like Duke Huan and Duke Wen; at the next level, like Dou Rong, you will not lose wealth and honor.

漢末，力不能征，遂就寵魯為鎮民中郎將，領漢寧太守，通貢獻而已。民有地中得玉印者，群下欲尊魯為漢寧王。魯功曹巴西閻圃諫魯曰：「漢川之民，戶出十萬，財富土沃，四面險固；上匡天子，則為桓、文，次及竇融，不失富貴。

Now you already act on imperial authority to set up offices and make appointments, and your power is ample to decide matters yourself; you need not trouble yourself with the title of king. I beg you not to claim it for now, lest you be the first to invite disaster.” Zhang Lu followed his advice. During the rebellion of Han Sui and Ma Chao, tens of thousands of families from west of the passes fled to him by way of the Ziwu Valley.

今承制署置，勢足斬斷，不煩於王。願且不稱，勿為禍先。」魯從之。韓遂、馬超之亂，關西民從子午谷奔之者數萬家。

In the twentieth year of Jian’an, Taizu set out from San Pass through Wudu to campaign against him and reached Yangping Pass. Zhang Lu wanted to surrender Hanzhong entirely, but his younger brother Zhang Wei refused and, leading several tens of thousands of men, held the pass firmly against Taizu. Taizu stormed and broke it, and then entered Shu.

建安二十年，太祖乃自散關出武都征之，至陽平關。魯欲舉漢中降，其弟衛不肯，率眾數萬人拒關堅守。太祖攻破之，遂入蜀。¹

When Zhang Lu heard that Yangping had fallen, he was about to kowtow and submit, but Yan Pu said again, “If you go now under pressure, your merit will surely be slight. Better to rely on Du Hu, go to Pu Hu, and hold out; then if you pledge yourself afterward, your merit will surely be great.” So Zhang Lu fled to the Southern Mountains and entered Bazhong. His attendants wanted to burn all the treasures and storehouses, but Zhang Lu said, “I originally meant to submit to the state, but my intention has not yet been fulfilled. My flight now is to avoid the sharp edge of the blade; I bear no ill will.

魯聞陽平已陷，將稽顙歸降，圃又曰：「今以迫往，功必輕；不如依杜濩赴樸胡相拒，然後委質，功必多。」於是乃奔南山入巴中。左右欲悉燒寶貨倉庫，魯曰：「本欲歸命國家，而意未達。今之走，避銳鋒，非有惡意。寶貨倉庫，國家之有。」

The treasures and storehouses belong to the state.” So he sealed them up and left. Taizu entered Nanzheng and praised him highly for it. Since Zhang Lu had originally been well disposed, Taizu also sent men to comfort him and win him over. Zhang Lu came out with his whole family, and Taizu went out to meet him, appointed him General Who Guards the South, treated him with the courtesy due a guest, and enfeoffed him as Marquis of Langzhong with a fief of ten thousand households. Zhang Lu’s five sons, Yan Pu, and others were all enfeoffed as full marquises. Taizu took Zhang Lu’s daughter as a wife for his son Pengzu (Cao Yu).

遂封藏而去。太祖入南鄭，甚嘉之。又以魯本有善意，遣人慰喻。魯盡將家出，太祖逆拜魯鎮南將軍，待以客禮，封閬中侯，邑萬戶。封魯五子及閻圃等皆為列侯。¹為子彭祖取魯女。

When Zhang Lu died, he was given the posthumous name Marquis Yuan. His son Zhang Fu succeeded him.

魯薨，諡之曰原侯。子富嗣。¹

Appraisal

評

Appraisal: Gongsun Zan held on to his fortress at Yijing and sat waiting for destruction. Gongsun Du was cruel and violent without restraint, and Gongsun Yuan carried on the family legacy and added to its evil; they were fit only to bring ruin upon their clan. Tao Qian was muddled and disorderly and died in anxiety; Zhang Yang surrendered his head to his own subordinate. All of them held provinces and commanderies, yet they did not measure up even to common men, and there is certainly nothing to be said for them. Zhang Yan, Zhang Xiu, and Zhang Lu abandoned banditry, took their places among the meritorious ministers, escaped danger and ruin, and preserved their ancestral sacrifices; in this they were better than the others.

評曰：公孫瓚保京，坐待夷滅。度殘暴而不節，淵仍業以載兇，秪足覆其族也。陶謙昏亂而憂死，張楊授首於臣下，皆擁據州郡，曾匹夫之不若，固無可論者也。燕、繡、魯舍群盜，列功臣，去危亡，保宗祀，則於彼為愈焉。