Records of Wu 14: Biographies of the Five Sons of the Ruler of Wu

Records of Wu 14: Biographies of the Five Sons of the Ruler of Wu

Sun Deng

孫登

Sun Deng, courtesy name Zigao, was Sun Quan's eldest son. In the second year of Huangchu of Wei, when Wei made Sun Quan King of Wu, Sun Deng was appointed General of the Household of the East and enfeoffed as a marquis of ten thousand households, but he declined on the grounds of illness and did not accept. That year Sun Deng was established as Heir Apparent. Tutors were chosen and installed for him, and outstanding gentlemen were selected to be his companions and friends; so Zhuge Ke, Zhang Xiu, Gu Tan, Chen Biao and others were chosen and entered his service, attending him in lectures on the Odes and the Documents and going out with him to ride and shoot. Sun Quan wanted Sun Deng to read the Book of Han so that he would become familiar with the affairs of recent times. Zhang Zhao had a teacher's proper method, but Sun Quan was reluctant to trouble him repeatedly, so he had Zhang Xiu receive the readings from Zhang Zhao and come back to teach them to Sun Deng.

孫登字子高，權長子也。魏黃初二年，以權爲吳王，拜登東中郎將，封萬戶侯，登辭疾不受。是歲，立登爲太子，選置師傅，銓簡秀士，以爲賔友，於是諸葛恪、張休、顧譚、陳表等以選入，侍講詩書，出從騎射。權欲登讀《漢書》，習知近代之事，以張昭有師法，重煩勞之，乃令休從昭受讀，還以授登。

In dealing with his staff, Sun Deng for the most part used the etiquette of commoners; with Zhuge Ke, Zhang Xiu, Gu Tan and the others he would sometimes ride in the same carriage and sometimes sleep in the same tent. The Grand Tutor Zhang Wen said to Sun Quan, “The office of Palace Cadet is the closest and most intimate of all, one of close questioning and near answering; men of outstanding virtue should be used for it.” So Chen Biao and others were made Palace Cadets. Later, because the etiquette of the Cadets was confining, he again had them merely straighten their headcloths and sit in attendance. In the first year of Huanglong, when Sun Quan took the imperial title, Sun Deng became Imperial Heir Apparent. Zhuge Ke was made Assistant on the Left, Zhang Xiu Assistant on the Right, Gu Tan Assistant of Rectitude, and Chen Biao Chief Commandant Who Supports Rectitude; these were called the Four Friends. Xie Jing, Fan Shen, Diao Xuan, Yang Dao and others all became his retainers, and so the Eastern Palace was renowned for its many gentlemen.

登待接寮屬，略用布衣之禮，與恪、休、譚等或同輿而載，或共帳而寐。太傅張溫言於權曰：「夫中庶子官最親密，切問近對，宜用儁德。」於是乃用表等爲中庶子。後又以庶子禮拘，復令整巾侍坐。黃龍元年，權稱尊號，登爲皇太子，以恪爲左輔，休右弼，譚爲輔正，表爲翼正都尉，是爲四友，而謝景、范慎、刁玄、羊衜等皆爲賔客，¹於是東宮號爲多士。²

When Sun Quan moved his capital to Jianye, he summoned the Senior Grand General Lu Xun to assist Sun Deng in guarding Wuchang and to take charge of the affairs left behind at the palace and the offices. When Sun Deng went out hunting and had to take a shortcut, he always kept far away from good fields and did not trample the sprouting crops, and when he reached a place to halt and rest he again chose open, unused ground; such was his wish not to burden the people. Once when he had ridden out, a pellet flew past, and his attendants searched for whoever had shot it. There was a man holding a slingshot and carrying pellets, and everyone thought it was he, but when questioned he would not admit it. His followers wanted to flog him, but Sun Deng would not allow it; he had them find the pellet that had flown past and compare it, and since it was not the same kind, the man was released.

權遷都建業，徵上大將軍陸遜輔登鎮武昌，領宮府留事。登或射獵，當由徑道，常遠避良田，不踐苗稼，至所頓息，又擇空閑之地，其不欲煩民如此。嘗乘馬出，有彈丸過，左右求之。有一人操彈佩丸，咸以爲是，辭對不服，從者欲捶之，登不聽，使求過丸，比之非類，乃見釋。

Again, a gold water basin in the shape of a horse was lost. When he discovered who had taken it, it turned out to be one of his attendants. He could not bear to punish him; he summoned him, rebuked him point by point, and sent him home for good, ordering those close to him not to speak of it. Later, when his younger brother Sun Lü died, Sun Quan reduced his meals on his account. Sun Deng traveled day and night and, on reaching Laixiang, announced his arrival, and Sun Quan at once summoned him. On seeing Sun Quan he wept in grief, and then remonstrated, “That Sun Lü lay ill and did not rise again was fate. At present the northern lands are not yet united and all within the four seas look up in longing; all under Heaven bears Your Majesty up, and yet out of concern for one below you, you have cut down the dishes of the Grand Provisioner beyond what the rites prescribe. I am privately anxious and fearful.”

又失盛水金馬盂，覺得其主，左右所爲，不忍致罰，呼責數之，長遣歸家，勑親近勿言。後弟慮卒，權爲之降損，登晝夜兼行，到賴鄉，自聞，即時召見。見權悲泣，因諫曰：「慮寢疾不起，此乃命也。方今朔土未一，四海喁喁，天戴陛下，而以下流之念，減損大官殽饌，過於禮制，臣竊憂惶。」

Sun Quan accepted his words and increased his meals for his sake. After Sun Deng had stayed more than ten days, Sun Quan intended to send him back west. Sun Deng earnestly pleaded that he had long been away from paying his morning and evening respects and had fallen short in a son's duty, and he also stated that Lu Xun was loyal and diligent and there was nothing to worry about; so Sun Quan kept him there. In the third year of Jiahe, when Sun Quan marched against Xincheng, he had Sun Deng remain behind on guard with overall charge of the affairs left behind. At that time the harvests were poor and there were a good many bandits, so Sun Deng memorialized to set down regulations as a defense against them, and he grasped the essentials of stopping wrongdoing very well.

權納其言，爲之加膳。住十餘日，欲遣西還，深自陳乞，以久離定省，子道有闕，又陳陸遜忠勤，無所顧憂，權遂留焉。嘉禾三年，權征新城，使登居守，總知留事。時年穀不豐，頗有盜賊，乃表定科令，所以防禦，甚得止姦之要。

Earlier, Sun Deng's birth mother had been of low and humble status, and Lady Xu had shown him the kindness of raising him as a mother when he was young. Later Lady Xu was deposed for jealousy and lived in Wu, and Lady Bu was the most favored. When Lady Bu sent him gifts, Sun Deng did not dare refuse them, but merely bowed and received them. When a messenger came from Lady Xu, he always bathed before putting on the clothes she had given him. When Sun Deng was about to be appointed Heir Apparent, he declined, saying, “When the root is established, the Way grows. If you wish to establish an Heir Apparent, you should first establish an empress.” Sun Quan said, “Where is your mother?” He answered, “In Wu.” Sun Quan fell silent.

初，登所生庶賤，徐夫人少有母養之恩，後徐氏以妬廢處吳，而步夫人最寵。步氏有賜，登不敢辭，拜受而已。徐氏使至，所賜衣服，必沐浴服之。登將拜太子，辭曰：「本立而道生，欲立太子，宜先立后。」權曰：「卿母安在？」對曰：「在吳。」權嘿然。¹

Sun Deng had been heir for twenty-one years in all when he died at the age of thirty-three. On his deathbed he submitted a memorial: “I, worthless as I am, have been seized by a grave illness. Examining myself, I am feeble and poor, and I fear that I shall soon perish. I do not grieve for myself; but when I think that I must leave off serving and caring for you, that my flesh will be buried in the earth, that I shall never again look up to the palace or pay court to the sun and moon, that living I was of no benefit to the state and dying I leave Your Majesty heavy sorrow — it is this that chokes me. I have heard that death and life are fated and that long or short spans come from Heaven. Prince Jin of Zhou and Yan Hui had talents of the highest wisdom, yet they still died young. How much more so I, foolish and base, whose years have already exceeded theirs, who in life was heir to the state and in death enjoy honor and fortune — for me this is already more than enough. What grief or regret should I have?

立凡二十一年，年三十三卒。臨終，上疏曰：「臣以無狀，嬰抱篤疾，自省微劣，懼卒隕斃。臣不自惜，念當委離供養，埋胔后土，長不復奉望宮省，朝覲日月，生無益於國，死貽陛下重慼，以此爲哽結耳。臣聞死生有命，長短自天，周晉、顏回有上智之才，而尚夭折，況臣愚陋，年過其壽，生爲國嗣，沒享榮祚，於臣已多，亦何悲恨哉！

At present the great undertaking is not yet settled and the fugitive enemies are not yet punished; the myriad states look up in longing, their fate bound to Your Majesty; those in danger hope for safety and those in disorder look up for good order. I pray that Your Majesty will cast me aside and forget me, cut off your tender feelings for one below you, practice the arts of the Yellow Emperor and Laozi, carefully nourish your spirit, take more of your fine dishes, and open wide your divine thoughts, so as to secure an enterprise without end. Then all the land will rely on it in good fortune, and I shall die without regret. The imperial son Sun He is humane, filial, intelligent and wise, pure and abundant in virtuous conduct; he should be established early, to hold the hopes of the people.

方今大事未定，逋寇未討，萬國喁喁，係命陛下，危者望安，亂者仰治。願陛下棄忘臣身，割下流之恩，脩黃老之術，篤養神光，加羞珍膳，廣開神明之慮，以定無窮之業，則率土幸賴，臣死無恨也。皇子和仁孝聦哲，德行清茂，宜早建置，以繫民望。

Zhuge Ke is broad and far-reaching in talent and strategy, and his capacity fits him to aid the times. Zhang Xiu, Gu Tan and Xie Jing are all perceptive and quick, with insight and decision; at court they may be entrusted as your heart and belly, and in the field they may serve as your claws and teeth. Fan Shen and Hua Rong are upright and of stalwart integrity, with the air of the finest gentlemen of the state. Yang Dao is eloquent and quick-witted, with the talent to answer alone as an envoy. Diao Xuan is generous and broad-minded, and his aims tread the true Way. Pei Qin has wide learning, and his literary talent is sufficient for use. Jiang Xiu and Yu Fan are clear in their aims and principles. All these ministers are suited, some for the court and some for command of armies; all are practiced in current affairs, clear and versed in the laws, keep faith and hold firm to righteousness, and have wills that cannot be wrested from them.

諸葛恪才略博達，器任佐時。張休、顧譚、謝景，皆通敏有識斷，入宜委腹心，出可爲爪牙。范慎、華融矯矯壯節，有國士之風。羊衜辯捷，有專對之材。刁玄優弘，志履道真。裴欽博記，翰采足用。蔣脩、虞翻，志節分明。凡此諸臣，或宜廊廟，或任將帥，皆練時事，明習法令，守信固義，有不可奪之志。

All of these were illumined by Your Majesty's sun and moon and chosen and placed in my palace, and I was able to work with them and know their true feelings fully; therefore I venture to report them to you. I have further reflected that at present there are many troubles beyond our borders and the armies have no rest; the six armies should be spurred on to plan for advance and conquest. An army depends on men for its numbers, and men depend on wealth as their treasure. I have privately heard that the commanderies and counties are rather desolate, the people and their goods worn down, and villainy and disorder are sprouting, and that as a result the laws have multiplied and the punishments are heavy and severe.

此皆陛下日月所照，選置臣宮，得與從事，備知情素，敢以陳聞。臣重惟當今方外多虞，師旅未休，當厲六軍，以圖進取。軍以人爲衆，衆以財爲寶，竊聞郡縣頗有荒殘，民物凋弊，姦亂萌生，是以法令繁滋，刑辟重切。

I have heard that governing means listening to the people, and that laws and ordinances change with the times. It would truly be right, together with the generals, ministers and high officials, to choose carefully what suits the times, to gather opinions widely, to make punishments lenient and taxes light, and to equalize and relieve labor service, so as to accord with the people's hopes. Lu Xun is loyal and diligent in this age; he has given himself to the state and worries for it, is steadfast and outspoken in public service, and has the integrity of one who does not think of himself. Zhuge Jin, Bu Zhi, Zhu Ran, Quan Cong, Zhu Ju, Lü Dai, Wu Can, Kan Ze, Yan Jun, Zhang Cheng and Sun Yi are loyal in serving the state and thoroughly understand the essentials of government.

臣聞爲政聽民，律令與時推移，誠宜與將相大臣詳擇時宜，博采衆議，寬刑輕賦，均息力役，以順民望。陸遜忠勤於時，出身憂國，謇謇在公，有匪躬之節。諸葛瑾、步隲、朱然、全琮、朱據、呂岱、吾粲、闞澤、嚴畯、張承、孫怡忠於爲國，通達治體。

Let them be ordered to present what is expedient, to remove what is harsh and burdensome, to cherish and care for soldiers and horses, and to comfort the common people. Then after five years and within ten, those far off will return and those nearby will give their full strength, and without bloodying a blade the great undertaking can be settled. I have heard, ‘When a bird is about to die, its cry is mournful; when a man is about to die, his words are good.’ Thus Zinang, on his deathbed, left words admonishing his times, and the gentlemen deemed him loyal. How much more should I, Deng, not keep silent?

可令陳上便宜，蠲除苛煩，愛養士馬，撫循百姓。五年之外，十年之內，遠者歸復，近者盡力，兵不血刃，而大事可定也。臣聞『鳥之將死其鳴也哀，人之將死其言也善』，故子囊臨終，遺言戒時，君子以爲忠，豈況臣登，其能已乎？

I pray that Your Majesty will take heed, listen and adopt this; then even the day of my death will be as the years of my life.” The letter was presented after he had breathed his last, and Sun Quan was all the more broken with grief; whenever he spoke of him he shed tears. That year was the fourth year of Chiwu. Xie Jing, then Prefect of Yuzhang, could not master his grief; he abandoned his office and hurried to the capital, then presented a memorial impeaching himself. Sun Quan said, “You served together with the Heir Apparent; you are different from other officials.” He sent a palace envoy to console him, allowed him to resume his post, and sent him back to his commandery. Sun Deng was given the posthumous title Heir Apparent Xuan.

願陛下留意聽采，臣雖死之日，猶生之年也。」旣絕而後書聞，權益以摧感，言則隕涕。是歲，赤烏四年也。謝景時爲豫章太守，不勝哀情，棄官奔赴，拜表自劾。權曰：「君與太子從事，異於他吏。」使中使慰勞，聽復本職，發遣還郡。謚登曰宣太子。¹

His sons Sun Fan and Sun Xi both died young, and his next son, Sun Ying, was enfeoffed as Marquis of Wu. In the first year of Wufeng, because the Grand General Sun Jun was wielding power at will, Sun Ying plotted to kill Sun Jun; the plot was discovered and he killed himself, and his fief was abolished.

子璠、希，皆早卒，次子英，封吳侯。五鳳元年，英以大將軍孫峻擅權，謀誅峻，事覺自殺，國除。¹

Xie Jing, courtesy name Shufa, was a man of Wan in Nanyang. In his commandery he left a record of good government, and the officials and people praised him, saying that formerly there had been Gu Shao and next to him came Xie Jing. He died in office a few years later.

謝景者字叔發，南陽宛人。在郡有治迹，吏民稱之，以爲前有顧劭，其次即景。數年卒官。

Sun Lü

孫慮

Sun Lü, courtesy name Zizhi, was the younger brother of Sun Deng. From youth he was quick-witted and clever, with talent and accomplishments, and Sun Quan valued and loved him. In the seventh year of Huangwu he was enfeoffed as Marquis of Jianchang. Two years later, the Chancellor Gu Yong and others memorialized that Sun Lü was intelligent by nature and thoroughly accomplished, and that what he esteemed grew new day by day; comparing him with the precedents of the recent Han, he ought to be advanced in rank and styled a king. Sun Quan did not permit it. After a long while, Cun, Deputy Director of the Secretariat, submitted a memorial: “At the rise of emperors and kings, there has never been one who did not honor and exalt his closest kin so as to bring glory to the feudal lords. Thus under Zhou, Lu and Wei were favored above all the lords, and under Han the five kings of Emperor Gao were enfeoffed in a row, so as to serve as a protective screen for the court and a guard for the state.

孫慮字子智，登弟也。少敏惠有才藝，權器愛之。黃武七年，封建昌侯。後二年，丞相雍等奏慮性聦體達，所尚日新，比方近漢，宜進爵稱王，權未許。久之，尚書僕射存上疏曰：「帝王之興，莫不襃崇至親，以光羣后，故魯衞於周，寵冠諸侯，高帝五王，封列于漢，所以藩屏本朝，爲國鎮衞。

Sun Lü, Marquis of Jianchang, is by nature intelligent and quick, and his talent combines the civil and the military; by the ancient statutes his name and title ought to be rectified. Your Majesty in your humility is unwilling to follow the old practice, and the officials great and small are all dismayed. At present wicked bandits run rampant and the gongs and drums of war are not yet stilled; your heart and belly, your claws and teeth, can only be your kin and the worthy. I have therefore consulted the Chancellor Gu Yong and others, and all agree that Sun Lü should be made Grand General Who Guards the Army and given command of a region, to bring glory to the great enterprise.” Sun Quan then permitted it. So he was granted the Staff of Authority, allowed to open his own headquarters, and based at Banzhou.

建昌侯慮稟性聦敏，才兼文武，於古典制，宜正名號。陛下謙光，未肯如舊，羣寮大小，咸用於邑。方今姦寇恣睢，金鼓未弭，腹心爪牙，惟親與賢。輒與丞相雍等議，咸以慮宜爲鎮軍大將軍，授任偏方，以光大業。」權乃許之，於是假節開府，治半州。¹

Since Sun Lü had the dignity of an imperial son and was young in years, people near and far worried that he would not be able to attend to his duties. But when he came to handle affairs, he followed the laws and regulations and respectfully accepted the advice of his teachers and friends, surpassing everyone's expectations. He died at twenty, in the first year of Jiahe. He had no son, and his fief was abolished.

慮以皇子之尊，富於春秋，遠近嫌其不能留意。及至臨事，遵奉法度，敬納師友，過於衆望。年二十，嘉禾元年卒。無子，國除。

Sun He

孫和

Sun He, courtesy name Zixiao, was the younger brother of Sun Lü. When young he was loved because his mother, Lady Wang, was in favor. At fourteen a palace guard was established for him, and the Prefect of the Palace Secretariat Kan Ze was made to teach him writing and the arts. He loved learning and humbled himself before gentlemen, and was greatly praised. In the fifth year of Chiwu he was established as Heir Apparent, at the age of nineteen. Kan Ze became Grand Tutor and Xue Zong Junior Tutor, while Cai Ying, Zhang Chun, Feng Fu, Yan Wei and others all attended and followed him at leisure.

孫和字子孝，慮弟也。少以母王有寵見愛，年十四，爲置宮衞，使中書令闞澤教以書藝。好學下士，甚見稱述。赤烏五年，立爲太子，時年十九。闞澤爲太傅，薛綜爲少傅，而蔡穎、張純、封俌、嚴維等皆從容侍從。¹

At this time the officials often made inquiries into matters by itemized written reports. Sun He considered that wicked and deceitful men would use such matters to twist intentions and give rise to harmful designs, and that this should not be encouraged; he memorialized that the practice should be stopped. Again, when the Area Commander Liu Bao accused the Cadet Ding Yan, and Ding Yan in turn accused Liu Bao, Sun He said to Ding Yan, “Of the civil and military officers in service, how many can there be? To exploit a rift and build up charges, seeking to harm one another — how can any good fortune come of it?” He then released them both and had them treat each other generously.

是時有司頗以條書問事，和以爲姦妄之人，將因事錯意，以生禍心，不可長也，表宜絕之。又都督劉寶白庶子丁晏，晏亦白寶，和謂晏曰：「文武在事，當能幾人，因隙構簿，圖相危害，豈有福哉？」遂兩釋之，使之從厚。

He often said that the gentlemen of the age ought to study and cultivate learning and practice archery and charioteering so as to be of use in the affairs of the world; merely to socialize and play board games, hindering one's work, was not what is meant by striving to advance. Later, when the officials were attending a banquet and the talk turned to board games, he held that they hinder affairs and waste days to no useful end, weary the spirit and damage the mind, and in the end achieve nothing; they are no way to advance in virtue, cultivate one's work, and accumulate merit and achievement. Moreover, men of purpose cherish their days and husband their strength, and gentlemen aspire to what is great; they look up to high mountains and walk the great road, and are ashamed of anything less.

常言當世士人宜講脩術學，校習射御，以周世務，而但交游博弈以妨事業，非進取之謂。後羣寮侍宴，言及博弈，以爲妨事費日而無益於用，勞精損思而終無所成，非所以進德脩業，積累功緒者也。且志士愛日惜力，君子慕其大者，高山景行，恥非其次。

Heaven and earth are long and lasting, and man's life between them has been likened to a white colt glimpsed through a crack; once one's years draw to evening, glory does not come again. What is to be regretted lies in the feelings people cannot cut off. If one can truly cut off useless desires to follow the path of virtue and righteousness, and abandon unurgent pursuits to lay the foundation of achievement, would that not be good for one's name and conduct? Human nature still cannot do without amusement, but the love of amusement can also be found among drinking and feasting, the zither and books, archery and charioteering. Why must there be board games before there can be pleasure?

夫以天地長久，而人居其間，有白駒過隙之喻，年齒一暮，榮華不再。凡所患者，在於人情所不能絕，誠能絕無益之欲以奉德義之塗，棄不急之務以脩功業之基，其於名行，豈不善哉？夫人情猶不能無嬉娛，嬉娛之好，亦在於飲宴琴書射御之間，何必博弈，然後爲歡。

He then ordered the eight men seated in attendance each to write an essay to correct this. So the Palace Cadet Wei Yao withdrew and wrote an essay that he presented, and Sun He showed it to his guests. At that time Cai Ying was fond of weiqi, and many of those on duty in the offices imitated him, so this was meant as an admonition to him.

乃命侍坐者八人，各著論以矯之。於是中庶子韋曜退而論奏，和以示賔客。時蔡穎好弈，直事在署者頗斆焉，故以此諷之。

After this Lady Wang and Princess Quan fell out. Once when Sun Quan lay ill, Sun He offered sacrifice at the ancestral temple. Zhang Xiu, the uncle of Sun He's consort, lived near the temple and invited Sun He to call at his home. Princess Quan had someone spy on him and then said that the Heir Apparent was not in the temple but had gone off to his consort's family to hatch plots. She also said that Lady Wang, seeing the sovereign ill, had looked pleased. Sun Quan grew angry because of this; the lady died of worry, and Sun He's favor gradually diminished, so that he feared being deposed.

是後王夫人與全公主有隙。權嘗寢疾，和祠祭於廟，和妃叔父張休居近廟，邀和過所居。全公主使人覘視，因言太子不在廟中，專就妃家計議；又言王夫人見上寢疾，有喜色。權由是發怒，夫人憂死，而和寵稍損，懼於廢黜。

The ambitions of Sun Ba, King of Lu, grew ever greater. Lu Xun, Wu Can, Gu Tan and others repeatedly set forth the principle of distinguishing the legitimate heir from secondary sons, and their reasoning could not be overturned. Quan Ji and Yang Zhu were partisans of Sun Ba, King of Lu, and slanders arose daily. Wu Can was in the end thrown into prison and executed, and Gu Tan was banished to Jiao Province. Sun Quan wavered for years, but at last he confined Sun He. Then the General of Agile Cavalry Zhu Ju and the Deputy Director of the Secretariat Qu Huang led the generals and officials, with mud smeared on their heads and their bodies bound, and came to the palace gate day after day to plead for Sun He.

魯王霸覬覦滋甚，陸遜、吾粲、顧譚等數陳適庶之義，理不可奪，全寄、楊竺爲魯王霸支黨，譖愬日興。粲遂下獄誅，譚徙交州。權沈吟者歷年，¹後遂幽閉和。於是驃騎將軍朱據、尚書僕射屈晃率諸將吏泥頭自縛，連日詣闕請和。

Sun Quan climbed the Baijue Tower and saw them, and was greatly displeased; he rebuked Zhu Ju, Qu Huang and the others for their needless commotion. When Sun Quan intended to depose Sun He and set up Sun Liang, Chen Zheng, Commander of the Wunan Guard, and Chen Xiang, Commander of the Five Camps, submitted a letter citing how Duke Xian of Jin killed Shensheng and set up Xiqi, throwing the state of Jin into turmoil; and Zhu Ju and Qu Huang remonstrated firmly and would not stop. Sun Quan flew into a great rage; he had Chen Zheng and Chen Xiang executed with their clans, and had Zhu Ju and Qu Huang dragged into the hall and given a hundred strokes of the rod. In the end he moved Sun He to Guzhang. More than ten officials were executed or banished for remonstrating. Everyone thought it unjust.

權登白爵觀見，甚惡之，勑據、晃等無事忩忩。權欲廢和立亮，無難督陳正、五營督陳象上書，稱引晉獻公殺申生，立奚齊，晉國擾亂，又據、晃固諫不止。權大怒，族誅正、象，據、晃牽入殿，杖一百，¹竟徙和於故鄣，羣司坐諫誅放者十數。衆咸冤之。²

In the first month of the second year of Taiyuan, Sun He was enfeoffed as King of Nanyang and sent to Changsha. In the fourth month Sun Quan died, and Zhuge Ke took charge of the government. Zhuge Ke was the maternal uncle of Sun He's consort, Lady Zhang. The consort sent the palace eunuch Chen Qian to Jianye to submit a letter to the Empress's Palace and also to convey her greetings to Zhuge Ke. As Chen Qian was leaving, Zhuge Ke said to him, “Tell the consort for me that I intend to make sure she surpasses the others.” These words leaked out widely. Moreover, Zhuge Ke had in mind to move the capital and had the palace at Wuchang repaired, so that some among the people said he meant to bring back Sun He.

太元二年正月，封和爲南陽王，遣之長沙。¹四月，權薨，諸葛恪秉政。恪即和妃張之舅也。妃使黃門陳遷之建業上疏中宮，并致問於恪。臨去，恪謂遷曰：「爲我達妃，期當使勝他人。」此言頗泄。又恪有徙都意，使治武昌宮，民間或言欲迎和。

When Zhuge Ke was executed, Sun Jun used this as a pretext to strip Sun He of his seal and ribbon and move him to Xindu, and then sent an envoy to order him to die. When Sun He bade farewell to his consort Lady Zhang, she said, “In good fortune or ill we should follow each other; I will never go on living alone.” She too killed herself, and the whole state grieved for them.

及恪被誅，孫峻因此奪和璽綬，徙新都，又遣使者賜死。和與妃張辭別，張曰：「吉凶當相隨，終不獨生活也。」亦自殺，舉邦傷焉。

When Sun Xiu came to the throne, he enfeoffed Sun He's son Sun Hao as Marquis of Wucheng, and Sun Hao went from Xindu to his fief. When Sun Xiu died and Sun Hao ascended the throne, that same year he posthumously titled his father Sun He as Emperor Wen, reburied him at the Ming Mausoleum, and established a mausoleum town of two hundred households, with a prefect and an assistant to maintain and guard it. In the first month of the following year he further separated nine counties from Wu and Danyang to form Wuxing Commandery, with its seat at Wucheng, and appointed a Prefect to offer sacrifices in all four seasons. The officials memorialized that a temple should be erected in the capital.

孫休立，封和子皓爲烏程侯，自新都之本國。休薨，皓即阼，其年追謚父和曰文皇帝，改葬明陵，置園邑二百家，令、丞奉守。後年正月，又分吳郡、丹楊九縣爲吳興郡，治烏程，置太守，四時奉祠。有司奏言，宜立廟京邑。

In the seventh month of the second year of Baoding, he had the acting Court Architect Xue Xu build a sleeping hall, which was named the Pure Temple. In the twelfth month he sent the acting Chancellor Meng Ren, the Minister of Ceremonies Yao Xin and others, with a full complement of officials and two thousand infantry and cavalry of the Central Army, taking the spirit carriage and the ceremonial equipage, east to the Ming Mausoleum to welcome the spirit. Sun Hao received Meng Ren and personally bowed to see him off in the courtyard. When the spirit carriage was about to arrive, he had the Chancellor Lu Kai offer the three sacrificial animals in the near suburbs, and Sun Hao himself spent the night in the open outside Jincheng.

寶鼎二年七月，使守大匠薛珝營立寢堂，號曰清廟。十二月，遣守丞相孟仁、太常姚信等備官寮中軍步騎二千人，以靈輿法駕，東迎神於明陵。皓引見仁，親拜送於庭。¹靈輿當至，使丞相陸凱奉三牲祭於近郊，皓於金城外露宿。

The next day he bowed from afar outside the East Gate. The day after, he bowed at the temple and presented the offerings, sobbing with grief. Within seven days he held three sacrifices, and entertainers and performers amused him day and night. The officials memorialized, “Sacrifices should not be frequent; frequency makes them irreverent. You should restrain your feelings by ritual,” and only then did he stop.

明日，望拜於東門之外。其翌日，拜廟薦祭，歔欷悲感。比七日三祭，倡技晝夜娛樂。有司奏言「祭不欲數，數則黷，宜以禮斷情」，然後止。¹

Sun Ba

孫霸

Sun Ba, courtesy name Ziwei, was the younger brother of Sun He. When Sun He was Heir Apparent, Sun Ba was made King of Lu, and the favor and affection shown him were exalted and special, no different from those shown Sun He. Before long, reports that Sun He and Sun Ba were not in harmony reached Sun Quan's ears, and Sun Quan forbade them to visit each other, on the pretext of having them concentrate on study. The Envoy Supervising the Army Yang Dao submitted a memorial: “I have heard that all those who possessed the realm in ancient times first clearly distinguished the legitimate heir from secondary sons and enfeoffed their sons and younger brothers, so as to honor the ancestors and to serve as screens for the state.

孫霸字子威，和弟也。和爲太子。霸爲魯王，寵愛崇特，與和無殊。頃之，和、霸不穆之聲聞於權耳，權禁斷往來，假以精學。督軍使者羊衜上疏曰：「臣聞古之有天下者，皆先顯別適庶，封建子弟，所以尊重祖宗，爲國藩表也。

When the two palaces were given their appointments, all within the seas called it fitting; this is the foundation of the rise of great Wu. Recently I hear that both palaces have cut off their guests, and people near and far are alarmed, the great and small disappointed. From my humble place I have listened to the talk of many, and all say that the two palaces are wise, perceptive, brilliant and fine; that since their names were rectified and their titles established, now three years ago, their virtuous conduct has been manifest within and their good repute has shone abroad, so that the two regions of the northwest have long heard of them with respect. They say Your Majesty ought to accord with the reasons why people near and far turn to virtue, and urge the two palaces to welcome guests from the four distant quarters, so that foreign states will hear of them and long to become their subjects and servants.

二宮拜授，海內稱宜，斯乃大吳興隆之基。頃聞二宮並絕賔客，遠近悚然，大小失望。竊從下風，聽採衆論，咸謂二宮智達英茂，自正名建號，於今三年，德行內著，美稱外昭，西北二隅，久所服聞。謂陛下當副順遐邇所以歸德，勤命二宮賔延四遠，使異國聞聲，思爲臣妾。

Yet now, instead of turning your attention to this, you have issued a clear edict reducing and taking away their guards and cutting them off from their guests, so that the courtesy and respect of the four quarters can no longer reach them. Although Your Majesty truly holds the ancient principles in high regard and wishes the two palaces to devote themselves wholly to study, no longer concerned with the small matter of appearances, hoping only that they review the old and broaden their knowledge, this is not the utmost wish of your subjects, who stand on tiptoe and look up in longing. Some say that the two palaces do not follow the rules; this is why I cannot rest even in my sleep.

今旣未垂意於此，而發明詔，省奪備衞，抑絕賔客，使四方禮敬，不復得通，雖實陛下敦尚古義，欲令二宮專志於學，不復顧慮觀聽小宜，期於溫故博物而已，然非臣下傾企喁喁之至願也。或謂二宮不遵典式，此臣所以寢息不寧。

Even if it is as you suspect, you should still correct and examine the matter, weighing it in secret, so that no divergent talk is allowed to arise near or far. I fear that accumulated suspicion will become slander and in time spread abroad. The two regions of the northwest are not far from our state, and talk of discord easily reaches them. On the day it reaches them, talk will surely arise saying that the two palaces were guilty of disobedience, and I do not know how Your Majesty would explain it. If there is no way to explain it to foreign states, there will also be no way to dispel it within our own borders.

就如所嫌，猶宜補察，密加斟酌，不使遠近得容異言。臣懼積疑成謗，久將宣流，而西北二隅，去國不遠，異同之語，易以聞達。聞達之日，聲論當興，將謂二宮有不順之愆，不審陛下何以解之？若無以解異國，則亦無以釋境內。

With suspicion held within the borders and slander arising in foreign states, this is no way to nurture what is lofty and secure the altars of the state. I pray that Your Majesty will soon issue a gracious edict and let the two palaces conduct their rites and duties as before. Then Heaven will be clear and the earth at peace, and all the states will be most fortunate.”

境內守疑，異國興謗，非所以育巍巍，鎮社稷也。願陛下早發優詔，使二宮周旋禮命如初，則天清地晏，萬國幸甚矣。」

At that time Quan Ji, Wu An, Sun Qi, Yang Zhu and others secretly attached themselves to Sun Ba and plotted to endanger the Heir Apparent. When the slanders had taken effect, the Heir Apparent fell because of them, and Sun Ba too was ordered to take his own life. Yang Zhu's corpse was cast into the Jiang. His elder brother Yang Mu, because he had repeatedly admonished Yang Zhu, escaped the death penalty but was still banished to the southern province. After Sun Ba was ordered to die, Quan Ji, Wu An, Sun Qi and the others were also executed, all because they had sided with Sun Ba and framed Sun He.

時全寄、吳安、孫奇、楊竺等陰共附霸，圖危太子。譖毀旣行，太子以敗，霸亦賜死。流笁屍于江，兄穆以數諫戒笁，得免大辟，猶徙南州。霸賜死後，又誅寄、安、奇等，咸以黨霸搆和故也。

Sun Ba had two sons, Sun Ji and Sun Yi. During the Wufeng era Sun Ji was enfeoffed as Marquis of Wu and Sun Yi as Marquis of Wanling. Sun Ji attended Sun Liang within the palace; in the second year of Taiping he secretly rode one of the imperial horses and was arrested and handed over to prison. Sun Liang asked the Palace Attendant Diao Xuan, “What is the penalty for secretly riding an imperial horse?” Diao Xuan replied, “By the statutes it is death. But the King of Lu died early; I pray Your Majesty will take pity and pardon him.” Sun Liang said, “The law is shared by all under Heaven. How can it be bent for the sake of favoring one's kin?

霸二子，基、壹。五鳳中，封基爲吳侯，壹宛陵侯。基侍孫亮在內，太平二年，盜乘御馬，收付獄。亮問侍中刁玄曰：「盜乘御馬罪云何？」玄對曰：「科應死。然魯王早終，惟陛下哀原之。」亮曰：「法者，天下所共，何得阿以親親故邪？

We should think of some way by which he can be released; why press me with appeals to feeling?” Diao Xuan said, “In the past, amnesties were large and small — some covered all under Heaven, and there were also amnesties for a thousand li or five hundred li, extending as far as was intended.” Sun Liang said, “Isn't that just what a man of understanding should say!” He then proclaimed an amnesty within the palace, and Sun Ji was thereby spared. When Sun Hao came to the throne, recalling the old enmity between Sun He and Sun Ba, he stripped Sun Ji and Sun Yi of their titles and lands and moved them, together with their grandmother Consort Xie, to Wushang County in Kuaiji.

當思惟可以釋此者，柰何以情相迫乎？」玄曰：「舊赦有大小，或天下，亦有千里、五百里赦，隨意所及。」亮曰：「解人不當爾邪！」乃赦宮中，基以得免。孫皓即位，追和、霸舊隙，削基、壹爵土，與祖母謝姬俱徙會稽烏傷縣。

Sun Fen

孫奮

Sun Fen, courtesy name Ziyang, was the younger brother of Sun Ba; his mother was Consort Zhong. In the second year of Taiyuan he was established as King of Qi and lived at Wuchang. When Sun Quan died, the Grand Tutor Zhuge Ke did not want the kings to reside in places along the Jiang where troops and horses were stationed, and moved Sun Fen to Yuzhang. Sun Fen was angry and did not obey the order, and he repeatedly overstepped the laws. Zhuge Ke submitted a letter remonstrating with him: “The dignity of emperors and kings stands equal with Heaven. Therefore they take the realm as their household and treat even fathers and elder brothers as subjects; all within the four seas are their subjects and servants.

孫奮字子揚，霸弟也，母曰仲姬。太元二年，立爲齊王，居武昌。權薨，太傅諸葛恪不欲諸王處江濵兵馬之地，徙奮於豫章。奮怒，不從命，又數越法度。恪上牋諫曰：「帝王之尊，與天同位，是以家天下，臣父兄，四海之內，皆爲臣妾。

If an enemy has merit, he cannot but be recommended; if a relative does evil, he cannot but be punished. This is how one receives Heaven's mandate and orders all things, putting the state first and oneself after; it is the institution established by the sages, a way that has not changed for a hundred generations. Formerly, when Han first arose, many sons and brothers were made kings, and when they grew too strong they turned to lawlessness, above nearly endangering the altars of the state and below setting flesh and blood against each other. Afterwards this was taken as a warning and regarded as a great taboo. From Emperor Guangwu onward the kings were held under restrictions: they could only amuse themselves within their palaces and were not allowed to govern the people or interfere in state affairs, and contact with them was everywhere strictly forbidden. In this way they were kept safe and secure, and each preserved his good fortune.

仇讎有善，不得不舉，親戚有惡，不得不誅，所以承天理物，先國後身，蓋聖人立制，百代不易之道也。昔漢初興，多王子弟至於太彊，輒爲不軌，上則幾危社稷，下則骨肉相殘，其後懲戒，以爲大諱。自光武以來，諸王有制，惟得自娛於宮內，不得臨民，干與政事，其與交通，皆有重禁，遂以全安，各保福祚。

This is the proof of the successes and failures of former ages. In recent times Yuan Shao and Liu Biao each held a realm; their lands were not narrow and their people not weak, but because they did not distinguish the legitimate heir from secondary sons, they in the end brought the sacrifices of their line to an end. This is lamented and grieved over by the foolish and the wise throughout the realm alike. The late Emperor surveyed antiquity as a warning for the present, guarding against the sprouts and checking the shoots, and took thought for a thousand years to come. Therefore, on the day he fell ill, he sent the kings off separately, each early to his own fief; his edicts and decrees were earnest and his prohibitions strict, and his warnings and instructions left nothing out. He truly wished, above, to secure the ancestral temples and, below, to preserve the kings, so that for a hundred generations there would be no regret over bringing calamity on the state and harm on the family.

此則前世得失之驗也。近袁紹、劉表各有國土，土地非狹，人衆非弱，以適庶不分，遂滅其宗祀。此乃天下愚智，所共嗟痛。大行皇帝覽古戒今，防芽遏萌，慮於千載。是以寢疾之日，分遣諸王，各早就國，詔策殷勤，科禁嚴峻，其所戒勑，無所不至，誠欲上安宗廟，下全諸王，使百世相承，無凶國害家之悔也。

Your Highness should, highest of all, think of Taibo, who complied with his father's wishes; next, bear in mind the reverent integrity of King Xian of Hejian and Liu Qiang, King of Donghai; and lastly, curb arrogance, license and dissolute disorder, taking them as a warning. Yet I hear that since you recently came to Wuchang you have often disobeyed edicts and decrees, not kept to the regulations, and on your own authority mobilized the generals' troops to repair your palace. Moreover, when any of your regular attendants commit offenses, they should be reported by memorial and handed over publicly to the officials, yet you have on your own authority killed them privately, and the matters have not been made clear.

大王宜上惟太伯順父之志，中念河間獻王、東海王彊恭敬之節，下當裁抑驕恣荒亂以爲警戒。而聞頃至武昌以來，多違詔勑，不拘制度，擅發諸將兵治護宮室。又左右常從有罪過者，當以表聞，公付有司，而擅私殺，事不明白。

The Grand Marshal Lü Dai personally received the late Emperor's edict to assist and guide Your Highness, yet you have not heeded his words, and have caused him to feel anxiety and fear. Hua Qi was a close minister of the late Emperor, loyal, good, upright and honest; what he sets forth ought to be accepted and used, yet I hear that you grew angry with Hua Qi and even spoke of arresting and binding him. Again, the Palace Secretary Yang Rong personally received the edict and ought to be treated with respect, yet you said, ‘I simply do not heed the prohibitions — what can you do to me?’ On the day this was heard, great and small were shocked and astonished, and none but felt a chill in his heart.

大司馬呂岱親受先帝詔勑，輔導大王，旣不承用其言，令懷憂怖。華錡先帝近臣，忠良正直，其所陳道，當納用之，而聞怒錡，有收縛之語。又中書楊融，親受詔勑，所當恭肅，云『正自不聽禁，當如我何』？聞此之日，大小驚怪，莫不寒心。

The proverb says, ‘A bright mirror is for seeing one's form; the affairs of old are for knowing the present.’ Your Highness should take the King of Lu deeply to heart as a warning, change your conduct, be fearful and cautious, and show full respect to the court; if you do so, there will be nothing you seek that you do not obtain. But if you cast aside and forget the laws and teachings of the late Emperor and harbor a heart of contempt, then your subjects would rather fail Your Highness than dare fail the late Emperor's testamentary edict, and would rather incur Your Highness's resentment and hatred than dare to forget the majesty of our sovereign and let his edicts go unheeded by a vassal.

里語曰：『明鏡所以照形，古事所以知今。』大王宜深以魯王爲戒，改易其行，戰戰兢兢，盡敬朝廷，如此則無求不得。若棄忘先帝法教，懷輕慢之心，臣下寧負大王，不敢負先帝遺詔，寧爲大王所怨疾，豈敢忘尊主之威，而令詔勑不行於藩臣邪？

This is the right principle of past and present, which Your Highness understands clearly. Fortune comes for a reason, and disaster comes by degrees; if one does not worry when the first signs appear, it will later be too late for regret. Had the King of Lu early accepted loyal and honest words and taken alarm and fear to heart, he would have enjoyed endless fortune — how would he have met the disaster of destruction? Good medicine is bitter in the mouth, but only the sick can find it sweet; loyal words grate on the ear, but only the wise can accept them. Now I, Ke, and the others earnestly wish to remove danger for Your Highness while it is still a sprout and to broaden the foundation of your blessings, and so I have spoken without realizing how far my words have gone. I hope you will give it careful thought.”

此古今正義，大王所照知也。夫福來有由，禍來有漸，漸生不憂，將不可悔。向使魯王早納忠直之言，懷驚懼之慮，享祚無窮，豈有滅亡之禍哉？夫良藥苦口，惟疾者能甘之。忠言逆耳，惟達者能受之。今者恪等慺慺欲爲大王除危殆於萌芽，廣福慶之基原，是以不自知言至，願蒙三思。」

When Sun Fen received the letter he was afraid and moved to Nanchang, but his hunting grew even worse, and his officials could not bear his demands. When Zhuge Ke was executed, Sun Fen came down and stayed at Wuhu, intending to go to Jianye to watch how events would turn. His Tutor and Chancellor, Xie Ci and others, remonstrated with Sun Fen, and Sun Fen killed them. For this he was deposed and made a commoner, and moved to Zhang'an County. In the third year of Taiping he was enfeoffed as Marquis of Zhang'an.

奮得牋懼，遂移南昌，游獵彌甚，官屬不堪命。及恪誅，奮下住蕪湖，欲至建業觀變。傅相謝慈等諫奮，奮殺之。¹坐廢爲庶人，徙章安縣。太平三年，封爲章安侯。²

In the second year of Jianheng, Sun Hao's Lady of the Left, née Wang, died. Sun Hao grieved beyond measure, wailing for her morning and evening, and did not come out for several months; because of this some among the people said that Sun Hao had died, and a false rumor spread that either Sun Fen or Sun Feng, Marquis of Shangyu, would be set on the throne. The tomb of Sun Fen's mother, Consort Zhong, was in Yuzhang, and Zhang Jun, Prefect of Yuzhang, suspecting that it might be so, had her grave swept and tidied. When Sun Hao heard of this, he had Zhang Jun torn apart by chariots and his three sets of kin exterminated, and he executed Sun Fen together with his five sons, and the fief was abolished.

建衡二年，孫皓左夫人王氏卒。皓哀念過甚，朝夕哭臨，數月不出，由是民間或謂皓死，訛言奮與上虞侯奉當有立者。奮母仲姬墓在豫章，豫章太守張俊疑其或然，掃除墳塋。皓聞之，車裂俊，夷三族，誅奮及其五子，國除。¹

Appraisal

評

Appraisal: What Sun Deng held in his heart was enough to make a flourishing and admirable virtue. Sun Lü and Sun He both had a nature that loved the good and disciplined themselves by the proper standards; yet one was short-lived and died early, and the other did not die a natural death — alas! Sun Ba, a secondary son, encroached on the legitimate heir, and Sun Fen did not follow the rules; they surely took the road to peril and ruin themselves. Yet the execution of Sun Fen and his line was a calamity that fell on him undeservedly.

評曰：孫登居心所存，足爲茂美之德。慮、和並有好善之姿，規自砥礪，或短命早終，或不得其死，哀哉！霸以庶干適，奮不遵軌度，固取危亡之道也。然奮之誅夷，橫遇飛禍矣。