Records of Wu 15: Biographies of He Qi, Quan Cong, Lü Dai, Zhou Fang and Zhongli Mu

Records of Wu 15: Biographies of He Qi, Quan Cong, Lü Dai, Zhou Fang and Zhongli Mu

He Qi

賀齊

He Qi, courtesy name Gongmiao, was a man of Shanyin in Kuaiji Commandery. In his youth he became a commandery clerk and served as acting Chief of Shan County. A county clerk, Si Cong, played the swaggering knight-errant and committed crimes, and He Qi meant to punish him. The Registrar remonstrated, “Si Cong comes from a great clan of the county, and the Shanyue are attached to him. If you punish him today, raiders will come tomorrow.” When He Qi heard this he was furious and had Si Cong beheaded on the spot. Si Cong's clan and followers then banded together, more than a thousand of them, and raised troops to attack the county. He Qi led the officials and people, opened the city gates and charged out, crushing them, and his might shook the Shanyue.

賀齊字公苗，會稽山陰人也。¹少為郡吏，守剡長。縣吏斯從輕俠為奸，齊欲治之。主簿諫曰：“從，縣大族，山越所附，今日治之，明日寇至。”齊聞大怒，便立斬從。從族黨遂相糾合，眾千餘人，舉兵攻縣。齊率吏民，開城門突擊，大破之，威震山越。

Later, when the people of Taimo and Fengpu rebelled, he was transferred to be acting Chief of Taimo. He executed the wicked and nurtured the good, and within a month all was pacified. In the first year of Jian'an, when Sun Ce came to the commandery, he recommended He Qi as Filial and Incorrupt. At that time Wang Lang had fled to Dongye, and Shang Sheng, Chief of Houguan, raised troops on Wang Lang's behalf. Sun Ce sent Han Yan, Chief of Yongning, to act as Chief Commandant of the Southern Section and lead troops against Shang Sheng, and made He Qi Chief of Yongning. When Han Yan was defeated by Shang Sheng, He Qi again took over Han Yan's duties as Chief Commandant.

後太末、豐浦民反，轉守太末長，誅惡養善，期月盡平。建安元年，孫策臨郡，察齊孝廉。時王朗奔東冶，侯官長商升為朗起兵。策遣永寧長韓晏領南部都尉，將兵討升，以齊為永寧長。晏為升所敗，齊又代晏領都尉事。

Shang Sheng feared He Qi's fearsome reputation and sent an envoy to ask for a covenant. He Qi took the opportunity to admonish him, setting out for him what would bring fortune and what would bring disaster, and Shang Sheng at last sent up his seal and ribbon, left his residence, and asked to surrender. The bandit leaders Zhang Ya, Zhan Qiang and others did not want Shang Sheng to surrender, and instead joined together to kill him; Zhang Ya styled himself General Without Superior, and Zhan Qiang styled himself Prefect of Kuaiji. The bandits were strong and He Qi's troops few, not enough to attack them, so he halted his army and rested his soldiers. Zhang Ya and his son-in-law He Xiong fell out in a struggle for power, and He Qi had Yue people use the situation to sow discord between them.

升畏齊威名，遣使乞盟。齊因告喻，為陳禍福，升遂送上印綬，出捨求降。賊帥張雅、詹強等不願升降，反共殺升，雅稱無上將軍，強稱會稽太守。賊盛兵少，未足以討，齊住軍息兵。雅與女婿何雄爭勢兩乖，齊令越人因事交構。

In the end suspicion drove them apart, and each relied on his troops to scheme against the other. He Qi then advanced to attack, crushed Zhang Ya in a single battle, and Zhan Qiang's faction, shaken with fear, led their followers out to surrender.

遂至疑隙，阻兵相圖。齊乃進討，一戰大破雅，強黨震懼，率眾出降。

Houguan was now pacified. But Jianan, Hanxing and Nanping rose again in disorder, and He Qi advanced his troops to Jianan and set up the headquarters of the Chief Commandant; this was the eighth year. The commandery levied five thousand troops from its subordinate counties, had each county's Chief lead his own men, and put them all under He Qi's command. Five bandits, Hong Ming, Hong Jin, Yuan Yu, Wu Mian and Hua Dang, each led ten thousand households and camped in a line at Hanxing; Wu Wu, with six thousand households, camped separately at Datan. Zou Lin, with six thousand households, camped separately at Gaizhu, and like Datan it opened onto Yugan.

侯官既平。而建安、漢興、南平復亂，齊進兵建安，立都尉府，是歲八年也。郡發屬縣五千兵，各使本縣長將之，皆受齊節度。賊洪明、洪進、苑御、吳免、華當等五人，率各萬戶，連屯漢興，吳五六千戶別屯大潭。鄒臨六千戶別屯蓋竹，大潭同出餘汗。¹

The army marched against Hanxing by way of Yugan. He Qi reckoned that the bandits were many and his own troops few, and that if he went deep with no support behind him he might be cut off, so he ordered Ding Fan, Chief of Songyang, to stay behind and guard Yugan. Ding Fan had been head of a city neighboring He Qi's and was ashamed to be placed under his command, so he refused to stay. He Qi then had Ding Fan beheaded, and the whole army trembled; there was no one who did not obey orders. So he divided his troops, leaving some behind on guard, advanced against Hong Ming and the others, and crushed them in one battle after another. He beheaded Hong Ming at the front, and Wu Mian, Hua Dang, Hong Jin and Yuan Yu all surrendered.

軍討漢興，經餘汗。齊以為賊眾兵少，深入無繼，恐為所斷，令松陽長丁蕃留備餘汗。蕃本與齊鄰城，恥見部伍，辭不肯留。齊乃斬蕃，於是軍中震慄。無不用命。遂分兵留備，進討明等，連大破之。臨陳斬明，其免、當、進、御皆降。

He turned to strike Gaizhu, and as the army headed for Datan, three more leaders surrendered. In all these campaigns six thousand heads were taken, and every notable leader was captured. He reestablished the counties and towns and selected ten thousand men for the army, and was appointed Colonel Who Subdues the East. In the tenth year he moved on to attack Shangrao, and divided off its territory to form Jianping County.

轉擊蓋竹，軍向大潭，三將又降。凡討治斬首六千級，名帥盡擒。復立縣邑，料出兵萬人，拜為平東校尉。十年，轉討上饒，分以為建平縣。

In the thirteenth year he was promoted to General of the Household of Martial Might and attacked Yi and She in Danyang. At that time the four townships of Wuqiang, Yexiang, Dongyang and Fengpu surrendered first, and He Qi sent up a memorial proposing that Yexiang be made Shixin County. But the She bandit leader Jin Qi, with ten thousand households, camped on Mount Anle; Mao Gan, with ten thousand households, camped on Mount Wuliao; and the Yi leaders Chen Pu, Zu Shan and others, with twenty thousand households, camped on Mount Linli. Mount Linli rose like a wall on all four sides, several dozen zhang high, and its paths were so steep and narrow that there was no room to pass with sword and shield; the bandits rolled stones down from the heights, and it could not be attacked.

十三年，遷威武中郎將，討丹陽黟、歙。時武強、葉鄉、東陽、豐浦四鄉先降，齊表言以葉鄉為始新縣。而歙賊帥金奇萬戶屯安勒山，毛甘萬戶屯烏聊山，黟帥陳僕，祖山等二萬戶屯林歷山。林歷山四面壁立，高數十丈，逕路危狹，不容刀楯，賊臨高下石，不可得攻。

The army stayed there day after day, and the officers grew anxious. He Qi went out himself and made a circuit, surveying the lie of the land. He secretly recruited nimble and agile soldiers and had iron halberds made for them. In a hidden, steep place the bandits had not guarded, they secretly used the halberds to cut footholds into the mountain as a path to climb, and he had them creep up by night. Then they hung down many lengths of cloth to haul up the men below, and over a hundred men got up. They spread out on all four sides and together sounded drums and horns, while He Qi marshaled his troops and waited. Hearing drums closing in on all sides in the night, the bandits thought the whole great army had already made the climb; they were terrified and thrown into confusion, not knowing what to do, and those guarding the paths and the passes all fled back to join the main body.

軍住經日，將吏患之。齊身出周行，觀視形便，陰募輕捷士，為作鐵戈，密於隱險賊所不備處，以戈拓斬山為緣道，夜令潛上，乃多縣布以援下人，得上百數人，四面流布，俱鳴鼓角，齊勒兵待之。賊夜聞鼓聲四合，謂大軍悉已得上，驚懼惑亂，不知所為，守路備險者，皆走還依眾。

The main army was thereby able to climb up, crushed Chen Pu and the others, and the rest all surrendered; seven thousand heads were taken in all. He Qi again memorialized that She be divided to form Xinding, Liyang and Xiuyang, which together with Yi and She made six counties in all. Sun Quan then separated them off as Xindu Commandery, made He Qi its Prefect with his seat at Shixin, and added the title of Lieutenant General.

大軍因是得上，大破僕等，其餘皆降，凡斬首七千。¹齊復表分歙為新定；黎陽、休陽。並黟、歙凡六縣。權遂割為新都郡，齊為太守，立府於始新，加偏將軍。

In the sixteenth year, Lang Zhi, a commoner of Yuhang in Wu Commandery, gathered his clan and rose as a bandit, again several thousand strong, and He Qi went out to attack him. He promptly defeated Lang Zhi, and memorialized that Yuhang be divided to form Linshui County. He was summoned to where Sun Quan was, and when he was about to return to his commandery, Sun Quan came out to hold a farewell sacrifice at the roadside, with music and the Xiang dance. He presented He Qi with a curtained carriage and fine horses, and when the feast was over he halted the procession and had He Qi take his seat in the carriage. He Qi declined, not daring to, but Sun Quan had his attendants help He Qi into the carriage, and had officials, foot soldiers and cavalry lead the way just as they would in He Qi's own commandery.

十六年，吳郡餘杭民郎稚合宗起賊，復數千人，齊出討之。即復破稚，表言分餘杭為臨水縣。被命詣所在，及當還郡，權出祖道，作樂舞象。¹賜齊軿車駿馬，罷坐住駕，使齊就車。齊辭不敢，權使左右扶齊上車，令導吏卒兵騎，如在郡儀。

Sun Quan watched him and said with a smile, “A man must strive. Without accumulating good conduct and diligence, this cannot be had.” Only when He Qi had gone more than a hundred paces did he turn back.

權望之笑曰：「人當努力，非積行累勤，此不可得。」去百餘步乃旋。

In the eighteenth year, Peng Cai, Li Yu, Wang Hai and other commoners of the eastern part of Yuzhang rose as bandits and rebels, more than ten thousand strong. He Qi attacked and pacified them, executed the ringleaders, and the rest all surrendered. He picked out the strongest and fittest to be soldiers and registered the rest as households of the counties. He was promoted to General of Vehement Might.

十八年，豫章東部民彭材、李玉、王海等起為賊亂，眾萬餘人。齊討平之，誅其首惡，餘皆降服。揀其精健為兵，次為縣戶。遷奮武將軍。

In the twentieth year he followed Sun Quan on the campaign against Hefei. When troops came out of the city to fight, Xu Sheng was wounded and lost his spear; He Qi led his troops to hold off the attack and recovered what Xu Sheng had lost.

二十年，從權征合肥。時城中出戰，徐盛被創失矛，齊引兵拒擊，得盛所失。¹

In the twenty-first year, You Tu, a commoner of Poyang, accepted a seal and ribbon from Lord Cao and incited the people to become bandits; Lingyang, Shian and Jing County all rose in response to You Tu. He Qi and Lu Xun attacked and crushed You Tu, beheading several thousand, and the rest of his followers submitted in fear. The three counties of Danyang all surrendered, and eight thousand picked troops were drawn from them. He was appointed General Who Pacifies the East and enfeoffed as Marquis of Shanyin, and went out to guard the Yangtze, supervising the river from Fuzhou upstream as far as Wan.

二十一年，鄱陽民尤突受曹公印綬，化民為賊，陵陽、始安、涇縣皆與突相應。齊與陸遜討破突，斬首數千，餘黨震服，丹楊三縣皆降，料得精兵八千人。拜安東將軍，封山陰侯，出鎮江上，督扶州以上至皖。

At the beginning of Huangwu, Wei sent Cao Xiu to invade. Because He Qi had far to travel he arrived late, and so he halted at Xinshi to hold the enemy off. It happened that the armies at Dongkou were caught in a storm and swept away and drowned, losing half their strength, and the officers and men lost heart; but because He Qi had not yet crossed, his detached army alone remained intact, and the other generals relied on it for their strength.

黃武初，魏使曹休來伐。齊以道遠後至，因住新市為拒。會洞口諸軍遭風流溺，所亡中分，將士失色，賴齊未濟，偏軍獨全，諸將倚以為勢。

He Qi was extravagant and fond of splendor by nature, and above all he loved military affairs; his weapons, armor and equipment were of the finest workmanship. The ships he rode were carved and inlaid with vermilion, with blue canopies and crimson curtains; shields, bucklers, halberds and spears were painted with floral and claw patterns; and bows, crossbows and arrows were all made from the best materials. His assault ships and fighting vessels looked like mountains from a distance. Cao Xiu and the others were daunted by this and finally led their armies back. He Qi was promoted to General of the Rear, granted the Staff of Authority, and took charge of Xu Province as Imperial Protector.

齊性奢綺，尤好軍事，兵甲器械極為精好，所乘船雕刻丹鏤，青蓋絳襜，干櫓戈矛，葩爪文畫，弓弩矢箭，咸取上材，蒙衝鬥艦之屬，望之若山。休等憚之，遂引軍還。遷後將軍，假節領徐州牧。

Earlier, Jin Zong, the commander at Xikou, had rebelled and gone over to Wei with his troops, and had come back as Prefect of Qichun, plotting a surprise attack on Anle to seize its hostages. Sun Quan was ashamed and angry at this. Since the campaign had just ended, he struck when it was least expected, in the height of summer in the sixth month: he ordered He Qi to lead Mi Fang, Xianyu Dan and others in a surprise attack on Qichun, and they took Jin Zong alive. He Qi died four years later. His son He Da and his younger brother He Jing both enjoyed good reputations and were fine generals.

初，晉宗為戲口將，以眾叛如魏，還為蘄春太守，圖襲安樂，取其保質。權以為恥忿，因軍初罷，六月盛夏、出其不意，詔齊督麋芳、鮮于丹等襲蘄春，遂生虜宗。後四年卒，子達及弟景皆有令名，為佳將。¹

Quan Cong

全琮

Quan Cong, courtesy name Zihuang, was a man of Qiantang in Wu Commandery. His father, Quan Rou, was nominated as Filial and Incorrupt in the time of Emperor Ling of Han and appointed Gentleman of the Imperial Secretariat and Assistant of the Right; during Dong Zhuo's disorders he abandoned his office and went home. The province summoned him as Attendant Officer with Separate Carriage, and an imperial edict appointed him on the spot Chief Commandant of the Eastern Section of Kuaiji. When Sun Ce reached Wu, Quan Rou raised troops and was among the first to join him, and Sun Ce memorialized that he be made Chief Commandant of Danyang. When Sun Quan became General of Chariots and Cavalry, he made Quan Rou his Chief Clerk and transferred him to be Prefect of Guiyang.

全琮字子璜，吳郡錢唐人也。父柔，漢靈帝時舉孝廉。補尚書郎右丞，董卓之亂，棄官歸。州辟別駕從事，詔書就拜會稽東部都尉。孫策到吳，柔舉兵先附，策表柔為丹楊都尉。孫權為車騎將軍，以柔為長史，徙桂陽太守。

Quan Rou once had Quan Cong take several thousand hu of rice to Wu to trade. When Quan Cong arrived, he gave it all away and came back with empty boats. Quan Rou was furious, but Quan Cong kowtowed and said, “I judged that what we were to buy was not urgent, while gentlemen were in the direst straits, as if hung upside down. So I gave them relief at once and had no time to report to you first.” Quan Rou thought all the more highly of him for it. At that time scholars from the Central Provinces were fleeing the disorders southward, and those who came to live under Quan Cong's protection numbered in the hundreds. Quan Cong spent his family fortune to provide for them, sharing whatever he had with them, and so his name became known far and wide.

柔嘗使琮齎米數千斛到吳，有所市易。琮至，皆散用，空船而還。柔大怒，琮頓首曰：“愚以所市非急，而士大夫方有倒縣之患，故便振贍，不及啟報。”柔更以奇之。¹是時中州士人避亂而南，依琮居者以百數，琮傾家給濟，與共有無，遂顯名遠近。

Later Sun Quan made him Colonel of Vigorous Might, gave him several thousand troops, and sent him to attack the Shanyue. He opened recruitment and gathered more than ten thousand picked troops, went out to garrison Niuzhu, and was gradually promoted to Lieutenant General.

後權以為奮威校尉，授兵數千人，使討山越。因開募召，得精兵萬餘人，出屯牛渚，稍遷偏將軍。

In the twenty-fourth year of Jian'an, when Liu Bei's general Guan Yu besieged Fan and Xiangyang, Quan Cong sent up a memorial setting out a plan by which Guan Yu could be attacked. Sun Quan had by then already secretly discussed a surprise attack on him with Lü Meng, and fearing the matter would leak out, he shelved Quan Cong's memorial without answering it. After Guan Yu had been captured, Sun Quan held a banquet at Gong'an, and turning to Quan Cong he said, “When you proposed this earlier, I did not answer you, but today's victory is your achievement as well.” He then enfeoffed him as Marquis of Yanghua Village.

建安二十四年，劉備將關羽圍樊、襄陽，琮上疏陳羽可討之計，權時已與呂蒙陰議襲之，恐事洩，故寢琮表不答。及禽羽，權置酒公安。顧謂琮曰：“君前陳此，孤雖不相答，今日之捷，抑亦君之功也。”於是封陽華亭侯。

In the first year of Huangwu, Wei sent a great naval force out to Dongkou, and Sun Quan had Lü Fan lead the generals to resist it; the two camps were in sight of each other. The enemy repeatedly made raids with light boats, and Quan Cong kept his armor on and his weapons at hand, watching without rest. Before long several thousand of the enemy came out into the middle of the river; Quan Cong attacked and defeated them, and beheaded their general Yin Lu and displayed his head. Quan Cong was promoted to General Who Soothes the South, and his fief was raised to Marquis of Qiantang. In the fourth year he was granted the Staff of Authority and took charge of Jiujiang as Prefect.

黃武元年，魏以舟軍大出洞口，權使呂範督諸將拒之，軍營相望。敵數以輕船抄擊，琮常帶甲仗兵，伺候不休。頃之，敵數千人出江中，琮擊破之，梟其將軍尹盧。遷琮綏南將軍，進封錢唐侯。四年，假節領九江太守。

In the seventh year Sun Quan went to Wan and had Quan Cong and the General Who Supports the State, Lu Xun, attack Cao Xiu; they defeated him at Shiting. At that time the mountain people of Danyang, Wu and Kuaiji again turned to banditry, attacking and overrunning the counties. Sun Quan divided off the rugged lands of the three commanderies to form Dongan Commandery, with Quan Cong in charge as Prefect. On arriving, he made rewards and punishments clear and invited those who would surrender and submit, and within a few years he had gained more than ten thousand people. Sun Quan recalled Quan Cong to Niuzhu and abolished Dongan Commandery. In the first year of Huanglong he was promoted to General of the Guards, Protector of the Army of the Left, and Imperial Protector of Xu Province, and he married a princess.

七年，權到皖，使琮與輔國將軍陸遜擊曹休，破之於石亭。是時丹楊、吳、會山民復為寇賊，攻沒屬縣，權分三郡險地為東安郡，琮領太守。¹至，明賞罰。招誘降附，數年中，得萬餘人。權召琮還牛渚，罷東安郡。²黃龍元年，遷衛將軍、左護軍、徐州牧，³尚公主。

In the second year of Jiahe he led fifty thousand infantry and cavalry to attack Luan. The people of Luan all scattered and fled, and the generals wanted to divide their forces to capture them. Quan Cong said, “To take risks and trust to luck, undertaking something that is not certain of success, is not the proper conduct of a state. If we now divide our forces to capture the people, the gains and losses will be even; how could that be called certain? Even if we catch some, it will not be enough to weaken the enemy or meet the hopes of the state. And if we should meet with a mishap, the loss will not be small. Rather than incur that guilt, I would sooner take the blame upon myself;

嘉禾二年，督步騎五萬征六安，六安民皆散走，諸將欲分兵捕之。琮曰：“夫乘危僥倖，舉不百全者，非國家大體也。今分兵捕民，得失相半，豈可謂全哉？縱有所獲，猶不足以弱敵而副國望也。如或邂逅，虧損非小，與其獲罪，琮寧以身受之。

I dare not seek merit at the cost of failing the state.” In the ninth year of Chiwu he was promoted to Grand Marshal of the Right and Army Instructor of the Left. He was respectful and compliant by nature, skilled at reading his sovereign's countenance and offering counsel, and his words were never harsh or offensive. Earlier, when Sun Quan intended to besiege Zhuya and Yizhou, he consulted Quan Cong first on both. Quan Cong said, “With the might of your sagely court, where could you turn and not prevail? Yet these are distant and foreign lands, cut off by miasmal seas, and the poison in their water and soil has been known since antiquity. When soldiers go in and the people are brought out, sickness is sure to arise and spread from one to another, and I fear that those who go will not return. How much could be gained there?

不敢徼功以負國也。”赤烏九年，遷右大司馬、左軍師。為人恭順，善於承顏納規，言辭未嘗切迕。初，權將圍珠崖及夷州，皆先問琮。琮曰：“以聖朝之威，何向而不克？然殊方異域，隔絕瘴海，水土氣毒，自古有之，兵入民出，必生疾病，轉相污染，往者懼不能反，所獲何可多致？

To needlessly deplete the troops along the river in hope of a one-in-ten-thousand gain is something this foolish servant still cannot feel easy about.” Sun Quan did not listen. The army was out for a year, and eight or nine in every ten of the soldiers died of pestilence, and Sun Quan deeply regretted it. Later, when the conversation touched on it, Quan Cong replied, “At that time, had any of your ministers failed to remonstrate, I would have considered him disloyal.”

猥虧江岸之兵，以冀萬一之利，愚臣猶所不安。”權不聽。軍行經歲，士眾疾疫死者十有八九，權深悔之。後言次及之，琮對曰：「當是時，群臣有不諫者，臣以為不忠。」

Quan Cong enjoyed intimate trust and high regard, the young men of his clan all received favor and high rank, and the gifts he received amounted to thousands in gold; yet he still received gentlemen with modesty and humility, and showed no trace of arrogance. He died in the twelfth year, and his son Quan Yi succeeded him. Quan Yi later inherited his father's position and led troops to relieve Zhuge Dan at Shouchun, but came out of the city and was among the first to surrender; Wei made him General Who Subdues the East and enfeoffed him as Marquis of Linxiang. Quan Yi's nephews, his elder brother's sons Quan Yi (禕), Quan Yi (儀), Quan Jing and others, also surrendered to Wei, and all served as commandery administrators and were ranked as marquises.

琮既親重，宗族子弟並蒙寵貴，賜累千金，然猶謙虛接士，貌無驕色。十二年卒，子懌嗣。後襲業領兵，救諸葛誕於壽春，出城先降，魏以為平東將軍，封臨湘侯。懌兄子禕、儀、靜等亦降魏，皆歷郡守列侯。¹

Lü Dai

呂岱

Lü Dai, courtesy name Dinggong, was a man of Hailing in Guangling Commandery. He served as a clerk of the commandery and county, and fled the disorders by crossing the river to the south. When Sun Quan took charge of affairs, Lü Dai went to his headquarters and was sent out as acting Assistant of Wu County. Sun Quan personally judged the granaries, storehouses and prisoners of the various counties, and all the Chiefs and Assistants were called before him; Lü Dai's handling of the law and his answers to questions pleased Sun Quan greatly. He summoned him and appointed him Recording Clerk, then sent him out to fill the post of Chief of Yuyao. Lü Dai recruited strong and fit men and gained more than a thousand. When Lü He, Qin Lang and other bandits of the five counties of Dongye in Kuaiji rose in revolt, Sun Quan made Lü Dai Colonel Supervising the Army and sent him with General Jiang Qin and others to lead troops against them. He captured Lü He and Qin Lang, and the five counties were pacified. He was appointed General of the Household Who Displays Trust.

呂岱字定公，廣陵海陵人也，為郡縣吏，避亂南渡。孫權統事，岱詣幕府，出守吳丞。權親斷諸縣倉庫及囚繫，長丞皆見，岱處法應問，甚稱權意，召署錄事，出補餘姚長，召募精健，得千餘人。會稽東冶五縣賊呂合、秦狼等為亂，權以岱為督軍校尉，與將軍蔣欽等將兵討之，遂擒合、狼，五縣平定，拜昭信中郎將。¹

In the twentieth year of Jian'an, he led ten generals including Sun Mao in the campaign to take the three commanderies of Changsha and its neighbors. The officials of the four counties of Ancheng, You, Yongxin and Tuling went together into the fort at Yinshan and gathered their followers to resist Lü Dai; Lü Dai besieged and attacked them, they surrendered at once, and the three commanderies were subdued. Sun Quan left Lü Dai to guard Changsha. Wu Dang, Chief of Ancheng, Yuan Long, a General of the Household, and others, acting in concert with Guan Yu, rebelled again. Wu Dang held You County, and Yuan Long was at Liling.

建安二十年，督孫茂等十將從取長沙三郡。又安成、攸、永新、茶陵四縣吏共入陰山城，合眾拒岱，岱攻圍，即降，三郡克定。權留岱鎮長沙。安成長吳碭及中郎將袁龍等首尾關羽，復為反亂。碭據攸縣，龍在醴陵。

Sun Quan sent the General Who Crosses the River, Lu Su, to attack You, and Wu Dang managed to break out and escape. Lü Dai attacked Liling, captured Yuan Long and beheaded him. He was promoted to Prefect of Luling.

權遣橫江將軍魯肅攻攸，碭得突走。岱攻醴陵，遂禽斬龍。遷廬陵太守。

In the first year of Yankang he succeeded Bu Zhi as Inspector of Jiao Province. When he reached the province, Qian Bo, a bandit leader of Gaoliang, asked to surrender, and Lü Dai, exercising authority on the sovereign's behalf, made Qian Bo Chief Commandant of the Western Section of Gaoliang. When the barbarian bandits of Yulin attacked and besieged commanderies and counties, Lü Dai attacked and defeated them. At that time Wang Jin, a bandit of Zhenyang in Guiyang, gathered followers on the border of Nanhai and led a rebellion that did great harm; Sun Quan again ordered Lü Dai to attack him. Lü Dai took Wang Jin alive, bound him and sent him under escort to the capital; in all more than ten thousand were beheaded or captured. He was promoted to General Who Pacifies the South, granted the Staff of Authority, and enfeoffed as Marquis of a Chief District.

延康元年，代步騭為交州刺史。到州，高涼賊帥錢博乞降，岱因承制，以博為高涼西部都尉。又鬱林夷賊攻圍郡縣，岱討破之。是時桂陽、湞陽賊王金合眾於南海界上，首亂為害，權又詔岱討之，生縛金，傳送詣都，斬首獲生凡萬餘人。遷安南將軍，假節，封都鄉侯。

When Shi Xie, Prefect of Jiaozhi, died, Sun Quan made Shi Xie's son Shi Hui General Who Pacifies Distant Lands in charge of Jiuzhen as Prefect, and had the Colonel Chen Shi replace Shi Xie. Lü Dai memorialized that the three commanderies south of the sea be divided off as Jiao Province, with General Dai Liang as its Inspector, and that the four commanderies east of the sea form Guang Province, with Lü Dai himself as Inspector. He sent Dai Liang and Chen Shi south to take up their posts, but Shi Hui would not accept the order; he raised troops and held Haikou to keep Dai Liang and the others out. Lü Dai then sent up a memorial asking to punish Shi Hui's crime, and led three thousand troops across the sea, sailing day and night.

交阯太守士燮卒，權以燮子徽為安遠將軍，領九真太守，以校尉陳時代燮。岱表分海南三郡為交州，以將軍戴良為刺史，海東四郡為廣州，岱自為刺史。遣良與時南入，而徽不承命，舉兵戍海口以拒良等。岱於是上疏請討徽罪，督兵三千人晨夜浮海。

Someone said to Lü Dai, “Shi Hui relies on the favor his family has enjoyed for generations, and the whole province is attached to him. He must not be taken lightly.” Lü Dai said, “Although Shi Hui now harbors treacherous designs, he does not expect me to arrive suddenly. If I move my army secretly and advance lightly, falling on him while he is unprepared, I am sure to defeat him. If I linger and do not hurry, giving him time to make up his mind, he will shut himself inside his city and hold it firmly, and the hundred barbarian tribes of the seven commanderies will gather like clouds and answer like echoes. Then, however wise a man might be, who could deal with him?” So he set off, passed Hepu, and advanced together with Dai Liang.

或謂岱曰：「徽藉累世之恩，為一州所附，未易輕也。」岱曰：「今徽雖懷逆計，未虞吾之卒至，若我潛軍輕舉，掩其無備，破之必也。稽留不速，使得生心，嬰城固守，七郡百蠻，雲合響應，雖有智者，誰能圖之？」遂行，過合浦，與良俱進。

When Shi Hui heard that Lü Dai had arrived, he was indeed thrown into terror and did not know what to do; he at once led his six brothers, bared to the waist, to welcome Lü Dai. Lü Dai beheaded them all and sent off their heads. Shi Hui's senior generals Gan Li, Huan Zhi and others led the officials and people to attack Lü Dai, but Lü Dai fought fiercely and crushed them, and his fief was raised to Marquis of Panyu. Guang Province was then abolished and it became Jiao Province again as before. Having settled Jiao Province, Lü Dai advanced further to attack Jiuzhen, beheading or capturing tens of thousands. He also sent Attendant Officers south to spread the civilizing influence of the state, and the kings of Funan, Linyi, Tangming and other lands beyond the frontier each sent envoys to present tribute. Sun Quan praised his achievement and promoted him to General Who Guards the South.

徽聞岱至，果大震怖，不知所出，即率兄弟六人肉袒迎岱。岱皆斬送其首，徽大將甘醴，桓治等率吏民攻岱，岱奮擊大破之，進封番禺侯。於是除廣州，復為交州如故。岱既定交州，復進討九真，斬獲以萬數。又遣從事南宣國化，暨徼外扶南、林邑、堂明諸王，各遣使奉貢。權嘉其功，進拜鎮南將軍。

In the third year of Huanglong, since the southern lands had been cleared and pacified, Lü Dai was recalled and stationed at Oukou in Changsha. Just then the Man barbarians of Wuling began to stir, and Lü Dai, together with the Minister of Ceremonies Pan Jun, attacked and pacified them. In the third year of Jiahe, Sun Quan had Lü Dai take command of Pan Zhang's troops and garrison Lukou; later he moved to Puqi. In the fourth year the Luling bandits Li Huan and Lu He, the Dongye bandit Sui Chun of Kuaiji, the Nanhai bandit Luo Li and others rose all at once. Sun Quan again ordered Lü Dai to lead Liu Zuan, Tang Zi and others in separate columns to attack them. Sui Chun surrendered at once, bowing his head, and Lü Dai appointed him Lieutenant General and had him command his own followers, so that he became one of the ranking generals. Li Huan, Luo Li and the others were all beheaded or captured, and their heads were sent to the capital.

黃龍三年，以南土清定，召岱還屯長沙漚口。¹會武陵蠻夷蠢動，岱與太常潘浚共討定之。嘉禾三年，權令岱領潘璋士眾，屯陸口，後徙蒲圻。四年，廬陵賊李桓、路合、會稽東冶賊隨春、南海賊羅厲等一時並起。權復詔岱督劉纂、唐咨等分部討擊，春即時首降，岱拜春偏將軍，使領其眾，遂為列將，桓、厲等皆見斬獲，傳首詣都。

Sun Quan sent Lü Dai an edict: “Luo Li relied on the rugged terrain to rebel and brought his beheading upon himself; Li Huan was vicious, cunning and treacherous, surrendering and then rebelling again. Though we sent campaign after campaign against them, for years they were not caught. Had it not been for your strategy, who could have taken their heads? Your loyal and martial integrity has become all the more manifest by this. Now that the arch-villains are gone, great and small alike are trembling, and the rest of that petty breed will be swept clean away, clan and all. From now on the state will never again have to worry about the south, and the three commanderies will be at peace, without fear or alarm.

權詔岱曰：“厲負險作亂，自致梟首；桓兇狡反覆，已降復叛。前後討伐，歷年不禽，非君規略，誰能梟之？忠武之節，於是益著。元惡既除，大小震懾，其餘細類，掃地族矣。自今已去，國家永無南顧之虞，三郡晏然，無怵惕之驚。

Moreover, we have gained these unruly people to supply taxes and labor service, and I sigh again and again in admiration. It is a constant rule of the state that rewards should not wait past the month; you are to decide what is proper under the regulations.” When Pan Jun died, Lü Dai took over his charge of the documents of Jing Province and was stationed at Wuchang together with Lu Xun, while continuing to supervise Puqi. Before long Liao Shi rebelled, attacking and besieging cities and towns, and the commanderies of Lingling, Cangwu and Yulin were thrown into turmoil. Lü Dai sent up a memorial on his own initiative and set out at once, pressing on night and day. Sun Quan sent an envoy after him to appoint Lü Dai Imperial Protector of Jiao Province, and dispatched Tang Zi and other generals one after another. After a year of fighting they crushed the rebels: they beheaded Liao Shi and those he had falsely appointed, such as Fei Yang, Prefect of Linhe, along with their followers, and the commanderies and counties were all pacified. Lü Dai then returned to Wuchang.

又得惡民以供賦役，重用歎息。賞不逾月，國之常典，制度所宜，君其裁之。”潘濬卒，岱代浚領荊州文書，與陸遜並在武昌，故督蒲圻。頃之，廖式作亂。攻圍城邑，零陵、蒼梧、鬱林諸郡騷擾，岱自表輒行，星夜兼路。權遣使追拜岱交州牧，及遣諸將唐咨等駱驛相繼，攻討一年破之，斬式及遣諸所偽署臨賀太守費楊等，並其支黨，郡縣悉平，復還武昌。

He was already eighty years old at this time, but his constitution had always been vigorous and diligent, and he attended to the affairs of state in person. Zhang Cheng, General Who Displays Might, wrote to Lü Dai: “In ancient times, when Dan, Duke of Zhou, and Shi, Duke of Shao, assisted the house of Zhou, the Two Souths were composed in song; today it is you and Master Lu. In loyalty and diligence you vie to be first, in toil and modesty you yield to each other; your achievements are won through sound judgment of the times, and your transforming influence accords with the Way. Gentlemen sigh in admiration at your virtue, and common folk delight in your excellence. On top of this, you are burdened with documents and receive guests all day long, yet even when tired you do not set your work aside, and even when toiling you never speak of weariness.

時年已八十，然體素精勤，躬親王事。奮威將軍張承與岱書曰：昔旦奭翼周，《二南》作歌，今則足下與陸子也。忠勤相先，勞謙相讓，功以權成，化與道合，君子歎其德，小人悅其美。加以文書鞅掌，賓客終日，罷不捨事，勞不言倦。

I have also heard that when you mount a horse you always leap into the saddle yourself, without using a step. In this, you surpass Lian Po! How brisk you are in everything! The Book of Changes says, ‘Propriety speaks of reverence; virtue speaks of abundance.’ How is it that you possess all these excellences in full!”

又知上馬輒自超乘，不由跨躡，如此足下過廉頗也。何其事事快也。《周易》有之，禮言恭，德言盛，足下何有盡此美耶！

When Lu Xun died and Zhuge Ke replaced him, Sun Quan divided Wuchang into two divisions and had Lü Dai command the right division, from Wuchang upstream to Puqi. Lü Dai was promoted to Senior Grand General, and his son Lü Kai was appointed Colonel of the Auxiliary Army and put in charge of the troops at Puqi. When Sun Liang took the throne, Lü Dai was made Grand Marshal. Lü Dai kept himself pure and served the public good, and wherever he went there was something worth recording. Earlier, while he was in Jiao Province, for years he sent nothing home, and his wife and children went hungry and in want. When Sun Quan heard of it he sighed and reproached his ministers, saying, “Lü Dai has gone ten thousand li from home and toils for the state, yet his household suffers hardship within, and I did not know of it sooner.

及陸遜卒，諸葛恪代遜，權乃分武昌為兩部，岱督右部，自武昌上至蒲圻。遷上大將軍，拜子凱副軍校尉，監兵蒲圻，孫亮即位，拜大司馬。岱清身奉公，所在可述。初在交州，歷年不餉家，妻子饑乏。權聞之歎息，以讓群臣曰：“呂岱出身萬里，為國勤事，家門內困，而孤不早知。

You who should be my limbs, ears and eyes—where does the responsibility lie?” He then granted additional money, rice, cloth and silk, with a fixed allowance every year.

股肱耳目，其責安在？”於是加賜錢米布絹，歲有常限。

Earlier, Lü Dai had been close to Xu Yuan of Wu Commandery, a man of high spirit with talent and ambition. Knowing that he could make something of himself, Lü Dai gave him a headcloth and robe and held discussions with him, and later recommended and promoted him until he reached the office of Attendant Censor. Xu Yuan was loyal and forthright by nature and fond of speaking frankly; whenever Lü Dai made a mistake, Xu Yuan would remonstrate with him and also discuss it openly. When someone reported this to Lü Dai, he sighed and said, “This is exactly why I value Deyuan.” When Xu Yuan died, Lü Dai wept for him in deep grief, saying, “Deyuan was a beneficial friend to Lü Dai. Now he has met misfortune—where shall Lü Dai hear of his faults again?” Those who discussed it admired him for this.

始，岱親近吳郡徐原，慷慨有才志，岱知其可成，賜巾褠，與共言論，後遂薦拔，官至侍御史。原性忠壯，好直言，岱時有得失，原輒諫諍，又公論之，人或以告岱，岱歎曰：「是我所以貴德淵者也。」及原死，岱哭之甚哀。曰：“德淵，呂岱之益友，今不幸，岱復於何聞過？”談者美之。

In the first year of Taiping he died at the age of ninety-six, and his son Lü Kai succeeded him. He left instructions that he be laid in an unadorned coffin, with a coarse headcloth and a plain cloth robe, and that the funeral be kept frugal; Lü Kai carried all of this out.

太平元年，年九十六卒，子凱嗣。遺令殯以素棺，疏巾布褠，葬送之制，務從儉約，凱皆奉行之。

Zhou Fang

周魴

Zhou Fang, courtesy name Ziyu, was a man of Yangxian in Wu Commandery. In his youth he loved learning; he was nominated as Filial and Incorrupt and became Chief of Ningguo, then was transferred to Huaian. When the great chieftain Peng Shi of Qiantang and others swarmed together like ants as bandits, Zhou Fang was made Chancellor of the Marquisate of Qiantang, and within a month he had beheaded Peng Shi along with his followers; he was then promoted to Chief Commandant of the Western Division of Danyang. During the Huangwu era, the great chieftain Peng Qi of Poyang rebelled and attacked and took the subordinate towns, so Zhou Fang was made Prefect of Poyang. Joining forces with Hu Zong, he attacked and suppressed the rebels, at last taking Peng Qi alive and sending him to Wuchang, and was given the added title of Colonel Who Manifests Righteousness.

周魴字子魚，吳郡陽羨人也。少好學，舉孝廉，為寧國長，轉在懷安。錢唐大帥彭式等蟻聚為寇，以魴為錢唐侯相，旬月之間，斬式首及其支黨，遷丹楊西部都尉。黃武中。鄱陽大帥彭綺作亂，攻沒屬城，乃以魴為鄱陽太守，與胡綜戮力攻討，遂生禽綺，送詣武昌，加昭義校尉。

He received orders to secretly seek out, among the old clans and noted chieftains in the mountains, someone known to the northern enemy, and have him trick and provoke Cao Xiu, Grand Marshal and Imperial Protector of Yang Province for Wei. Zhou Fang replied that he feared such petty chieftains of the common people were not reliable enough to be entrusted with it, and that if the matter leaked they would fail to draw Cao Xiu out; he asked instead to send men close to him carrying a letter in seven articles to lure Cao Xiu.

被命密求山中舊族名帥為北敵所聞知者，令譎挑魏大司馬揚州牧曹休。魴答，恐民帥小醜不足仗任，事或漏洩，不能致休，乞遣親人賫箋七條以誘休。

The first read: “By a stroke of fortune that comes once in a thousand years, I, Zhou Fang, have been counted among the people of your province, but I am far off, cut off by rivers, and have not yet been able to show my respect and devotion; that I can only gaze from afar at the clouds and the sun is truly Heaven’s doing. My sincerity is slight and my name and rank are obscure; though I burn with longing, by what means could I come to be known to you? A dying fox turns its head toward its home hill, and it is human feeling to long for one’s roots, but I have been constrained by those who control me and have failed in the courtesy of coming to pay my respects. Every time I raise my head alone and look back to the west, I never fail to sigh wearily, waking and sleeping, tossing and turning. Now, taking advantage of an opening, I am able to set forth the wish I have long held—had the spirits not opened the way, how could this have come about?

其一曰：「魴以千載饒幸，得備州民，遠隔江川，敬恪未顯，瞻望雲景，天實為之。精誠微薄，名位不昭，雖懷焦渴，曷緣見明？狐死首丘，人情戀本，而逼所制，奉覿禮違。每獨矯首西顧，未嘗不寤寐勞歎，展轉反側也。今因隙穴之際，得陳宿昔之志，非神啟之，豈能致此！

I cannot contain my eager longing, and from ten thousand li away I entrust my life to you. I respectfully send my trusted men Dong Cen, Shao Nan and others, under the pretense of deserting, to present this letter. The changes in current affairs are listed on a separate sheet. I only hope that you, enlightened lord and marquis, will shed your light like the sun and moon, illuminate the aims of a distant subject, and forever give those who submit to you someone to look up to and rely on.”

不勝翹企，萬里托命。謹遣親人董岑、邵南等托叛奉箋。時事變故，列於別紙，惟明公君侯垂日月之光，照遠民之趣，永令歸命者有所戴賴。」

The second read: “I, Zhou Fang, am far away in a border corner, cut off by the river; your grace and your civilizing influence have not yet reached me, and yet from among the mountains and valleys I set forth my feelings from afar, fearing that by the standard of great principle I will not be trusted or accepted. Things are moved by what stirs them, and plans arise from changing circumstances—this has been the same in ancient times and now. I served in the east and was entrusted with a commandery; my first wish had been fulfilled, I engraved it on my heart to repay the favor at once, and I would never have been of two minds. How could I have imagined that recently I would suddenly meet with unjust censure? Disaster is only moments away, and I am in more peril than a thrown egg. If I go forward, it is fitting to choose whether to part and leave; if I stay back, I face the fate of being slandered and unjustly put to death. Though my aims and conduct are slight, life and death are bound by one principle of integrity, and when I consider that this is not the place to die, how could I not be grieved?

其二曰：「魴遠在邊隅，江汜分絕；恩澤教化，未蒙撫及，而於山谷之間，遙陳所懷，懼以大義，未見信納。夫物有感激，計因變生，古今同揆；魴仕東典郡，始願已獲，銘心立報，永矣無貳。豈圖頃者中被橫譴，禍在漏刻，危於投卵，進有離合去就之宜，退有誣罔枉死之咎，雖志行輕微，存沒一節，顧非其所，能不悵然！

I venture to follow the example of the ancients, and knowing where to turn, I earnestly pour out my feelings and lay bare my heart. I beg you to send down the moisture of spring, take pity on my urgent plight and rescue me, doubt me no more, and not cut off one who entrusts his life to you. If the matter leaks out, I shall suffer punishment beyond measure; first, it would wound your compassion and ruin the plan, and second, it would shut off the hearts of all who incline toward your rule. I only hope that Your Excellency will look far back over past ages, take pity and have compassion on me, give your attention to what I have set forth, and quickly send me a secret reply. I will watch for your movements and wait to respond.”

敢緣古人，因知所歸，拳拳輸情，陳露肝膈。乞降春天之潤，哀拯其急，不復猜疑，絕其委命。事之宣洩。受罪不測，一則傷慈損計，二則杜絕向化者心，惟明使君遠覽前世，矜而愍之，留神所質，速賜秘報。魴當候望舉動，俟須響應。」

The third read: “The former Prefect whom I replaced, Wang Jing of Guangling, was likewise censured some time ago over an uprising among the people of the commandery. Wang Jing worked hard to explain himself but was never forgiven, so he laid a secret plan to go north and submit to you; unfortunately the matter came to light, and the executions reached even his infants. I saw what happened to Wang Jing with my own eyes, and I have also seen that once the Eastern ruler slights a man, he never again treats him generously; though he may spare him for a while, in the end he cuts him down. Now that he has again put me in charge of the commandery, he means to demand results from me later—his intent is surely to kill me.

其三曰：「魴所代故太守廣陵王靖，往者亦以郡民為變，以見譴責，靖勤自陳釋，而終不解，因立密計，欲北歸命，不幸事露，誅及嬰孩。魴既目見靖事，且觀東主一所非薄，嫿不復厚，雖或暫捨，終見翦除。今又令魴領郡者，是欲責後效，必殺魴之趣也。

Though I still see and breathe, I am anxious, fearful and in torment, not knowing when my life will finally end. Man’s time in the world is like a white colt glimpsed passing a crack in the wall, yet I must always live in danger and dread—how can this be put into words? All I can do is set out my foolish views and lay myself bare once more, though I fear that because I am lowly I may not be heeded. I hope that Your Excellency will look into this a little more closely and weigh my words. Now, though the people of this commandery have nominally surrendered, they are still in the mountains and the brush, watching for an opening, wishing to rise in revolt again.

雖尚視息，憂惕焦灼，未知軀命，竟在何時。人居世間，猶白駒過隙，而常抱危怖，其可言乎！惟當陳愚，重自披盡，懼以卑賤，未能採納。願明使君少垂詳察，忖度其言。今此郡民，雖外名降首，而故在山草，看伺空隙，欲復為亂。

On the day they rise in revolt, my life will be over. The Eastern ruler has lately been secretly deploying his generals, planning to advance north. Lü Fan, Sun Shao and others are to enter the Huai; Quan Cong and Zhu Huan are to head for Hefei; Zhuge Jin, Bu Zhi and Zhu Ran are to reach Xiangyang; and Lu Yi (Lu Xun), Pan Zhang and others are to attack Mei Fu. The Eastern ruler’s central army is to make a surprise attack on Shiyang himself, and he has separately sent his cousin Sun Huan to take charge of the city of Anlu, build storehouses and haul goods and grain there as supplies for the army. He has also commanded Zhuge Liang to advance on Guanxi. Not one of the generals along the river remains; only some three thousand troops have been left to guard Wuchang.

為亂之日，魴命訖矣。東主頃者潛部分諸將，圖欲北進。呂范、孫韶等入淮，全琮、朱桓趨合肥，諸葛瑾、步騭、朱然到襄陽。陸議、潘璋等討梅敷。東主中營自掩石陽，別遣從弟孫奐治安陸城，修立邸閣，輦貲運糧，以為軍儲，又命諸葛亮進指關西，江邊諸將無復在者，才留三千所兵守武昌耳。

If Your Excellency comes with ten thousand troops south from Wan toward the river shore, I will at once lead and rouse the officials and people here to act as your inside support. The reason the commanderies of this region have risen time after time and failed just when they were on the verge of success is simply that they had no outside aid. If the northern army approaches the border and sends proclamations to the subordinate cities, which of the people who long for you will not stand on tiptoe in expectation? I hope that Your Excellency will look above to the timing of Heaven, look below to the affairs of men, and in between consult the milfoil and the tortoise; then it will be clear enough that what I have said is not empty.”

若明使君以萬兵從皖南首江渚，魴便從此率厲吏民，以為內應。此方諸郡，前後舉事，垂成而敗者，由無外援使其然耳；若北軍臨境，傳檄屬城，思詠之民，誰不企踵？願明使君上觀天時，下察人事，中參蓍龜，則足昭往言之不虛也。」

The fourth read: “Dong Cen and Shao Nan, whom I have sent, have lived in my household from childhood to manhood; I hold them dear and trust them as if they were my own sons. That is why I have specially had them carry the letter under the pretext of deserting. We have communicated with our eyes and planned in our hearts without ever speaking it aloud, and not even my closest flesh and blood know of it. I have also instructed them, on reaching your province, to say they have come to surrender, so that those who wish to desert to the north may hear of it. I have laid this plan and left it in Heaven’s hands: if it succeeds, I shall have the blessing of living on unharmed;

其四曰：「所遣董岑、邵南少長家門。親之信之，有如兒子。是以特令賫箋，托叛為辭，目語心計，不宣唇齒，骨肉至親，無有知者。又已敕之，到州當言往降，欲北叛來者得傳之也。魴建此計，任之於天，若其濟也，則有生全之福。

but should it leak out by mischance, I shall suffer the calamity of my whole clan being wiped out. Always in the middle of the night I look up to Heaven and swear my oath before the stars. My sincerity is slight—how could it move Heaven above? But my situation is urgent, and I am alone and at the end of my resources, so I can only appeal to Heaven. On the day I send the messengers I will hover between life and death, my body present but my spirit gone, my soul dazed and bewildered. I privately fear that you may not trust me deeply enough, so you may keep one of the two, Dong Cen or Shao Nan, as a pledge of good faith, and have the other bring your instructions back. The one who returns with your instructions should say that he regretted deserting and has come back to give himself up.

邂逅洩漏，則受夷滅之禍。常中夜仰天，告誓星辰。精誠之微，豈能上感，然事急孤窮，惟天是訴耳。遣使之日，載生載死，形存氣亡，魄爽恍惚。私恐使君未深保明，岑、南二人可留其一，以為後信。一賫教還，教還故當言悔叛還首。

The Eastern ruler has a standing rule that those who regret deserting and return are all pardoned. In this way both sides will be sealed off, and there will never be any trace. With my life hanging by a thread I gaze west, and my tears fall as I write.”

東主有常科，悔叛還者，皆自原罪。如是彼此俱塞，永無端原。縣命西望，涕筆俱下。」

The fifth read: “The people of Poyang are truly for the most part foolish and stubborn. If you lead them out for labor service, they will not respond right away, but if someone calls on them to rebel, they clap their hands in response as soon as they hear it. Though they have now surrendered, their knotted resistance has not been undone; they still dwell in the mountains and hide in the brush, and their rebellious hearts remain. Now the Eastern ruler is planning to raise a great host, and the whole state is going out, so the riverbank is empty and the camps and forts stand vacant and depleted, with only the various inspectors against treachery left. If we take this opportunity to stir up these people, they can be gathered again in a single day, but we must rely on outside aid, with inside and outside interlocking; otherwise, as before, nothing will come of it.

其五曰：「鄱陽之民，實多愚勁，帥之赴役。未即應人，倡之為變，聞聲響抃。今雖降首，盤節未解，山棲草藏，亂心猶存。而今東主圖興大眾，舉國悉出。江邊空曠，屯塢虛損，惟有諸刺奸耳。若因是際而騷動此民，一旦可得更會，然要恃外援，表裡機牙，不爾以往，無所成也。

Now if you advance along the road from Wan and halt on the river, I will respond from Likou on the southern bank opposite. If you do not go straight to the riverbank, you may halt a hundred li upstream. Just let the people here know that the northern army is over there, and things will go well of themselves. The people here are not so tormented by hunger and cold that they delight in war and banditry; they suffer from the endless campaigns and would gladly belong to the north. It is only that when they rise up in desperation, no one responds in time, and they soon meet disaster. If the armies at Shiyang and in Qing and Xu could be linked head to tail so as to pin down the troops that have gone out and keep them from withdrawing quickly, that would be the best of all.

今使君若從皖道進住江上，魴當從南對岸歷口為應。若未徑到江岸，可住百里上。令此間民知北軍在彼，即自善也。此間民非苦饑寒而甘兵寇，苦於征討，樂得北屬，但窮困舉事，不時見應，尋受其禍耳。如使石陽及青、徐諸軍首尾相銜，牽綴往兵，使不得速退者，則善之善也。

I was born between the Yangzi and the Huai and am well versed in the affairs of the times; seeing the advantages here, I judge that a hundred attempts would bring a hundred victories. Such a moment will not come again, so I venture to lay bare my heart.”

魴生在江、淮，長於時事，見其便利，百舉百捷，時不再來，敢布腹心。」

The sixth read: “The Eastern ruler resents his earlier failure to take Shiyang, and for this new campaign he has assembled a great many new troops and has also had Pan Jun conscript the Yi tribespeople, so their numbers are very large. I hear that he has set rules in advance: the new, weak troops are to be placed in front and the good troops behind, and on the day of the assault he means to fill the moat with the weak troops so as to break through at once. Though he may not be able to go quite that far, this is the general drift of it. I privately fear that the city of Shiyang is small and cannot long hold out against the troops sent against it, so Your Excellency should send relief quickly, and it should be done swiftly and in secret.

其六曰：「東主致恨前者不拔石陽，今此後舉，大合新兵，並使潘濬發夷民，人數甚多，聞豫設科條，當以新羸兵置前，好兵在後，攻城之日。云欲以羸兵填塹，使即時破，雖未能然，是事大趣也。私恐石陽城小，不能久留往兵，明使君速垂救濟，試宜疾密。

The disaster of Wang Jing is a lesson not far in the past. Now my submission no longer rests with Heaven; it rests with Your Excellency alone. If you come to my rescue, success is certain; if your rescue comes too late, I shall meet the same fate as Wang Jing and the rest. Earlier, at the time of Peng Qi, when word came that your banners were at Fenglong, the people of this commandery, great and small, rejoiced and all thought of rendering service; had your forces stayed a month or so, the undertaking would have been a great success. Regrettably they left as swift as lightning, so the East was able to add to its forces and concentrate its strength against Peng Qi, and only then was Peng Qi defeated. I hope that you will consider these words deeply.”

王靖之變，其鑒不遠。今魴歸命，非復在天，正在明使君耳。若見救以往，則功可必成，如見救不時，則與靖等同禍。前彭綺時，聞旗麾在逢龍，此郡民大小歡喜，並思立效，若留一月日間，事當大成，恨去電速，東得增眾專力討綺，綺始敗耳。願使君深察此言。」

The seventh read: “To launch a great undertaking now, there is no way to encourage men except with ranks and titles. I request fifty seals each for generals and marquises, a hundred seals for general-commandants of the household, and two hundred seals each for colonels and chief commandants, so that I may provisionally bestow them on the various chieftains and spur on their resolve. I also request several dozen banners and pennants to serve as emblems, so that the mountain troops, officials and people, seeing them with their own eyes, will know that the choice of whom to leave and whom to follow has been settled, and that the plan to receive and rescue them is fixed.

其七曰：「今舉大事，自非爵號無以勸之，乞請將軍、侯印各五十紐，郎將印百紐，校尉、都尉印各二百紐，得以假授諸魁帥，獎厲其志，並乞請幢麾數十，以為表幟，使山兵吏民，目瞻見之，知去就之分已決，承引所救畫定。

Moreover, people desert and defect in both directions every day and month, and whatever the distance, news soon gets through. The present great undertaking must be kept utterly secret, so when you have read my letter, I beg you to keep it hidden. I know that your wisdom and judgment are constant and your precautions surely deep, but I am anxious and trembling, and so I submit matter after matter; I beg you not to blame me or think it strange.”

又彼此降叛，日月有人，闊狹之間，輒得聞知。今之大事，事宜神密，若省魴箋，乞加隱秘。伏知智度有常，防慮必深，魴懷憂震灼，啟事蒸仍，乞未罪怪。」

Zhou Fang then separately submitted a secret memorial, which read: “In the north there are fugitive rebels who hold fast behind the Yellow River and the Luo, have long evaded the punishment due from our sovereign, and have seized the northern lands for themselves. I have never been able to offer a remarkable stratagem or put forward a good plan, above to add luster to your great transforming rule, and below to render even one part in ten thousand of my service; my anxious heart feels as if pounded in a mortar, and I doze in my clothes and forget to sleep. The sagely court covers all like Heaven and has borne with me though I have achieved nothing, and has condescended to issue a gracious command. It instructed me that, since earlier attempts to lure the rebel Cao Xiu had regrettably not gone as planned, I was to seek within the commandery for a chieftain of the mountains and valleys known to the northern rebels,

魴因別為密表曰：方北有逋寇，固阻河洛，久稽王誅，自擅朔土，臣曾不能吐奇舉善。上以光贊洪化，下以輸展萬一，憂心如搗，假寐忘寢。聖朝天覆，含臣無效，猥發優命。敕臣以前誘致賊休，恨不如計，令於郡界求山谷魁帥為北賊所聞知者。

and have him open communications with the north. Humbly reflecting on this, I felt joy and fear together. I privately fear that such a man cannot be found quickly, and even if found might not be trustworthy; it would be better for the plan to have me trick Cao Xiu myself. This lets me, after years of hoping, meet with an opportunity that comes once in a thousand years; so I at once spurred myself on and exhausted my dull wits to compose a draft letter to deceive and lure Cao Xiu, as on the separate sheet. I know that I lack the ancients’ art of single and double stratagems, and moreover I have suddenly been entrusted with a great plan, so I am flustered and at a loss, fearing that my frivolity and foolishness will disgrace and betray your special favor,

令與北通。臣伏思惟，喜怖交集。竊恐此人不可卒得，假使得之，懼不可信，不如令臣譎休，於計為便。此臣得以經年之冀願。逢值千載之一會，輒自督竭，竭盡頑蔽，撰立箋草以誑誘休者，如別紙。臣知無古人單復之術，加卒奉大略，伀矇狼狽，懼以輕愚，忝負特施。

and I am anxious and troubled in advance. I have heard that Yao of Tang acted ahead of Heaven and Heaven did not go against him, and that he consulted widely, even with grass-cutters and woodgatherers, and so achieved his great deeds. The divine strategy of the court is determined to bring Cao Xiu within our measured paces; if the spirits aid your sage plan and Cao Xiu surely delivers himself up, the Six Armies will bag them all, not a single enemy will be left, and your awesome might will sweep on like lightning, to the great good fortune of the realm. I respectfully submit this memorial to inform you, and together with it present the draft letter. Fearing that my views are shallow, I am filled with awe and hold my breath.” He received a reply and put the plan into effect.

豫懷憂灼。臣聞唐堯先天而天弗違，博詢芻蕘，以成盛勳。朝廷神謨，欲必致休於步度之中，靈贊聖規，休必自送，使六軍囊括，虜無孑遺，威風電邁，天下幸甚。謹拜表以聞，並呈箋草，懼於淺局，追用悚息。被報施行。

Cao Xiu did indeed believe Zhou Fang, and led a hundred thousand infantry and cavalry, their baggage filling the roads, straight into Wan. Zhou Fang also gathered his forces and, following Lu Xun, cut across Cao Xiu’s path; Cao Xiu’s army split apart like torn cloth and shattered tile, and those beheaded or captured numbered in the tens of thousands.

休果信魴，帥步騎十萬，輜重滿道，逕來入皖。魴亦合眾，隨陸遜橫截休，休幅裂瓦解，斬獲萬計。

When Zhou Fang first set his secret plan in motion, gentlemen of the court came repeatedly bearing imperial edicts to question him on various matters, so Zhou Fang went to the gate of the commandery office and cut off his hair in apology; that is why Cao Xiu, hearing of it, no longer had any doubts. When the victory was won and the army returned, Sun Quan held a great feast for his generals, and when the wine was flowing he said to Zhou Fang, “You cut off your hair to carry out your duty and accomplished my great enterprise. Your merit and name ought to be written on bamboo and silk.” He was given the added rank of Lieutenant General and granted the title of Marquis Within the Passes. The rebel chieftain Dong Si was holding out in rugged terrain and plundering, and Yuzhang and Linchuan both suffered from him.

魴初建密計時，頻有郎官奉詔詰問諸事，魴乃詣部郡門下，因下發謝，故休聞之，不復疑慮。事捷軍旋，權大會諸將歡宴，酒酣。謂魴曰：“君下發載義，成孤大事，君之功名，當書之竹帛。”加裨將軍，賜爵關內侯。¹賊帥董嗣負阻劫鈔，豫章、臨川並受其害。²

Wu Can and Tang Zi had once attacked and besieged him with three thousand troops but could not take his stronghold for months on end. Zhou Fang memorialized requesting that the troops be withdrawn and that he be allowed to act at his own discretion, and this was granted. Zhou Fang sent spies, gave them a plan, and had them lure Dong Si out and assassinate him. Dong Si’s younger brother, terrified, went to Wuchang and surrendered to Lu Xun, asking to come down to the plains and reform himself. From then on several commanderies no longer had cause for anxiety.

吾粲、唐咨嘗以三千兵攻守，連月不能拔。魴表乞罷兵，得以便宜從事。魴遣間諜，授以方策，誘狙殺嗣。嗣弟怖懼，詣武昌降於陸遜，乞出平地，自改為善，由是數郡無復憂惕。

Zhou Fang died after thirteen years in the commandery; he had rewarded the good and punished the wicked, practicing both severity and kindness. His son Zhou Chu also had civil and military talent, and during the Tianji era became Director of the Eastern Pavilion and Commander of the Wunan Guard.

魴在郡十三年卒，賞善罰惡。威恩並行。子處，亦有文武材幹，天紀中為東觀令、無難督。¹

Zhongli Mu

鍾離牧

Zhongli Mu, courtesy name Zigan, was a man of Shanyin in Kuaiji Commandery, a seventh-generation descendant of Zhongli Yi, Chancellor of Lu under the Han. In his youth he moved to live in Yongxing, where he cleared fields himself and planted more than twenty mu of rice. When it was about to ripen, a man of the county claimed to recognize the land as his. Zhongli Mu said, “I only cleared it because the field lay waste,” and gave the rice to the man. When the county chief heard of this, he summoned the man and had him jailed, intending to punish him by law, but Zhongli Mu pleaded on his behalf. The chief said, “You admire Cheng Gong and act righteously of your own accord, but I, as master of the people, must lead those below me by the law. How can I set aside the public law to go along with you?”

鍾離牧字子幹，會稽山陰人，漢魯相意七世孫也。¹少爰居永興，躬自墾田，種稻二十餘畝。臨熟，縣民有識認之。牧曰：“本以田荒，故墾之耳。”遂以稻與縣人。縣長聞之，召民繋獄，欲繩以法，牧為之請。長曰：“君慕承宮，自行義事，²僕為民主，當以法率下，何得寢公憲而從君邪？”

Zhongli Mu said, “This is within the commandery, and it was because of your kind regard that I came to stay here for a while. If you now kill this man over a little rice, how could I have the heart to stay any longer?” He then packed his baggage to return to Shanyin. The chief went himself to stop him and released the jailed man for his sake. The man, ashamed and afraid, led his wife and children to hull the rice he had taken, obtaining sixty hu of grain, and sent it back to Zhongli Mu, but Zhongli Mu shut his gate and would not accept it. The man carried it to the roadside and left it there, but no one took it. From this Zhongli Mu became famous.

牧曰：“此是郡界，緣君意顧，故來蹔住。今以少稻而殺此民，何心復留？”遂出裝，還山陰，長自往止之，為釋繋民。民慚懼，率妻子舂所取稻得六十斛米，送還牧，牧閉門不受。民輸置道旁，莫有取者。牧由此發名。¹

In the fifth year of Chiwu he was appointed from Gentleman of the Palace to Chief Commandant Assisting Righteousness to the Crown Prince, and then transferred to Prefect of Nanhai. He returned to become Chief Clerk to the Chancellor, was transferred to Director of Rectitude, and then promoted to Prefect of the Palace Secretariat. When the mountain people of the three commanderies of Jianan, Poyang and Xindu rose in revolt, Zhongli Mu was sent out as Army-Supervising Envoy and suppressed and pacified them. The rebel chieftains Huang Luan, Chang Ju and others handed over their followers to serve as soldiers. He was enfeoffed as Marquis of Qinting and appointed Colonel of the Yue Cavalry.

赤烏五年，從郎中補太子輔義都尉，遷南海太守。¹還為丞相長史，轉司直，遷中書令。會建安、鄱陽、新都三郡山民作亂，出牧為監軍使者，討平之。賊帥黃亂、常俱等出其部伍，以充兵役。封秦亭侯，拜越騎校尉。

In the sixth year of Yong’an, Shu was annexed by Wei, and the Yi tribes of the Five Streams in Wuling bordered on Shu. Opinion at the time feared a rebellion, so Zhongli Mu was made General Who Pacifies Wei and concurrently Prefect of Wuling and sent to the commandery. Wei sent Guo Chun, Chief of Hanjia County, to serve as acting Prefect of Wuling; leading the people of Fuling, he entered the Qianling border of Shu and camped at Chisha, luring the chiefs of the Yi settlements, and some rose up in response to Guo Chun. He also advanced and attacked Youyang County, and the whole commandery was shaken with fear.

永安六年，蜀併於魏，武陵五谿夷與蜀接界。時論懼叛亂，乃以牧為平魏將軍，領武陵太守，往之郡。魏遣漢葭縣長郭純試守武陵太守，率涪陵民入蜀遷陵界，屯於赤沙，誘致諸夷邑君，或起應純，又進攻酉陽縣，郡中震懼。

Zhongli Mu asked the officials of his court, “Western Shu has fallen and our border is being invaded. How shall we resist?” They all replied, “Now the two counties are in rugged mountains, and the Yi tribes are holding out with their troops. We must not alarm and disturb them with an army; if we do, the Yi tribes will band together. We should pacify them gradually, and could send officials known for kindness and good faith to spread our teachings and console them.” Zhongli Mu said, “Not so. Outsiders have invaded our territory and are deceiving and luring our people; we must strike and seize them before their roots grow deep. This is a situation like fighting a fire, where speed is what matters.”

牧問朝吏曰：「西蜀傾覆，邊境見侵，何以禦之？」皆對曰：「今二縣山險，諸夷阻兵，不可以軍驚擾，驚擾則諸夷盤結。宜以漸安，可遣恩信吏宣教慰勞。」牧曰：「不然。外境內侵，誑誘人民，當及其根柢未深而撲取之，此救火貴速之勢也。」

He ordered those outside to make ready in haste, and any clerk who obstructed it was to be dealt with at once under military law. The General Who Soothes the Yi, Gao Shang, advised Zhongli Mu, “In the past, Minister of Ceremonies Pan (Pan Jun) led fifty thousand troops before he attacked the Yi of the Five Streams. At that time we were allied with the Liu house, and the Yi tribes were all submissive. Now we no longer have the support of those days, and Guo Chun already holds Qianling, yet Your Honor would push deep into their land with three thousand troops. I do not yet see the advantage in it.” Zhongli Mu said, “How can one follow old precedent in an extraordinary affair?”

敕外趣嚴，掾史沮儀者便行軍法。撫夷將軍高尚說牧曰：「昔潘太常督兵五萬，然後以討五谿夷耳。是時劉氏連和，諸夷率化，今既無往日之援，而郭純已據遷陵，而明府以三千兵深入，尚未見其利也。」牧曰：「非常之事，何得循舊？」

He at once led his forces on, marching day and night along the mountain passes for nearly two thousand li, and from the frontier outposts he beheaded more than a hundred ringleaders among the wicked people who harbored disloyal intentions, together with their followers, over a thousand heads in all. Guo Chun and the others scattered, and the Five Streams were pacified. He was transferred to Commander at Gong’an and General Who Displays Martial Might, enfeoffed as Marquis of a Chief District, and moved to Commander at Ruxu. He was again made General of the Van with Provisional Credentials and concurrently Prefect of Wuling.

即率所領，晨夜進道，緣山險行，垂二千里，從塞上，斬惡民懷異心者魁帥百餘人及其支黨凡千餘級，純等散，五谿平。遷公安督、揚武將軍，封都鄉侯，徙濡須督。¹復以前將軍假節，領武陵太守。

He died in office. His household had no wealth to spare, and the gentry and common people missed him. His son Zhongli Wei succeeded him and took over command of his troops.

卒官。家無餘財，士民思之。子褘嗣，代領兵。¹

Appraisal

評

Appraisal: The Shanyue were fond of rebellion, hard to settle and easily stirred, so Sun Quan had no leisure to defend against enemies abroad and humbled his words before the house of Wei. All these ministers were men who succeeded in quelling internal troubles and bringing calm to the realm. Lü Dai was pure, scrupulous and devoted to the public good; Zhou Fang’s cunning stratagems were full of surprises; Zhongli Mu followed the ways of a worthy elder. Quan Cong had talent for his age and was esteemed in his time, but he failed to restrain his wicked son, and so incurred censure and damaged his name.

評曰：山越好為叛亂，難安易動，是以孫權不遑外禦，卑詞魏氏。凡此諸臣，皆克寧內難，綏靜邦域者也。呂岱清恪在公；周魴譎略多奇；鍾離牧蹈長者之規；全琮有當世之才，貴重於時，然不檢姦子，獲譏毀名云。