Politics

Dong Zhuo Enters the Capital 董卓進京

About this event

Dong Zhuo Enters the Capital is the event in which Dong Zhuo, who came to Luoyang with his troops at the summons of the General-in-Chief He Jin after Emperor Ling died in the 6th year of Zhongping (189), seized military power in the capital, deposed the emperor to make him Prince of Hongnong, and set up the Prince of Chenliu. He Jin had planned with Yuan Shao to kill the eunuchs, but when the Empress Dowager would not go along, he summoned Dong Zhuo to intimidate her, and He Jin was killed before Dong Zhuo arrived. Dong Zhuo met the emperor at Beimang and brought him back to the palace, then took over the retainers of He Jin and He Miao, had Lü Bu kill Ding Yuan and absorbed his troops, set up the Prince of Chenliu as Emperor Xian and became Chancellor of State. Records, Wei 6 §5–8Records, Wei 1 §5–6

Chen Shou recorded this affair in detail in the biographies of Dong Zhuo and Yuan Shao in the Biographies of Dong Zhuo, the Two Yuans and Liu Biao, Records of Wei 6, and also included it in the Annals of Emperor Wu in volume 1 and the Biography of Lü Bu in volume 7. The Romance portrays this event starting at the end of Chapter 2, where He Jin sends a call to arms to the garrisons of every region, through Chapter 3, "Deliberating at Wenming Garden, Dong Zhuo rebukes Ding Yuan; sending gold and pearls, Li Su wins over Lü Bu," to the deposition at the beginning of Chapter 4. Records, Wei 6 §5–8 · 34–38Records, Wei 1 §5–6Records, Wei 7 §2–3Romance, Ch. 2 §53Romance, Ch. 3 §1 · 46–47Romance, Ch. 4 §4–5

Course of events in the Records

Dong Zhuo had gone out to resist Han Sui, who had risen in Liang Province, alone brought his troops back intact, became General of the Front and was summoned to be Governor of Bing Province. When Emperor Ling died and the Young Emperor took the throne, the Empress Dowager presided over the court, and the General-in-Chief He Jin planned with the Colonel Director of Retainers Yuan Shao to kill the eunuchs, but the Empress Dowager would not go along. The Biography of Yuan Shao records that when the Regular Attendants and the Yellow Gate eunuchs heard of this and came to He Jin to apologize, Yuan Shao urged him two or three times to settle the matter then and there, but He Jin did not agree; instead he had military officers in charge of strategy under Yuan Shao keep watch on the eunuchs, and had Yuan Shao's younger brother Yuan Shu guard the palace gates with two hundred Rapid as Tigers guards. Records, Wei 6 §4–5 · 34Records, Wei 1 §5

He Jin summoned Dong Zhuo to bring his troops to the capital and had him secretly submit a letter saying, "I will at once sound the bells and drums, go to Luoyang and punish Zhang Rang and the others." By this he meant to intimidate the Empress Dowager. Ding Yuan, Chief Commandant of Cavalry, who had been stationed at Henei, also led his troops to Luoyang, plotted with He Jin to kill the eunuchs and became Bearer of the Golden Mace. Records, Wei 6 §5–6Records, Wei 7 §2

Before Dong Zhuo arrived, the Regular Palace Attendant Duan Gui and others, falsely using the Empress Dowager's command, called He Jin in and killed him, and the palace fell into disorder. Yuan Shu, leading the Rapid as Tigers guards, burned the Green Lattice Gate of the Jiade Hall in the Southern Palace, and Duan Gui and the others abducted the emperor and the Prince of Chenliu and fled to Xiaopingjin. Yuan Shao beheaded Xu Xiang, the Colonel Director of Retainers appointed by the eunuchs, and killed the eunuchs without regard to age; some men without beards were killed by mistake, and more than two thousand died. Pursued, Duan Gui and the others all threw themselves into the Yellow River and died, and Dong Zhuo, leading his host, met the emperor at Beimang and brought him back to the palace. Records, Wei 6 §6 · 35–36

When He Jin's younger brother He Miao, General of Chariots and Cavalry, was killed by He Jin's followers, the retainers of He Jin and He Miao, left with no one to belong to, all came over to Dong Zhuo. Dong Zhuo also enticed Lü Bu, whom Ding Yuan trusted, into killing Ding Yuan and absorbed his troops, so that military power in the capital lay with Dong Zhuo alone. Lü Bu cut off Ding Yuan's head and went to Dong Zhuo, who made him Chief Commandant of Cavalry and swore with him to be father and son. Bao Xin, Chief Commandant of Cavalry, whom He Jin had earlier sent out to recruit troops, urged Yuan Shao to fall on Dong Zhuo while he was weary from his recent arrival, but Yuan Shao, fearing Dong Zhuo, did not dare to act, and Bao Xin returned to his home district. Records, Wei 6 §6–7Records, Wei 7 §2–3

Citing a long drought, Dong Zhuo had the Minister of Works Liu Hong dismissed and took his place, and soon moved on to Grand Commandant. According to the Biography of Yuan Shao, Dong Zhuo called in Yuan Shao to discuss deposing the emperor and setting up the Prince of Chenliu. Yuan Shao pretended to agree, saying he would consult the Grand Tutor, and when Dong Zhuo said, "The seed of the Liu clan is not worth preserving any longer," he made no reply, held his sword crosswise, bowed deeply and went out, and fled to Ji Province. When Zhou Bi, Wu Qiong and He Yong, whom Dong Zhuo trusted, persuaded him that pursuing Yuan Shao would provoke an uprising, Dong Zhuo made Yuan Shao Administrator of Bohai and enfeoffed him as Marquis of Kangxiang. Records, Wei 6 §8 · 37–38

At last Dong Zhuo deposed the emperor to make him Prince of Hongnong and set up Emperor Ling's young son the Prince of Chenliu; this was Emperor Xian. Dong Zhuo moved on to Chancellor of State and was enfeoffed as Marquis of Mei, receiving the honors of not being announced by his personal name at audiences and of ascending the hall wearing his sword and shoes. Having taken possession of the armor and weapons of the arsenal and the treasures of the state, he shook the realm with his might. Cao Cao, offered the post of Colonel of Valiant Cavalry by Dong Zhuo to plan affairs together, changed his name and went back east by byways, and Yuan Shu, who had been made General of the Rear, also fled to Nanyang for fear of disaster. Dong Zhuo then killed the Prince of Hongnong and Empress He. Records, Wei 6 §8 · 72Records, Wei 1 §5–6

Dong Zhuo intimidated people with harsh punishments. He sent troops to Yangcheng, who beheaded the men among the people gathered for the altar festival (she) of the 2nd month, carried off the women and goods, and claimed a great haul from attacking bandits. Meanwhile Dong Zhuo sent out Han Fu, Liu Dai, Kong Zhou, Zhang Zi, Zhang Miao and others, recommended by Zhou Bi and Wu Qiong, to provinces and commanderies, but once they reached their posts they joined forces to attack Dong Zhuo. Cao Cao too gathered volunteer troops at Chenliu and first raised his army at Jiwu in the 12th month, winter, of that year. In his assessment for volume 6, Chen Shou said that Dong Zhuo was as fierce and cruel as a wolf, and that since the invention of writing there had probably been no one like him. Records, Wei 6 §9–10 · 96Records, Wei 1 §6

In the Romance

In Chapter 2 of the Romance, "He Jin Plots to Purge the Eunuchs," when Emperor Ling dies, He Jin sets up the Heir Apparent Bian, and when Empress Dowager He will not permit the killing of the eunuchs, he follows Yuan Shao's advice and sends a call to arms to the garrisons of every region to summon them to the capital. The Registrar Chen Lin tries to stop him, saying it is like gripping a spear upside down and handing the hilt to another, and at the start of Chapter 3 Cao Cao too asks why outside troops should be summoned for a matter that needs only the ringleaders removed, but He Jin sends the secret letters. Romance, Ch. 2 §40–41 · 52–54Romance, Ch. 3 §1

Dong Zhuo, Inspector of Xiliang, had nearly been punished for achieving nothing against the Yellow Turbans but escaped by bribing the Ten Regular Attendants, and commanded a great army of two hundred thousand from Xizhou. On receiving the secret letter he has his son-in-law Niu Fu guard Shaanxi, sets out for Luoyang leading Li Jue, Guo Si, Zhang Ji, Fan Chou and others, and on Li Ru's advice submits a memorial saying he will do away with Zhang Rang and the others. Zheng Tai and Lu Zhi try to stop it, but He Jin does not listen and has Dong Zhuo received at Mianchi, where Dong Zhuo halts his troops and does not move. Romance, Ch. 3 §2–5

Zhang Rang and the others hide fifty assassins inside the Jiade Gate and summon He Jin through Empress Dowager He. Chen Lin, Yuan Shao and Cao Cao try to stop him, but He Jin goes in alone and is cut in two at the gate of the Jiade Hall. While Yuan Shao and Yuan Shu storm the palace and slaughter the eunuchs, Zhang Rang and Duan Gui flee toward Mount Beimang with the Young Emperor and the Prince of Chenliu; pursued by Min Gong, Zhang Rang throws himself into the river. The two brothers, following fireflies, reach Cui Yi's farm, and as they return with the hundred officials Dong Zhuo's troops appear; when the Prince of Chenliu rebukes Dong Zhuo and makes him dismount, Dong Zhuo, thinking him remarkable, begins to harbor the idea of deposing one emperor for another. Romance, Ch. 3 §6–11 · 13–14 · 17 · 19–22 · 24–25

Dong Zhuo takes over the troops of the He brothers and raises the deposition at a banquet at Wenming Garden, but is blocked by Ding Yuan, Inspector of Jing Province. Defeated by Ding Yuan's adopted son Lü Bu, Dong Zhuo has Li Su entice Lü Bu with Red Hare, gold and pearls, and Lü Bu comes bringing Ding Yuan's head and serves Dong Zhuo as his adoptive father. When Dong Zhuo again gathers the hundred officials and raises the deposition, Yuan Shao draws his sword to stand up to him, hangs his tally on the East Gate and flees to Ji Province. Romance, Ch. 3 §27–30 · 34–37 · 46–49Romance, Ch. 4 §1

In Chapter 4, "The Han Emperor Deposed, the Prince of Chenliu Enthroned," on the first day of the 9th month Dong Zhuo gathers the hundred officials in the Jiade Hall, has Li Ru read the decree, deposes the emperor to make him Prince of Hongnong and sets up the Prince of Chenliu. The Master of Writing Ding Guan, who strikes Dong Zhuo with his ivory tablet, is beheaded, and Dong Zhuo becomes Chancellor of State and ascends the hall wearing his sword and shoes. Later, finding fault with a poem written by the Young Emperor, confined in the Yong'an Palace, Dong Zhuo sends Li Ru, who throws Empress Dowager He down from a tower, strangles Concubine Tang and kills the Young Emperor with poisoned wine. Romance, Ch. 4 §4–7 · 9–10 · 12–17

Where the Romance differs

He Jin's death: In Chapter 3 of the Romance, Zhang Rang and the others hide fifty assassins inside the Jiade Gate and cut He Jin in two when he enters the Changle Palace. The Biography of Yuan Shao in the Records records that the Regular Palace Attendant Duan Gui and others, falsely using the Empress Dowager's command, called He Jin in as if to consult him and killed him. Romance, Ch. 3 §6 · 10–11Records, Wei 6 §35

Where the emperor was met: In Chapter 3 of the Romance, Zhang Rang, pursued by Min Gong, throws himself into the river, and the two brothers follow fireflies to Cui Yi's farm and then meet first the hundred officials and then Dong Zhuo. The Biography of Dong Zhuo in the Records says that when Duan Gui and the others abducted the emperor and fled to Xiaopingjin, Dong Zhuo met the emperor at Beimang and brought him back to the palace, and the Biography of Yuan Shao records that Duan Gui and the others all threw themselves into the Yellow River and died. Romance, Ch. 3 §17 · 19–24Records, Wei 6 §6 · 36

Ding Yuan and Lü Bu: In Chapter 3 of the Romance, Ding Yuan, as Inspector of Jing Province, opposes the deposition at Wenming Garden, and Lü Bu, won over by the Red Hare, gold and pearls brought by Li Su, cuts him down. The Biography of Lü Bu in the Records says only that Ding Yuan, Inspector of Bing Province, became Chief Commandant of Cavalry and was stationed at Henei, then came to Luoyang and became Bearer of the Golden Mace, and that Dong Zhuo enticed Lü Bu into killing Ding Yuan. Red Hare appears later as the fine horse Lü Bu rode when he attacked Zhang Yan together with Yuan Shao. Romance, Ch. 3 §30 · 37–39 · 46Records, Wei 7 §2–3 · 7

How Yuan Shao left: In Chapters 3 and 4 of the Romance, Yuan Shao draws his sword at a banquet where the hundred officials have gathered, stands up to Dong Zhuo and then flees to Ji Province. In the Biography of Yuan Shao in the Records, Dong Zhuo called in Yuan Shao to discuss the deposition, and Yuan Shao, after pretending to agree by saying he would consult the Grand Tutor, held his sword crosswise, bowed deeply and went out. Romance, Ch. 3 §48–50Romance, Ch. 4 §1Records, Wei 6 §37

The deaths of the Young Emperor and Empress Dowager He: In Chapter 4 of the Romance, Li Ru throws Empress Dowager He down from a tower, strangles Concubine Tang and kills the Young Emperor with poisoned wine. The Biography of Dong Zhuo in the Records says only that after the deposition "before long he also killed the Prince of Hongnong and Empress He," and Concubine Tang does not appear. Romance, Ch. 4 §14–17Records, Wei 6 §8

Cao Cao's escape: In Chapter 4 of the Romance, Cao Cao, caught as he is about to stab Dong Zhuo with the Seven-Treasure Sword, presents the sword and flees, and when he is seized at Zhongmou County the magistrate Chen Gong unties his bonds. In the Annals of Emperor Wu in the Records, Cao Cao, avoiding Dong Zhuo, who wanted to make him Colonel of Valiant Cavalry, changed his name and went back east by byways; at Zhongmou he was suspected by the head of a post station and taken to the county seat, but was released when someone in the town who secretly recognized him interceded. Romance, Ch. 4 §29–30 · 34 · 37Records, Wei 1 §6

Written by 3KDEX (not yet reviewed) — The tags at the end of each paragraph link to the exact passage in the Records volume or Romance chapter it is based on.

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