Records of Wu 12: Biographies of Yu Fan, Lu Ji, Zhang Wen, Luo Tong, Lu Mao, Wu Can and Zhu Ju

Records of Wu 12: Biographies of Yu Fan, Lu Ji, Zhang Wen, Luo Tong, Lu Mao, Wu Can and Zhu Ju

Yu Fan

虞翻

Yu Fan, courtesy name Zhongxiang, was a man of Yuyao in Kuaiji Commandery. The Prefect Wang Lang appointed him Officer of Merit. When Sun Ce campaigned against Kuaiji, Yu Fan happened to be in mourning for his father, and went to the gate of the headquarters in his mourning clothes. When Wang Lang wished to come out to meet him, Yu Fan took off his mourning garments, went in to see him, and urged Wang Lang to avoid Sun Ce. Wang Lang could not act on this advice. He gave battle, was defeated, and fled by sea. Yu Fan followed him as his escort as far as Houguan in the Eastern Division; the Chief of Houguan shut the city gates and would not receive them, but Yu Fan went and persuaded him, and only then were they admitted.

虞翻字仲翔，會稽餘姚人也。¹太守王朗命為功曹。孫策征會稽，翻時遭父喪，衰絰詣府門，朗欲就之，翻乃脫衰入見，勸朗避策。朗不能用。拒戰敗績，亡走浮海。翻追隨營護，到東部候官，候官長閉城不受，翻往說之，然後見納。²

Wang Lang said to Yu Fan, “You have an aged mother; you may go home.” When Yu Fan returned, Sun Ce again appointed him Officer of Merit and treated him with the courtesy due a friend. He even went in person to Yu Fan’s house.

朗謂翻曰：「卿有老母，可以還矣。」¹翻既歸，策復命為功曹，待以交友之禮。身詣翻第。²

Sun Ce loved to gallop about hunting. Yu Fan remonstrated with him, saying, “Your Excellency employs a host that gathered like crows and drives men who came together from scattered places, and yet you have won the devotion of all of them unto death—even Emperor Gao of Han could not match this. But when it comes to going out lightly and in disguise, your attendant officials have no time to make ready, and the clerks and soldiers are constantly troubled by it. Now, one who rules others will not be held in awe if he lacks gravity. Hence the saying: ‘The dragon put on the guise of a fish and was harried by Yu Ju; the white snake went wandering at will, and Liu Ji slew it.’ I hope you will give this a little thought.” Sun Ce said, “What you say is right. But at times I have matters to think over, and sitting upright I grow restless; I go out to draft my plans in the open as Pi Chen did, that is all.” Yu Fan went out to serve as Chief of Fuchun.

策好馳騁遊獵，翻諫曰：「明府用烏集之眾，驅散附之士，皆得其死力，雖漢高帝不及也。至於輕出微行，從官不暇嚴，吏卒常苦之。夫君人者不重則不威，故曰龍魚服，困於豫且，白蛇自放，劉季害之，願少留意。」策曰：「君言是也，然時有所思，端坐悒悒，有裨諶草創之計，是以行耳。」¹翻出為富春長。

When Sun Ce died, the senior officials of the various counties all wished to leave their posts and hasten to the funeral. Yu Fan said, “I fear the mountain people of the neighboring counties may rise in some treacherous upheaval; if we abandon our cities and go far away, we will surely invite disaster.” So he stayed in his county, made mourning garments, and observed the mourning there. The other counties all followed his example, and all remained at peace. Later Yu Fan was recommended by the province as Flourishing Talent, the Han court summoned him as Attending Secretary, and Lord Cao, as Minister of Works, called him to office, but he accepted none of these.

策薨，諸長吏並欲出赴喪，翻曰：「恐鄰縣山民或有奸變，遠委城郭，必致不虞。」因留制服行喪。諸縣皆效之，咸以安寧。¹後翻州舉茂才，漢召為侍御史，曹公為司空辟，皆不就。²

Yu Fan wrote to the Privy Treasurer Kong Rong and showed him his Commentary on the Changes. Kong Rong replied, “I have heard of how Yanling (Jizha) expounded music, and now that I see how you have treated the Changes, I know that the fine things of the southeast are not only the bamboo arrows of Kuaiji. Moreover, you observe the images in the forms of the clouds and read the responses in cold and warmth, tracing misfortune and fortune to their source, in perfect accord with the spirits—you may be called one who has probed the hidden and mastered its workings.” Zhang Hong, Chief Commandant of the Eastern Division of Kuaiji, also wrote to Kong Rong: “Yu Zhongxiang has in the past been rather maligned by his critics, but he is a fine jewel in substance; the more he is carved and polished, the more he shines, and he cannot be harmed by it.”

翻與少府孔融書，並示以所著《易注》。融答書曰：「聞延陵之理樂，睹吾子之治《易》，乃知東南之美者，非徒會稽之竹箭也。又觀象雲物，察應寒溫，原其禍福，與神合契，可謂探賾窮通者也。」會稽東部都尉張紘又與融書曰：「虞仲翔前頗為論者所侵，美寶為質，雕摩益光，不足以損。」

Sun Quan made him Chief Commandant of Cavalry. Yu Fan repeatedly offended Sun Quan to his face with his remonstrances, and Sun Quan was displeased. Moreover, by nature he did not fit in with common ways and was much slandered; he was found guilty and banished to Jing County in Danyang. When Lü Meng was planning to take Guan Yu, he pleaded illness and returned to Jianye, and, since Yu Fan also knew medicine, asked to take him along—intending in this way also to have Yu Fan released. Later, when Lü Meng led his army west upriver, Mi Fang, Prefect of Nan Commandery, opened the city gates and came out to surrender. Before occupying the commandery city, Lü Meng had music played on the sandbank.

孫權以為騎都尉。翻數犯顏諫爭，權不能悅。又性不協俗，多見謗毀，坐徙丹楊涇縣。呂蒙圖取關羽，稱疾還建業，以翻兼知醫術，請以自隨，亦欲因此令翻得釋也。後蒙舉軍西上，南郡太守麋芳開城出降。蒙未據郡城而作樂沙上。

Yu Fan said to Lü Meng, “The only one here with a single-hearted loyalty is General Mi; how can all the people in the city be trusted? Why not hurry into the city and take hold of its keys?” Lü Meng at once followed this advice. At that time there was a plan for an ambush inside the city, but thanks to Yu Fan’s counsel it was never carried out. After Guan Yu was defeated, Sun Quan had Yu Fan divine by the milfoil, and he obtained Dui below and Kan above—the hexagram Jie—with the fifth line changing to form Lin. Yu Fan said, “Within two days he will surely lose his head.” It turned out just as Yu Fan had said. Sun Quan said, “You are not the equal of Fu Xi, but you can be compared with Dongfang Shuo.”

翻謂蒙曰：“今區區一心者麋將軍也，城中之人豈可盡信，何不急入城持其管籥乎？”蒙即從之。時城中有伏計，賴翻謀不行。關羽既敗，權使翻筮之，得兌下坎上，節，五爻變之臨，翻曰：「不出二日，必當斷頭。」果如翻言。權曰：「卿不及伏羲，可與東方朔為比矣。」

The Wei general Yu Jin had been captured by Guan Yu and was held prisoner in the city; when Sun Quan arrived, he released him and invited him to a meeting. Another day, Sun Quan rode out and took Yu Jin with him, riding side by side. Yu Fan shouted at Yu Jin, “You are a surrendered captive—how dare you ride with your horse’s head level with my lord’s!” He raised his whip to strike Yu Jin, but Sun Quan shouted at him to stop. Later, when Sun Quan gathered his officials for a drinking party aboard a tower ship, Yu Jin wept on hearing the music, and Yu Fan said again, “Do you think you can escape punishment by pretense?” Sun Quan was put out and displeased.

魏將于禁為羽所獲，繫在城中，權至釋之，請與相見。他日，權乘馬出，引禁並行，翻呵禁曰：「爾降虜，何敢與吾君齊馬首乎！」欲抗鞭擊禁，權呵止之。後權於樓船會羣臣飲，禁聞樂流涕，翻又曰：“汝欲以偽求免邪？”權悵然不平。¹

After Sun Quan had become King of Wu, toward the end of a festive banquet he rose himself to pour wine for the guests. Yu Fan lay prostrate on the ground, feigning drunkenness, and would not take the cup. When Sun Quan had moved on, Yu Fan got up and sat. At this Sun Quan flew into a great rage and took up his sword to strike him, and all those sitting in attendance were thrown into panic. Only Liu Ji, the Grand Minister of Agriculture, rose, threw his arms around Sun Quan, and remonstrated: “If Your Highness kills a worthy gentleman after three cups of wine, then even though Yu Fan is at fault, who in the realm will know that? Moreover, it is because Your Highness is able to accept the worthy and cherish the multitude that all within the seas look toward you in admiration. Would it be right to cast this away in a single morning?”

權既為吳王，歡宴之末。自起行酒，翻伏地陽醉，不持。權去，翻起坐。權於是大怒，手劍欲擊之，侍坐者莫不惶遽。惟大司農劉基起抱權諫曰：「大王以三爵之後手殺善士，雖翻有罪，天下孰知之？且大王以能容賢畜眾，故海內望風，今一朝棄之，可乎？」

Sun Quan said, “Even Cao Mengde killed Kong Wenju—what is Yu Fan to me?” Liu Ji said, “Mengde lightly did harm to men of learning, and the whole realm condemned him for it. Your Highness practices virtue and righteousness in person and aspires to rival Yao and Shun in glory—how can you liken yourself to him?” Because of this Yu Fan escaped with his life. Sun Quan then ordered his attendants that from then on, if he spoke of killing anyone after drinking, no one was to be killed.

權曰：「曹孟德尚殺孔文舉，孤於虞翻何有哉！」基曰：「孟德輕害士人，天下非之。大王躬行德義，欲與堯、舜比隆，何得自喻於彼乎？」翻由是得免。權因敕左右，自今酒後言殺，皆不得殺。

Once when Yu Fan was traveling by boat, he met Mi Fang. Many of those aboard Mi Fang’s boat wanted Yu Fan to make way for them himself, and the forerunner called out, “Make way for the general’s boat!” Yu Fan said in a harsh voice, “Having lost loyalty and good faith, how can one serve a lord? Is it right for someone who toppled two of his master’s cities to call himself a general?” Mi Fang shut his cabin door without answering and hastily made way for him. Later, when Yu Fan was traveling by carriage, he again passed Mi Fang’s camp, and the officers shut the gate so that the carriage could not get by. Yu Fan again said angrily, “They open when they should shut,

翻常乘船行，與麋芳相逢，芳船上人多欲令翻自避，先驅曰：“避將軍船！”翻厲聲曰：「失忠與信，何以事君？傾人二城，而稱將軍，可乎？」芳闔戶不應而遽避之。後翻乘車行，又經芳營門，吏閉門，車不得過。翻復怒曰：「當閉反開。

and shut when they should open. How is this proper conduct of affairs?” When Mi Fang heard of it, he looked ashamed. Yu Fan was frank and outspoken by nature and more than once gave offense in his cups. When Sun Quan was discussing immortals with Zhang Zhao, Yu Fan pointed at Zhang Zhao and said, “They are all dead men, yet you talk of immortals—how could there be immortals in the world!” Sun Quan’s anger had been building up over more than one incident, and he finally banished Yu Fan to Jiao Province. Although he was living in exile under punishment, Yu Fan never tired of lecturing and teaching, and he always had several hundred disciples. He also wrote glosses and commentaries on the Laozi, the Analects and the Discourses of the States, all of which have been handed down in the world.

當開反閉。豈得事宜邪？」芳聞之，有慚色。翻性疏直，數有酒失。權與張昭論及神仙，翻指昭曰：「彼皆死人，而語神仙，世豈有仙人也！」權積怒非一，遂徙翻交州。雖處罪放，而講學不倦，門徒常數百人。¹又為《老子》《論語》《國語》訓注，皆傳於世。²

Earlier, Ding Lan of Shanyin and Xu Ling of Taimo—one serving among the county clerks, the other unknown to the public—had been befriended by Yu Fan as soon as he saw them, and in the end both became famous. After more than ten years in the south, Yu Fan died at the age of seventy. He was brought back and buried in the old family tomb, and his wife and children were allowed to return.

初，山陰丁覽，太末徐陵，或在縣吏之中，或眾所未識，翻一見之，便與友善，終咸顯名。¹在南十餘年，年七十卒。²歸葬舊墓，妻子得還。³

His Son Yu Si and Others

子 汜等

Yu Fan had eleven sons. His fourth son, Yu Si, was the best known. At the beginning of Yong’an he went from Gentleman of the Selection Bureau to Palace Regular Cavalier Attendant; later he became Army Supervisor Envoy and campaigned against Fuyan, where he died of illness. Yu Si’s younger brother Yu Zhong was Prefect of Yidu. Yu Song was Colonel of the Yue Cavalry and rose through successive posts to Commandant of Justice and Prefect of Xiangdong and of Hejian. Yu Bing was Commandant of Justice, Master of Writing, and Prefect of Jiyin.

翻有十一子。第四子汜最知名，永安初，從選曹郎為散騎中常侍，後為監軍使者，討扶嚴，病卒，¹汜弟忠，宜都太守。²聳，越騎校尉。累遷廷尉，湘東、河間太守；³昺，廷尉尚書，濟陰太守。⁴

Lu Ji

陸績

Lu Ji, courtesy name Gongji, was a man of Wu County in Wu Commandery. His father, Lu Kang, was Prefect of Lujiang at the end of the Han. When Lu Ji was six years old, he met Yuan Shu in Jiujiang. Yuan Shu set out oranges, and Lu Ji tucked three into his robe; as he was bowing to take his leave, they fell to the ground. Yuan Shu said, “Young Master Lu, do you come as a guest and pocket the oranges?” Lu Ji knelt and answered, “I wanted to take them home to give to my mother.” Yuan Shu thought him most remarkable. When Sun Ce was in Wu, Zhang Zhao, Zhang Hong and Qin Song were his honored guests, and they were discussing together how the four seas were not yet at peace and must be brought to order by force of arms. Lu Ji, being young, sat in the lowest seat, but called out loudly from afar, “In the past Guan Yiwu (Guan Zhong) served as minister to Duke Huan of Qi, assembled the feudal lords nine times and set the realm right once, without using war chariots.

陸績字公紀，吳郡吳人也。父康，漢末為廬江太守。¹績年六歲，於九江見袁術。術出橘，績懷三枚，去，拜辭墮地，術謂曰：“陸郎作賓客而懷橘乎？”績跪答曰：「欲歸遺母。」術大奇之。孫策在吳，張昭、張紘、秦松為上賓，共論四海未泰，須當用武治而平之，績年少末坐，遙大聲言曰：「昔管夷吾相齊桓公，九合諸侯，一匡天下，不用兵車。

Confucius said, ‘If people far away do not submit, cultivate civil virtue to draw them in.’ Now those who are debating pay no attention to the art of winning men over by virtue and morality, but value only force of arms. Though I am only a child, in my own mind I am uneasy about this.” Zhang Zhao and the others were struck by him.

孔子曰：'遠人不服，則修文德以來之。'今論者不務道德懷取之術，而惟尚武，績雖童蒙，竊所未安也。」昭等異焉。

Lu Ji was of imposing appearance, broadly learned and well informed; there was nothing in astronomy, the calendar and mathematics that he had not studied thoroughly. Yu Fan, an elder of great renown, and Pang Tong, a fine scholar of Jing Province who was also somewhat older, were both his friends. When Sun Quan took charge of affairs, he called him to be Clerk of the Memorials Bureau, but his upright ways made him feared, and he was sent out as Prefect of Yulin, with the additional title of Lieutenant General and two thousand troops. Lu Ji was lame, and his heart was set on refined Confucian learning, so this was not what he wanted.

績容貌雄壯，博學多識，星歷算數無不該覽。虞翻舊齒名盛，龐統荊州令士，年亦差長，皆與績友善。孫權統事，辟為奏曹掾，以直道見憚，出為鬱林太守，加偏將軍，給兵二千人。績既有躄疾，又意在儒雅，非其志也。

Although he had military duties, he never gave up writing: he made the Chart of the Enveloping Heaven, annotated the Changes and explicated the Taixuan, all of which have been handed down in the world. Knowing in advance the day of his death, he composed a lament: “A man of purpose of the Han, Lu Ji of Wu Commandery, devoted himself in youth to the Odes and the Documents and in manhood delighted in the Rites and the Changes; he received a command to campaign in the south, fell ill and met misfortune, and has come to an unhappy fate—alas, how sad this parting!” He also said, “From now on, some sixty years hence, carts will share the same axle width and writing the same script; I regret that I shall not live to see it.”

雖有軍事，著述不廢，作《渾天圖》，注《易》釋《玄》，皆傳於世。豫自知亡日，乃為辭曰：「有漢志士吳郡陸績，幼敦《詩》、《書》，長玩《禮》、《易》受命南征，遘疾遇厄，遭命不幸，嗚呼悲隔！」又曰：「從今已去，六十年之外，車同軌，書同文，恨不及見也。」

He died at the age of thirty-two. His eldest son, Lu Hong, was Chief Commandant of the Southern Division of Kuaiji, and his second son, Lu Rui, was Colonel of the Changshui Garrison.

年三十二卒。長子宏，會稽南部都尉，次子睿，長水校尉。¹

Zhang Wen

張溫

Zhang Wen, courtesy name Huishu, was a man of Wu County in Wu Commandery. His father, Zhang Yun, made light of wealth and esteemed men of worth, and was well known in the province and the commandery; he became Clerk of the Eastern Bureau to Sun Quan and died. From his youth Zhang Wen cultivated integrity, and his appearance was striking. When Sun Quan heard of him, he asked his high ministers, “To whom of our time can Zhang Wen be compared?” Liu Ji, Minister of Agriculture, said, “He may be ranked with Quan Cong.” Gu Yong, Minister of Ceremonies, said, “Liu Ji does not know his character well. Zhang Wen has no equal in our time.”

張溫字惠恕，吳郡吳人也。父允，以輕財重士，名顯州郡，為孫權東曹掾。卒。溫少脩節操，容貌奇偉。權聞之，以問公卿曰：“溫當今與誰為比？”大農劉基曰：「可與全琮為輩。」太常顧雍曰：「基未詳其為人也。溫當今無輩。」

Sun Quan said, “In that case, Zhang Yun is not dead after all.” He summoned Zhang Wen, and when he arrived, received him in audience. His words and his replies were such that all who watched leaned forward in awe, and Sun Quan changed his countenance and treated him with added courtesy. When he withdrew, Zhang Zhao took his hand and said, “This old man is entrusting his hopes to you; you should understand that clearly.” He was appointed Consultant and Master of Writing of the Selection Bureau, then transferred to Grand Tutor to the Heir, and was greatly trusted and valued.

權曰：「如是，張允不死也。」征到延見，文辭占對，觀者傾竦，權改容加禮。罷出，張昭執其手曰：「老夫托意，君宜明之。」拜議郎、選曹尚書，徙太子太傅，甚見信重。

At this time, aged thirty-two, he was sent on a mission to Shu as General of the Household Who Supports Righteousness. Sun Quan said to Zhang Wen, “You are not a man who ought to go far away, but I fear that Zhuge Kongming does not understand why I have been in communication with the Cao clan, so I must trouble you to go. Once the Shanyue have all been removed, I intend to join with Shu in a great alliance. The duty of an envoy is to receive his commission, not the words he is to speak.” Zhang Wen replied, “At home I have no counsel worthy of a trusted adviser, and abroad no talent for answering on my own; I fear I will have neither the merit of Zhang Lao, who spread his lord’s good name, nor the success of Zichan in presenting affairs.

時年三十二，以輔義中郎將使蜀。權謂溫曰：「卿不宜遠出，恐諸葛孔明不知吾所以與曹氏通意，故屈卿行。若山越都除，便欲大構於蜀。行人之義，受命不受辭也。」溫對曰：「臣入無腹心之規，出無專對之用，懼無張老延譽之功，又無子產陳事之效。

But Zhuge Liang has far-reaching insight and sound judgment, and will surely know, with his wondrous foresight, when it is fitting to bend and when to stretch. Moreover, favored as we are with the court’s heaven-wide grace, when I infer Zhuge Liang’s heart, he will surely harbor no doubt or divided loyalty.” When Zhang Wen reached Shu, he went to the palace and presented a memorial: “In the past, Gaozong, though in silent mourning, made the fortunes of Yin flourish in a second rise, and King Cheng, though a child, raised the virtue of Zhou to the height of great peace; their merit covered all under heaven, and their fame has resounded without end. Now Your Majesty, with your intelligent and discerning endowment, matches the ancients: you entrust the hundred affairs to worthy ministers and range about you brilliant talents that shine forth, so that far and near all look toward you, and there are none who do not rejoice and rely on you.

然諸葛亮達見計數，必知神慮屈申之宜，加受朝廷天覆之惠，推亮之心，必無疑貳。」溫至蜀，詣闕拜章曰：昔高宗以諒闇昌殷祚於再興，成王以幼沖隆周德於太平，功冒溥天，聲貫罔極。今陛下以聰明之姿，等契往古，總百揆於良佐，參列精之炳耀，遐邇望風，莫不欣賴。

The state of Wu is exerting all its strength to bring order to the banks of the Yangzi, and wishes, together with you who possess the Way, to pacify and unite all within the realm; it entrusts its heart to you and shares your counsels, as if swearing by the waters of the Yellow River. But military affairs are pressing and men for service are few, so, bearing the shame of my own crudeness and folly, I, your humble servant Wen, have been sent to convey our sincere friendship. Your Majesty honors propriety and righteousness, and has not scorned or slighted me. From the distant border to the near outskirts of your capital I have again and again been welcomed and comforted, and gracious edicts have been bestowed upon me time after time; honored by this, I am filled with awe, trembling as if startled. I respectfully present the sealed letter I have brought.”

吳國勤任旅力，清澄江滸，願與有道平一宇內，委心協規，有如河水，軍事興煩，使役乏少，是以忍鄙倍之羞，使下臣溫通致情好。陛下敦崇禮義，未便恥忽。臣自遠境，及即近郊，頻蒙勞來，恩詔輒加，以榮自懼，悚怛若驚。謹奉所賚函書一封。

Shu held his talents in very high esteem. After his return, before long he was sent into Yuzhang to organize troops and send them out, but the undertaking was not completed.

蜀甚貴其才。還，頃之，使入豫章部伍出兵，事業未究。

Sun Quan had secretly resented Zhang Wen’s praise of the government of Shu, and he also disliked how great his fame had become and how the people were dazzled by him; fearing that in the end he would not be of use to him, he was thinking of some way to injure him. It happened that the affair of Ji Yan arose, and he seized on this to bring charges. Ji Yan, courtesy name Zixiu, was also a man of Wu Commandery; Zhang Wen had brought him forward and made him Gentleman of the Selection Bureau, and he rose to Master of Writing. Ji Yan was stubborn and severe by nature and fond of pure critique. Seeing that the gentlemen of the offices were at that time a murky and muddled lot, many of them unfit for their posts, he wished to judge the good and the bad and separate them, placing the worthy and the foolish in different ranks.

權既陰銜溫稱美蜀政，又嫌其聲名大盛，眾庶炫惑，恐終不為己用，思有以中傷之，會暨艷事起，遂因此發舉。艷字子休，亦吳郡人也，溫引致之，以為選曹郎，至尚書。艷性狷厲，好為清議，見時郎署混濁淆雜，多非其人，欲臧否區別，賢愚異貫。

He impeached the whole body of officials and examined and sorted the three offices of court gentlemen; for the most part he demoted men from high posts to low ones, lowering them several grades, so that fewer than one in ten kept his former position. Those who in office had been greedy and base, whose aims and integrity were foul and low, he made all into military clerks, setting up camps and headquarters to house them. Then voices of resentment and anger piled up, and insidious slander took effect. People vied in saying that Ji Yan and Xu Biao, Gentleman of the Selection Bureau, acted solely out of private feeling and that their likes and dislikes did not follow the public good. Ji Yan and Xu Biao were both convicted and committed suicide.

彈射百僚，核選三署，率皆貶高就下，降損數等，其守故者十未能一，其居位貪鄙，志節污卑者，皆以為軍吏，置營府以處之。而怨憤之聲積，浸潤之譖行矣。競言艷及選曹郎徐彪，專用私情，愛憎不由公理。艷、彪皆坐自殺。

Zhang Wen had long been of one mind with Ji Yan and Xu Biao, often exchanging letters and news with them, so Zhang Wen was at once charged as well. Sun Quan had him confined by the authorities and issued an order: “When I summoned Zhang Wen in the past, I received him with an open mind; when he arrived, I gave him prominent office and treated him better than my old ministers. Who could have imagined that he would prove vicious and base, harboring nothing but disloyalty! Ji Yan’s father and elder brother once sided with wicked rebels, but I did not hold this against him, and so I kept him close and gave him office, to see what kind of man Ji Yan was. Observing him in the meantime, his true nature did indeed come to light.

溫宿與艷、彪同意，數交書疏，聞問往還，即罪溫。權幽之有司，下令曰：昔令召張溫，虛己待之，既至顯授，有過舊臣，何圖兇醜，專挾異心！昔暨艷父兄，附於惡逆，寡人無忌，故近而任之，欲觀艷何如。察其中間，形態果見。

Yet Zhang Wen bound himself to him in life and death; in all Ji Yan’s promotions and dismissals, it was Zhang Wen who took the lead. They were each other’s outside and inside, belly and back, and anyone not of Zhang Wen’s faction had his faults sought out and was made the subject of talk. Furthermore, I earlier put Zhang Wen in charge of three commanderies, directing their clerks, retainers and remaining troops; because I feared trouble at the time and wanted him to return quickly, I gave him ceremonial halberds and encouraged him with authority. He then went straight to Yuzhang and submitted a memorial asking to attack the hardened outlaws, and I trusted and accepted his word.

而溫與之結連死生，艷所進退。皆溫所為頭角，更相表裡，共為腹背，非溫之黨，即就疵瑕，為之生論。又前任溫董督三郡，指撝吏客及殘餘兵，時恐有事，欲令速歸，故授棨戟，獎以威柄。乃便到豫章，表討宿惡，寡人信受其言。

I specially entrusted to him five thousand men of the Raozhang, Zhangxia and Jiefan troops. Later, hearing that Cao Pi was coming out in person to the Huai and Si rivers, I instructed Zhang Wen in advance to come out at once in an emergency. But Zhang Wen brought all his generals inland and deployed them deep in the mountains, and did not come when ordered. It was only thanks to Cao Pi withdrawing of his own accord—otherwise, who can fathom how things might have gone? Furthermore, Yin Li was originally summoned for his skill in divining by the signs, yet Zhang Wen asked more than once to take him along to Shu, where he puffed him up in a foreign state and spread talk on his behalf.

特以繞帳、帳下、解煩兵五千人付之。後聞曹丕自出淮、泗，故豫敕溫有急便出。而溫悉內諸將，布於深山，被命不至。賴丕自退。不然，已往豈可深計，又殷禮者，本占候召，而溫先後乞將到蜀，扇揚異國，為之譚論。

Moreover, when Yin Li returned, he ought to have gone back to his own post, yet he was made acting Gentleman of the Bureau of Households in the Secretariat; such an appointment came from none other than Zhang Wen. Zhang Wen also told Jia Yuan, ‘I will recommend you as a Censor,’ and told Jiang Kang, ‘I will have you replace Jia Yuan,’ peddling the favors of the state to build up his own power. Considering his treacherous heart, there is nothing he would not do. I cannot bear to have him executed and exposed in the market and the court, so I now expel him back to his home commandery to serve as a menial clerk. Ah, Zhang Wen—count yourself fortunate to escape punishment!”

又禮之還，當親本職，而令守尚書戶曹郎，如此署置，在溫而已。又溫語賈原，當薦卿作御史，語蔣康，當用卿代賈原，專衒賈國恩，為己形勢。揆其奸心，無所不為。不忍暴於市朝，今斥還本郡，以給廝吏。嗚呼溫也，免罪為幸！

General Luo Tong submitted a memorial pleading Zhang Wen’s case: “I humbly consider that Your Highness was endowed by Heaven with bright virtue and has had a sage mind opened by the spirits, summoning outstanding men from the four quarters and placing the brilliant in your palace and court. The host of officers have all received your generous favor, and Zhang Wen above all enjoyed the most lavish bounty. Yet Zhang Wen has brought guilt and reproof upon himself and betrayed the honor you showed him; when one thinks of this, it is truly grievous. But in my dealings with him I have watched and listened on behalf of the state and know his circumstances well, and so I venture to set out the reasons in confidence.

將軍駱統表理溫曰：伏惟殿下，天生明德，神啟聖心，招髦秀於四方，署俊乂於宮朝。多士既受普篤之恩，張溫又蒙最隆之施。而溫自招罪譴，孤負榮遇，念其如此，誠可悲疚。然臣周旋之間，為國觀聽，深知其狀，故密陳其理。

In truth, Zhang Wen had no disloyalty in his heart and no trace of rebellion in his deeds. He is simply still young and not yet steady and grave, yet he was honored with brilliant favor and possessed outstanding talent; he raised his voice in judging good and bad and emulated those who debate praise and blame. So those who chase power envied his favor, those who compete for fame were jealous of his talent, the silent disapproved of his talk, and those with flaws resented his judgments. This is what your servants ought to examine in detail and what an enlightened court ought to investigate thoroughly. In the past, Jia Yi was a most loyal minister and Emperor Wen of Han a most enlightened ruler, yet at a single word from the Marquis of Jiang and Guan Ying, Jia Yi was sent far away.

溫實心無他情，事無逆跡，但年紀尚少，鎮重尚淺，而戴赫烈之寵，體卓偉之才，亢臧否之譚，效褒貶之議。於是務勢者妒其寵，爭名者嫉其才，玄默者非其譚，瑕釁者諱其議，此臣下所當詳辨，明朝所當究察也，昔賈誼，至忠之臣也，漢文，大明之君也，然而絳、灌一言，賈誼遠退。

Why was that? Because those who hated him did so deeply, and those who slandered him did so skillfully. Yet the error of listening to them became known throughout the realm, and the fault was made manifest to later ages. That is why Confucius said, ‘To be a ruler is hard; to be a minister is not easy.’ Though Zhang Wen’s wisdom does not reach the level of the Vertical and Horizontal strategists and his martial prowess is not that of a roaring tiger, his broad and refined nature, his outstanding virtue, the brilliance of his writing and the eloquence of his arguments stand far above the crowd and shine upon the age; no one of our time can match him. So when one considers his talent, he is to be regretted; when one speaks of his offense, he may be forgiven.

何者？疾之者深，譖之者巧也。然而誤聞於天下，失彰於後世，故孔子曰：‘為君難，為臣不易’也。溫雖智非從橫，武非虓武，然其弘雅之素，英秀之德，文章之采，論議之辯，卓躒冠群，煒曄曜世，世人未有及之者也。故論溫才即可惜，言罪則可恕。

If you would restrain your stern wrath to pardon a man of abundant virtue, and keep a worthy talent to strengthen your great enterprise, it would truly be a fine glory for an enlightened court and a splendid sight for the four quarters. The state did not count Ji Yan among families to be shunned but treated him like any commoner. Therefore he was first employed by Zhu Zhi, next recommended by the people at large, then given office by the enlightened court, and also came to be friends with Zhang Wen. The bond between lord and subject is the weightiest of all bonds, and the friendship between friends is the lightest of all ties.

若忍威烈以赦盛德，有賢才以敦大業，固明朝之休光，四方之麗觀也。國家之於暨艷，不內之忌族，猶等之平民，是故先見用於朱治，次見舉於眾人，中見任於明朝，亦見交於溫也。君臣之義，義之最重，朋友之交，交之最輕者也。

Because the state did not shrink from entering into the weightiest bond with Ji Yan, Zhang Wen likewise did not shrink from the lightest tie of friendship with him. At that time Ji Yan was favored by those above, and so Zhang Wen, below, quietly befriended him. Now, hardened outlaws left free in the mountains and ravines become formidable bandits, but settled on level land they become strong soldiers. That is why Zhang Wen thought to take in the hardened outlaws, removing the harm of formidable bandits and adding to the edge of strong soldiers.

國家不嫌於艷為最重之義，是以溫亦不嫌與艷為最輕之交也。時世寵之於上，溫竊親之於下也。夫宿惡之民，放逸山險，則為勁寇，將置平土，則為健兵，故溫念在欲取宿惡，以除勁寇之害，而增健兵之銳也。

It was only that things went awry of themselves, and his achievement fell short of his words. Yet if one counts the troops he sent and compares them with those of Xu Yan, in number Zhang Wen’s were not fewer, in strength and usefulness they were not inferior, and in speed he was not behind. Thus he was able to reach the front in the autumn and winter months, in time for the emergency, not daring to forget your favor or to hold back his strength. As for Zhang Wen praising Yin Li together with others when he went to Shu, though a subject should have no dealings beyond the borders, there is something to be said in his defense.

但自錯落，功不副言。然計其送兵，以比許晏，數之多少，溫不減之。用之強羸，溫不下之。至於遲速，溫不後之，故得及秋冬之月，赴有警之期，不敢忘恩而遺力也。溫之到蜀，共譽殷禮，雖臣無境外之交，亦有可原也。

Dealings beyond the borders means following one another privately without a ruler’s command, or secretly exchanging word on matters that are not the business of the state. But if one goes on a commission and, having cultivated friendship between the rulers, also expresses one’s own feelings, that too is the proper way of an envoy. Thus when Confucius was sent to a neighboring state, there was the rite of a private audience, and when Jizi paid his visits to the states of the central plain, there was the custom of conversing at banquets. The ancients had a saying: ‘If you wish to know a ruler, look at those he sends’; seeing the brightness of those below, one knows the brilliance of the one above.

境外之交，謂無君命而私相從，非國事而陰相聞者也。若以命行，既修君好，因敘己情，亦使臣之道也。故孔子使鄰國，則有私覿之禮。季子聘諸夏，亦有燕譚之義也。古人有言，欲知其君，觀其所使，見其下之明明，知其上之赫赫。

If Zhang Wen, by praising Yin Li, was able to make the people there admire him, then truly this made plain how many good men we have among our ministers, showed that the right man had been chosen as envoy, displayed the excellence of our state in a foreign land, and spread our ruler’s commands in another country. Thus Zhao Wenzi of Jin, at the covenant in Song, praised Sui Hui to Qu Jian, and Wangsun Yu of Chu, on his mission to Jin, praised the Left Historian to Zhao Yang. These too were men who extolled the ministers of their own country to the chief ministers of another, and the classics and their commentaries praised them for bringing glory to their states rather than censuring them for foreign dealings.

溫若譽禮，能使彼歎之，誠所以昭我臣之多良，明使之得其人，顯國美於異境，揚君命於他邦。是以晉趙文子之盟於宋也，稱隨會於屈建。楚王孫圉之使於晉也，譽左史於趙鞅。亦向他國之輔，而歎本邦之臣，經傳美之以光國，而不譏之以外交也。

Wang Jing had no care for the times in his heart and did not hasten to his duties in his conduct; Zhang Wen impeached him without favor and pressed the case without leniency, and so he and Wang Jing became bitter enemies. This is clear proof that he gave his utmost in integrity. In the strength of the troops he commanded and in his usefulness in carrying out duties, Wang Jing surpassed both Jia Yuan and Jiang Kang; if Zhang Wen would not indulge private feeling even to stay on good terms with Wang Jing, how would he dare to sell favors in order to league himself with Jia Yuan and Jiang Kang? Moreover, Jia Yuan was not diligent in his post and was unequal to his duties, and Zhang Wen repeatedly met him with a displeased look and censured him in a sharp voice.

王靖內不憂時，外不趨事，溫彈之不私，推之不假，於是與靖遂為大怨，此其盡節之明驗也。靖兵眾之勢，干任之用，皆勝於賈原、蔣康，溫尚不容私以安於靖，豈敢賣恩以協原、康邪？又原在職不勤，當事不堪，溫數對以醜色，彈以急聲。

If he had truly wished to sell favors and stir up disorder, he would have had no need to covet Jia Yuan. All these several charges fail to fit when checked against the facts and find no confirmation when compared with what others say. I venture to think that even a sovereign with the endowments of a sage and extraordinary wisdom, being a single person governing a multitude of millions, looking out from within the tiers of his palace beyond the four quarters, seeking to see clearly the circumstances of all his subordinates and the principles of the myriad affairs, will still find it hard to be all-encompassing. He should therefore listen to and examine the words of his subordinates, so as to broaden the brilliance of his perception.

若其誠欲賣恩作亂，則亦不必貪原也。凡此數者，校之於事既不合，參之於眾亦不驗。臣竊念人君雖有聖哲之姿，非常之智，然以一人之身御兆民之眾，從層宮之內，瞰四國之外，昭群下之情，求萬機之理，猶未易周也，固當聽察群下之言，以廣聰明之烈。

Now those who condemn Zhang Wen are earnest, and I who defend him am equally fervent; the words on both sides are skillful and the intent on both sides heartfelt. Each says that he acts for the state—who would say that he acts for private ends? In a hurried moment it is hard to tell them apart at once. Yet with Your Highness’s intelligence and wisdom examining the rights and wrongs of the arguments, if you calm your spirit, dwell on the matter in thought, and investigate both the fine and the coarse, what circumstance could be so doubtful as not to come out, what affair so obscure as not to be brought to light? Zhang Wen is no intimate of mine, nor am I someone who is fond of Zhang Wen. The gentlemen of old all suppressed their private resentments to add to their lord’s clarity of judgment.

今者人非溫既殷勤，臣是溫又契闊，辭則俱巧，意則俱至，各自言欲為國，誰其言欲為私，倉卒之間，猶難即別。然以殿下之聰睿，察講論之曲直。若潛神留思，纖粗研核，情何嫌而不宣，事何昧而不昭哉？溫非親臣，臣非愛溫者也，昔之君子，皆抑私忿，以增君明。

They practiced this alone before me, and I would be ashamed to let it lapse after them; so today I have at last set forth what I have long held in my heart. In offering my foolish words to your sacred hearing, I am truly giving my whole heart to the enlightened court, not thinking of Zhang Wen’s own person.”

彼獨行之於前，臣恥廢之於後，故遂發宿懷於今日。納愚言於聖聽，實盡心於明朝，非有念於溫身也。

Sun Quan in the end did not accept it.

權終不納。

Six years later Zhang Wen died of illness. His two younger brothers, Zhang Zhi and Zhang Bai, also had a reputation for talent, but were cast aside together with Zhang Wen.

後六年，溫病卒。二弟祗、白，亦有才名，與溫俱廢。¹

Luo Tong

駱統

Luo Tong, courtesy name Gongxu, was a man of Wushang in Kuaiji Commandery. His father Luo Jun rose in office to Chancellor of Chen and was killed by Yuan Shu. Luo Tong’s mother remarried and became a concubine of Hua Xin. Luo Tong was then eight years old, and so he returned to Kuaiji with his kinsmen and retainers. His mother saw him off; he bowed in farewell and got into the carriage, faced forward and did not look back, while his mother wept behind him. The driver said, “Your lady mother is still there.” Luo Tong said, “I do not want to add to my mother’s longing; that is why I do not look back.” He served his father’s principal wife with great care.

駱統字公緒，會稽烏傷人也。父俊，官至陳相。為袁術所害。¹統母改適，為華歆小妻，統時八歲，遂與親客歸會稽。其母送之，拜辭上車，面而不顧，其母泣涕於後。御者曰：「夫人猶在也。」統曰：「不欲增母思，故不顧耳。」事適母甚謹。

At that time there was a famine, and many people of his home district and travelers from afar were in want; for their sake Luo Tong cut down on his own food and drink. His elder sister, who was kind and of good conduct, had been widowed and returned home without children. Seeing Luo Tong, she felt very sorry for him and asked him the reason several times. Luo Tong said, “When gentlemen do not have even enough dregs and husks, how could I bear to eat my fill alone!” His sister said, “If that is truly so, why did you not tell me, instead of making yourself suffer like this?” So she gave Luo Tong grain of her own, and also told their mother, who likewise thought him worthy and had him distribute it. From this he became well known.

時饑荒，鄉里及遠方客多有困乏，統為之飲食衰少。其姊仁愛有行，寡歸無子，見統甚哀之，數問其故。統曰：「士大夫糟糠不足，我何心獨飽！」姊曰：「誠如是，何不告我，而自苦若此？」乃自以私粟與統，又以告母，母亦賢之，遂使分施，由是顯名。

When Sun Quan, as a general, took charge of Kuaiji as Prefect, Luo Tong at the age of twenty was appointed on trial as Chancellor of Wucheng. Though the households there numbered over ten thousand, all praised his kindly governance. Sun Quan commended him, summoned him as Officer of Merit and acting Chief Commandant of Cavalry, and gave him the daughter of his cousin Sun Fu as wife. Luo Tong set his mind on filling gaps and scrutinizing affairs; whatever he heard or saw, he reported that very evening without waiting for morning. He constantly urged Sun Quan to honor the worthy and receive gentlemen, and to seek diligently what should be reduced or added; on days of feasts and bestowals he should have each person come forward individually, ask how they were faring, show them close attention, encourage and coax them to speak, and observe their aims and inclinations, so that all would be moved by his kindness, cherish his righteousness, and harbor a desire to repay him.

孫權以將軍領會稽太守，統年二十，試為烏程相，民戶過萬，咸歎其惠理。權嘉之，召為功曹，行騎都尉，妻以從兄輔女。統志在補察，苟所聞見，夕不待旦。常勸權以尊賢接士，勤求損益，饗賜之日，可人人別進。問其燥溼，加以密意，誘諭使言，察其志趣，令皆感恩戴義，懷欲報之心。

Sun Quan adopted his advice. Luo Tong went out as General of the Household Who Builds Loyalty, commanding three thousand archer-officers. When Ling Tong died, he also took command of his troops.

權納用焉。出為建忠中郎將，領武射吏三千人。及淩統死，復領其兵。

At this time conscription and labor service were frequent, and on top of that came epidemics, so that the registered households dwindled. Luo Tong submitted a memorial: “I have heard that one who rules a state regards holding territory as strength and wealth, controlling awe and favor as honor and dignity, making virtue and righteousness shine as glory and distinction, and perpetuating his line through the generations as abundant blessing. Yet wealth must come from the people’s production, strength relies on the people’s labor, awe depends on the people’s force, blessing comes from the people’s increase, virtue awaits the people’s flourishing, and righteousness is carried out through the people. Only when these six are all in place can one respond to Heaven and receive its blessing, preserve one’s clan, and bring security to the state.

是時徵役繁數，重以疫癘，民戶損耗，統上疏曰：臣聞君國者，以據疆土為彊富，制威福為尊貴，曜德義為榮顯，永世胤為豐祚。然財須民生，彊賴民力，威恃民勢，福由民殖，德俟民茂，義以民行，六者既備，然後應天受祚，保族宜邦。

The Book of Documents says, ‘Without their sovereign, the multitude cannot give one another peace; without the multitude, the sovereign cannot rule the four quarters.’ Reasoning from this, the people are made secure by their ruler, and the ruler accomplishes his aims through the people: this is an unchanging principle. Now the powerful enemy has not yet been destroyed and the realm within the seas is not yet at peace; the three armies have unending service and the Yangtze frontier has defenses that cannot be relaxed. Frequent conscription and levies have piled up over many years, and to these have been added the calamities of plague, death and mourning, so that the commanderies and counties lie waste and empty and the fields are overgrown and deserted. I hear that in the subordinate towns the households are steadily dwindling, that many of those left are infirm and old, and that there are few able-bodied men. On the day I heard this, my heart felt as though it were on fire.

書曰：『衆非后無能胥以寧，后非衆無以辟四方。』推是言之，則民以君安，君以民濟，不易之道也。今彊敵未殄，海內未乂，三軍有無已之役，江境有不釋之備，徵賦調數，由來積紀，加以殃疫死喪之災，郡縣荒虛，田疇蕪曠，聽聞屬城，民戶浸寡，又多殘老，少有丁夫，聞此之日，心若焚燎。

When I consider the cause of this, the common people are ignorant; they have by nature a love of their land and a reluctance to move, and moreover those who have gone out as soldiers one after another have, while alive, suffered hardship without warmth or a full stomach, and when dead have had their bones abandoned, never to return. Therefore they cling all the more to home and dread distant places, regarding going as the same as death. Whenever there is a levy, the weak and honest who stay at home with heavy family burdens are the first to be sent off. Those with a little property empty their households to pay bribes, without caring if they are ruined. The nimble and reckless flee into the hills and passes and join up with gangs of bad men.

思尋所由，小民無知，既有安土重遷之性，且又前後出為兵者，生則困苦無有溫飽，死則委棄骸骨不反，是以尤用戀本畏遠，同之於死。每有徵發，羸謹居家重累者先見輸送。小有財貨，傾居行賂，不顧窮盡。輕剽者則迸入險阻，黨就羣惡。

The common folk are drained and exhausted, crying out in distress and turmoil. In distress and turmoil they do not pursue their livelihoods; not pursuing their livelihoods, they fall into poverty; falling into poverty, they take no joy in life. So when their mouths and bellies are pressed, wicked thoughts stir and many break away in rebellion. I also hear that among the people, those whose households cannot quite support themselves mostly do not raise the children born to them, and the poor soldiers of the military farms also often abandon their children. Heaven gives them life and their parents kill them; I fear this offends against the harmony of nature and disturbs yin and yang.

百姓虛竭，嗷然愁擾，愁擾則不營業，不營業則致窮困，致窮困則不樂生，故口腹急，則姦心動而攜叛多也。又聞民閒，非居處小能自供，生產兒子，多不起養；屯田貧兵，亦多棄子。天則生之，而父母殺之，既懼干逆和氣，感動陰陽。

Moreover, Your Highness has laid the foundations and established a state, an enterprise meant to be without end. The strong neighbor and great enemy cannot be destroyed in a hurry, and the constant guarding of the frontier is no garrison duty of a year’s term; yet if soldiers and people dwindle and the next generation is not raised, that is no way to last through the long years and achieve success. A state’s relation to its people is like that of water to a boat: when calm it is safe, when agitated it is dangerous. The people may be foolish but cannot be deceived, weak but cannot be overcome. Therefore the sage kings gave them great weight, for fortune and misfortune come from them; so they waxed and waned together with the people, and shaped their government by observing the times.

且惟殿下開基建國，乃無窮之業也，彊鄰大敵非造次所滅，疆埸常守非期月之戍，而兵民減耗，後生不育，非所以歷遠年，致成功也。夫國之有民，猶水之有舟，停則以安，擾則以危，愚而不可欺，弱而不可勝，是以聖王重焉，禍福由之，故與民消息，觀時制政。

At present the senior officials whose duty is to deal directly with the people count as competence only getting things done and supplied, seeking merely to get past the emergencies before their eyes; few any longer govern through kindness, in keeping with Your Highness’s benevolence that covers all like Heaven and your virtue of diligent care. The government and customs of officials and people are declining day by day and gradually sinking into decay; this state of affairs cannot last long. An illness should be treated before it becomes grave, and a trouble is best removed before it runs deep. I beg that Your Highness spare a little of the leisure left from the myriad affairs of state to give this your attention and reflection: to restore what lies waste and empty, to plan deeply and far ahead, to nurture the people who remain and enrich the resources of men and goods, so as to shine alongside the three luminaries and stand as exalted as Heaven and Earth. This is the great wish of your servant Luo Tong; if it is fulfilled, I could die and yet not decay.”

方今長吏親民之職，惟以辨具為能，取過目前之急，少復以恩惠為治，副稱殿下天覆之仁，勤恤之德者。官民政俗，日以彫弊，漸以陵遲，勢不可久。夫治疾及其未篤，除患貴其未深，願殿下少以萬機餘閒，留神思省，補復荒虛，深圖遠計，育殘餘之民，阜人財之用，參曜三光，等崇天地。臣統之大願，足以死而不朽矣。

Sun Quan was moved by Luo Tong’s words and paid close attention to the matter.

權感統言，深加意焉。

For following Lu Xun to defeat the Shu army at Yidu, he was promoted to Lieutenant General. At the start of Huangwu, when Cao Ren attacked Ruxu and sent his subordinate general Chang Diao and others to raid Zhongzhou, Luo Tong and Yan Gui together resisted and defeated them; he was enfeoffed as Marquis of Xinyang Village and later became Area Commander at Ruxu. He repeatedly set out proposals on what was expedient, sending up dozens of letters over time; all that he said was good, but as the texts are numerous they are not all recorded here. In particular, he argued that private recruiting of troops fostered evil among the people, corrupted customs and bred a spirit of disaffection, and should urgently be abolished; Sun Quan debated it back and forth with him and in the end carried it out. He died in the seventh year of Huangwu, at the age of thirty-six.

以隨陸遜破蜀軍於宜都，遷偏將軍。黃武初，曹仁攻濡須，使別將常雕等襲中洲，統與嚴圭共拒破之，封新陽亭侯，後為濡須督。數陳便宜，前後書數十上，所言皆善，文多故不悉載。尤以占募在民閒長惡敗俗，生離叛之心，急宜絕置，權與相反覆，終遂行之。年三十六，黃武七年卒。

Lu Mao

陸瑁

Lu Mao, courtesy name Zizhang, was the younger brother of the Chancellor Lu Xun. From youth he loved learning and was devoted to righteousness. Chen Rong of Chen Commandery, Puyang Yi of Chenliu, Jiang Zuan of Pei Commandery, Yuan Di of Guangling and others were all alone and poor but had high aims. When they came to stay with Lu Mao, he shared what little he had and gave them the best, sharing plenty and want alike with them. Xu Yuan, a man of the same commandery who had moved to live in Kuaiji, had never known him, but on his deathbed left him a letter entrusting his young orphans to him; Lu Mao built a tomb for him and took in and guided his son. Also, Lu Mao’s paternal uncle Lu Ji died early, leaving two sons and a daughter, all only a few years old; Lu Mao took them in and raised them, and parted from them only when they were grown.

陸瑁字子璋，丞相遜弟也。少好學篤義。陳國陳融、陳留濮陽逸、沛郡蔣纂、廣陵袁迪等，皆單貧有志。就瑁遊處，¹瑁割少分甘，與同豐約。及同郡徐原，爰居會稽，素不相識，臨死遺書，託以孤弱，瑁為起立墳墓，收導其子，又瑁從父績早亡，二男一女，皆數歲以還，瑁迎攝養，至長乃別。

The province and commandery summoned and recommended him, but he accepted neither. At that time the Master of Writing Ji Yan was vigorously passing judgment on merit and demerit, grading and ruling on the officials of the Three Bureaus, and often exposed people’s hidden faults to make their offenses known. Lu Mao wrote to him, saying, “The sage praises the good and pities the foolish, forgets faults and remembers merits, and so brings about a beautiful transformation. Moreover, the royal enterprise has now just been founded and is about to unify the realm; this is like the time when Emperor Gao of Han overlooked flaws and took men into service. If you divide good and bad into separate streams and prize judgments like the Monthly Critiques of Runan and Yingchuan, you may indeed invigorate customs and make the teaching clear, but I fear it will not be easy to put into practice.

州郡辟舉，皆不就。時尚書暨艷盛明臧否，差斷三署。頗揚人暗昧之失，以顯其謫。瑁與書曰：「夫聖人嘉善矜愚，忘過記功，以成美化。加今王業始建，將一大統，此乃漢高棄瑕錄用之時也，若令善惡異流，貴汝潁月旦之評，誠可以厲俗明教，然恐未易行也。

You should model yourself, from the distant past, on Zhongni’s love for all, and from the middle past on Guo Tai’s broad generosity; that would bring immediate benefit to the great Way.” Ji Yan could not do so, and in the end came to ruin.

宜遠模仲尼之泛愛，中則郭泰之弘濟，近有益於大道也。」艷不能行，卒以致敗。

In the first year of Jiahe he was summoned by official carriage and appointed Court Consultant and Master of Writing of the Selection Bureau. Sun Quan, angered by Gongsun Yuan’s cunning deceit and treachery, wished to campaign against him in person. Lu Mao sent up a memorial of remonstrance: “I have heard that the sage kings controlled the distant barbarians merely by keeping them on a loose rein, and did not seek to hold them permanently. Thus when the ancients divided up the land they called these regions the ‘wild zone,’ meaning that they were vague and inconstant and could not be held. Now Gongsun Yuan is a petty villain among the eastern barbarians, screened off in a corner of the sea; though he wears a human face, he is no different from a beast.

嘉禾元年，公車征瑁，拜議郎、選曹尚書。孫權忿公孫淵之巧詐反覆，欲親征之，瑁上疏諫曰：臣聞聖王之御遠夷，羈縻而已，不常保有，故古者制地，謂之荒服，言慌惚無常，不可保也。今淵東夷小醜，屏在海隅，雖托人面，與禽獸無異。

The reason our state spared no goods or treasure in sending them to him from afar was not that we admired his virtue or righteousness; it was truly that we wished to lure him in and make a fool of him so as to obtain his horses. That Gongsun Yuan, arrogant and cunning, has relied on distance to defy our commands is the usual behavior of the wild tribes of the frontier; why should it be thought so very strange? In the past the emperors of Han also set their minds on dealing with foreign barbarians, dispatching envoys and scattering goods until the Western Regions were full of them; though at times there was respectful compliance, the envoys who were harmed and the goods lost along with them were beyond counting.

國家所為不愛貨寶遠以加之者，非嘉其德義也，誠欲誘納愚弄，以規其馬耳。淵之驕黠，恃遠負命，此乃荒貊常態，豈足深怪？昔漢諸帝亦嘗銳意以事外夷，馳使散貨，充滿西域，雖時有恭從，然其使人見害，財貨並沒，不可勝數。

Now Your Majesty, unable to restrain your vexation, wishes to cross the great sea and set foot on his land in person; in the foolish counsel of your ministers, we humbly consider this unsafe. Why? The northern bandits share a border with our state; if there is any gap, they will seize the opportunity and come. The reason for crossing the sea in search of horses and bending our will to Gongsun Yuan was to meet the urgent needs before our eyes and remove the illness at our heart. To abandon the root instead and chase the branches, give up what is near to deal with what is far, change plans out of anger and set the host in motion out of indignation—this is just what the crafty caitiffs would wish to hear, and not the best plan for the great Wu.

今陛下不忍悁悁之忿，欲越巨海，身踐其土，群臣愚議，竊謂不安。何者？北寇與國，壤地連接，苟有間隙，應機而至。夫所以越海求馬，曲意於淵者，為赴目前之急，除腹心之疾也；而更棄本追末，捐近治遠，忿以改規，激以動眾，斯乃猾虜所願聞，非大吳之至計也。

Further, the art of war consists in wearing one another down through toil and service, and in awaiting the tired while oneself rested; the difference between gain and loss is always keenly felt. Moreover, Tazhu is still a long way from Gongsun Yuan. When we reach that shore, our strength will be split three ways: the strongest will be sent forward to attack, the next must guard the ships, and the next carry the grain; though many men go, it will be hard to use them all. On top of this, they must carry grain on foot and pass over long distances deep into enemy territory, where horses are plentiful and our columns may be intercepted and cut off at any moment. If Gongsun Yuan is being treacherous and has not really broken with the north, then on the day we set our host in motion they will aid each other like lips and teeth.

又兵家之術，以功役相疲，勞逸相待，得失之間，所覺輒多。且沓渚去淵，道里尚遠，今到其岸，兵勢三分，使強者進取，次當守船，又次運糧，行人雖多，難得悉用。加以單步負糧，經遠深入，賊地多馬，邀截無常。若淵狙詐，與北未絕，動眾之日，唇齒相濟。

If he is truly isolated with nothing to rely on, he may flee far away in fear, and he might be hard to destroy quickly. Should Heaven’s punishment be held up in the northern wilderness while the mountain caitiffs seize the chance to rise, I fear this would not be a far-sighted plan for complete security.”

若實孑然無所憑賴，其畏怖遠迸，或難卒滅。使天誅稽於朔野，山虜承間而起，恐非萬安之長慮也。

Sun Quan did not consent. Lu Mao submitted a second memorial: “Arms and armor were indeed the means by which earlier ages punished the violent and disorderly and overawed the barbarians on all sides; but those campaigns were all undertaken when the ambitious villains had already been eliminated and the realm was at peace, discussed at leisure in the halls of the court as a matter left over. When the central lands are seething like a cauldron and the nine regions are in tangled strife, one must as a rule deepen the roots and strengthen the base, spare one’s strength and economize on expense, and concentrate on rest and recovery while awaiting a weakness in the neighboring enemy. There has never been anyone who, at just such a time, abandoned what was near to deal with what was far and wore out his armies.

權未許。瑁重上疏曰：夫兵革者，固前代所以誅暴亂，威四夷也，然其役皆在奸雄已除，天下無事，從容廟堂之上，以餘議議之耳。至於中夏鼎沸，九域槃互之時，率須深根固本，愛力惜費，務自休養，以待鄰敵之闕，未有正於此時，捨近治遠，以疲軍旅者也。

In the past, when Wei Tuo rebelled and usurped the title of emperor, the realm was at peace and well ordered, the people prosperous, and the number of armored troops and the stores of grain could be called abundant; yet Emperor Wen of Han, because a distant campaign was no easy matter, was reluctant to raise an army and merely sent a message of admonition. Now the villainous rebels are not yet destroyed and the borders are still on alert; even a disorder like that of Chiyou or the Guifang should be ranked according to its urgency, and Gongsun Yuan should not come first. I beg Your Majesty to restrain your wrath and halt this plan, to let the six armies rest for a time, and to calm your spirit and plan in silence for a later day. That would be the great good fortune of the realm.”

昔尉佗叛逆，僭號稱帝，於時天下乂安，百姓殷阜，帶甲之數，糧食之積，可謂多矣，然漢文猶以遠征不易，重興師旅，告喻而已。今兇桀未殄，疆場猶警，雖蚩尤，鬼方之亂，政當以緩急差之，未宜以淵為先。願陛下抑威住計，暫寧六師，潛神嘿規，以為後圖，天下幸甚。

Sun Quan read Lu Mao’s memorial again, commended the correctness and urgency of its words and reasoning, and in the end did not go.

權再覽瑁書，嘉其詞理端切，遂不行。

Earlier, Wenren Min, a man of Lu Mao’s commandery, was treated by the state and his town as superior to Zong Xiu; only Lu Mao thought otherwise, and later it turned out as he had said. Lu Mao died in the second year of Chiwu. His son Lu Xi was also versed in literature and fond of judging men’s characters, and under Sun Hao he became Master of Writing of the Selection Bureau.

初，瑁同郡聞人敏見待國邑，優於宗脩，惟瑁以為不然，後果如其言。赤烏二年，瑁卒。子喜亦涉文籍，好人倫，孫皓時為選曹尚書。¹

Wu Can

吾粲

Wu Can, courtesy name Kongxiu, was a man of Wucheng in Wu Commandery. When Sun He was Chief of the county, Wu Can was a minor clerk, and Sun He thought him quite extraordinary. When Sun He later became a general and was able to choose his own senior officials, he memorialized that Wu Can be made Assistant of Qu’e, and then promoted him to Chief Clerk; his administration left a notable record. Though he rose from an orphaned and humble background, he came to stand shoulder to shoulder in reputation with Lu Xun, Bu Jing and others of the same commandery. When Sun Quan became General of Chariots and Cavalry, he summoned him as Registrar; he went out as Prefect of Shanyin and returned as Colonel Adviser to the Army.

吾粲字孔休，吳郡烏程人也。¹孫河為縣長，粲為小吏，河深奇之。河後為將軍，得自選長吏，表粲為曲阿丞，遷為長史，治有名跡。雖起孤微，與同郡陸遜、卜靜等比肩齊聲矣。孫權為車騎將軍，召為主簿，出為山陰令，還為參軍校尉。

In the first year of Huangwu, together with Lü Fan, He Qi and others, he led a fleet to resist the Wei general Cao Xiu at Dongkou. A great wind happened to arise, and the cables of the ships snapped; some drifted and sank or ran aground and were captured by the Wei army, and some capsized and went down. On the large ships that remained, the survivors in the water all clung to the sides and cried out, but the other officers and soldiers, afraid the ships would tip over and sink, all beat them off with lances and spears and would not take them in. Wu Can and Huang Yuan alone ordered their crews to haul them aboard. Those around them thought the ships would become too heavy and would surely founder.

黃武元年，與呂范、賀齊等俱以舟師拒魏將曹休於洞口。值天大風，諸船綆紲斷絕，漂沒著岸，為魏軍所獲，或覆沒沉溺，其大船尚存者，水中生人皆攀緣號呼，他吏士恐船傾沒，皆以戈矛撞擊不受。粲與黃淵獨令船人以承取之，左右以為船重必敗。

Wu Can said, “If the ship founders, we shall all die together, that is all! When men are in desperate straits, how can we abandon them?” Wu Can and Huang Yuan saved more than a hundred people.

粲曰：「船敗，當俱死耳！人窮，奈何棄之。」粲、淵所活者百餘人。

On his return he was transferred to Prefect of Kuaiji. He summoned the recluse scholar Xie Tan to be his Officer of Merit, but Xie Tan pleaded illness and did not come. Wu Can issued an instruction saying, “The winged dragon is divine because it can both coil and stretch, and the phoenix is prized for its fine call; why must one hide one’s form beyond the sky or conceal one’s scales in the deepest pool?” Wu Can recruited and assembled a following and was appointed General of the Household Who Displays Righteousness; together with Lü Dai he attacked and pacified the Shanyue. He entered the court as Colonel of Garrison Cavalry and Privy Treasurer, and was promoted to Grand Tutor to the Heir Apparent.

還，遷會稽太守，召處士謝譚為功曹，譚以疾不詣，粲教曰：「夫應龍以屈伸為神，鳳皇以嘉鳴為貴，何必陷形於天外，潛鱗於重淵者哉？」粲募合人眾，拜昭義中郎將，與呂岱討平山越，入為屯騎校尉、少府，遷太子太傅。

When the conflict between the Two Palaces broke out, he spoke out boldly and upheld what was right, making clear the distinction between the legitimate heir and the sons of lesser rank; he wished to have Sun Ba, King of Lu, sent out to be stationed at Xiakou, and Yang Zhu sent away so that he could not remain in the capital. He also repeatedly passed news to Lu Xun, who was then stationed at Wuchang and sent up memorial after memorial in remonstrance. Because of this he was slandered and harmed by Sun Ba, Yang Zhu and others, thrown into prison and executed.

遭二宮之變，抗言執正，明嫡庶之分，欲使魯王霸出駐夏口，遣楊竺不得令在都邑。又數以消息語陸遜，遜時駐武昌，連表諫爭。由此為霸、竺等所譖害，下獄誅。

Zhu Ju

朱據

Zhu Ju, courtesy name Zifan, was a man of Wu County in Wu Commandery. He had a handsome figure and physical strength, and was also skilled in debate. At the start of Huangwu he was summoned and appointed Gentleman of the Palace of the Five Offices, and then filled the post of Attendant Censor. At this time the Master of Writing of the Selection Bureau, Ji Yan, loathed the greedy and corrupt men in office and wished to weed them out. Zhu Ju held that since the realm was not yet settled, merits should be allowed to cover faults, flaws overlooked and men employed; promoting the pure to spur on the tainted would be enough to deter wrongdoing and encourage good, whereas if they were all demoted and dismissed at once, he feared there would be trouble later. Ji Yan did not listen, and in the end came to ruin.

朱據字子范，吳郡吳人也。有姿貌膂力，又能論難。黃武初，征拜五官郎中，補侍御史。是時選曹尚書暨艷，疾貪污在位，欲沙汰之。據以為天下未定，宜以功覆過，棄瑕取用，舉清厲濁，足以沮勸，若一時貶黜，懼有後咎。艷不聽，卒敗。

Sun Quan sighed over the lack of commanders, lamenting with deep feeling; thinking back on Lü Meng and Zhang Wen, he considered that Zhu Ju combined civil and military talent and could succeed them. From then on Zhu Ju was appointed Colonel Who Establishes Righteousness and led troops to garrison Hushu. In the first year of Huanglong, Sun Quan moved his capital to Jianye and summoned Zhu Ju to marry a princess; he appointed him General of the Left and enfeoffed him as Marquis of Yunyang. Zhu Ju was modest in receiving gentlemen, cared little for wealth and loved to give, so that though his salary and gifts were ample, he never had enough for his needs. In the Jiahe era large coins were first cast, each worth five hundred.

權咨嗟將率，發憤歎息，追思呂蒙、張溫，以為據才兼文武，可以繼之，自是拜建義校尉，領兵屯湖孰。黃龍元年，權遷都建業，征據尚公主，拜左將軍，封雲陽侯。謙虛接士，輕財好施，祿賜雖豐而常不足用。嘉禾中，始鑄大錢，一當五百。

Later, Zhu Ju’s retainers were due to receive thirty thousand strings of cash, but the artisan Wang Sui took the money by fraud. The Investigator Lü Yi suspected that Zhu Ju had really taken it and interrogated the official in charge, who died under the rod. Zhu Ju grieved that he had died innocent and gave him a generous coffin and burial. Lü Yi then memorialized that Zhu Ju’s official had been covering for Zhu Ju, and that this was why Zhu Ju had given him such a lavish funeral. Sun Quan repeatedly reproached and questioned Zhu Ju; Zhu Ju had no means to clear himself, and sat on a straw mat awaiting punishment. After several months, Liu Zhu, a clerk of the army supervisors, discovered the truth and reported that Wang Sui had taken the money. Sun Quan was greatly awakened and said, “If even Zhu Ju was wronged, how much more the officials and common people?” He then thoroughly investigated Lü Yi’s crimes, and rewarded Liu Zhu with a million cash.

後據部曲應受三萬緡，工王遂詐而受之，典校呂壹疑據實取，考問主者，死於杖下，據哀其無辜，厚棺斂之。壹又表據吏為據隱，故厚其殯。權數責問據，據無以自明，藉草待罪。數月，典軍吏劉助覺，言王遂所取，權大感寤，曰：“朱據見枉，況吏民乎？”乃窮治壹罪，賞助百萬。

In the ninth year of Chiwu he was promoted to General of Agile Cavalry. When the Two Palaces fell into conflict, Zhu Ju championed the Heir Apparent; his words were earnest in the extreme, his sense of right showed in his face, and he held to his position at the risk of his life. In consequence he was demoted to Assistant of Xindu Commandery. Before he reached his post, the Prefect of the Palace Secretariat Sun Hong slandered and maligned him, and taking advantage of Sun Quan’s being confined to bed with illness, Sun Hong drew up an edict and sent it after him, ordering him to die. He was fifty-seven years old. In the time of Sun Liang, his two sons Zhu Xiong and Zhu Sun each again commanded troops, but they were slandered by Princess Quan and both died.

赤烏九年，遷驃騎將軍。遭二宮構爭，據擁護太子，言則懇至，義形於色，守之以死，¹遂左遷新都郡丞。未到，中書令孫弘譖潤據，因權寢疾，弘為詔書追賜死，時年五十七。孫亮時，二子熊、損各復領兵，為全公主所譖，皆死。

In the Yong’an era his former merits were recalled and recorded, and Zhu Xiong’s son Zhu Xuan was made to inherit the rank of Marquis of Yunyang and married a princess. Under Sun Hao, Zhu Xuan rose to General of Agile Cavalry.

永安中，追錄前功，以熊子宣襲爵雲陽侯，尚公主。孫皓時，宣至驃騎將軍。

Appraisal

評

Appraisal: Yu Fan was one of the wild and outspoken men of old, and it was surely hard for him to escape trouble in a declining age; yet Sun Quan’s inability to tolerate him showed no breadth of mind. Lu Ji stood to Yang Xiong’s Taixuan as Zuo Qiuming stood to Zhongni, and as Yan Zhou (Zhuangzi) stood to Lao Dan; that a man of the caliber of the hu and lian ritual vessels should have been set to guarding Southern Yue—was that not a harm to the man! Zhang Wen’s talent and literary brilliance were outstanding and rich, but his wisdom in guarding himself was incomplete, and so he met with hardship and calamity. Luo Tong upheld and made plain the great principles, his words urgent and his reasoning perfect, but he met with a time when Sun Quan’s mind was shut and would not open.

評曰：虞翻古之狂直，固難免乎末世，然權不能容，非曠宇也。陸績之於揚《玄》，是仲尼之左丘明，老聃之嚴周矣；以瑚璉之器，而作守南越，不亦賊夫人歟！張溫才藻俊茂，而智防未備，用致艱患。駱統抗明大義，辭切理至，值權方閉不開。

Lu Mao was devoted to righteousness and admonished to set things right, and gentlemen have praised him for it. Wu Can and Zhu Ju met with hard and perilous times and lost their lives for their rectitude—how sad!

陸瑁篤義規諫，君子有稱焉。吾粲、朱據遭罹屯蹇，以正喪身，悲夫！