Records of Wei 15: Biographies of Liu Fu, Sima Lang, Liang Xi, Zhang Ji, Wen Hui and Jia Kui

Records of Wei 15: Biographies of Liu Fu, Sima Lang, Liang Xi, Zhang Ji, Wen Hui and Jia Kui

Liu Fu

劉馥

Liu Fu, courtesy name Yuanying, was a man of Xiang in Pei Commandery. He had taken refuge from the disorders in Yang Province, and at the beginning of Jian'an he persuaded Yuan Shu's generals Qi Ji and Qin Yi to lead their troops and go with him to Taizu. Taizu was pleased with him, and he was summoned to serve as an Aide to the Minister over the Masses. Later Li Shu, the Grand Administrator of Lujiang appointed by Sun Ce, attacked and killed Yan Xiang, Inspector of Yang Province, and Mei Qian, Lei Xu, Chen Lan and others of Lujiang gathered tens of thousands of followers between the Yangtze and the Huai, so that the commanderies and counties were laid waste.

劉馥字元穎，沛國相人也。避亂揚州，建安初，說袁術將戚寄、秦翊，使率衆與俱詣太祖。太祖悅之，司徒辟為掾。後孫策所置廬江太守李述攻殺揚州刺史嚴象，廬江梅乾、雷緒、陳蘭等聚衆數萬在江、淮間，郡縣殘破。

Taizu was just then facing his struggle with Yuan Shao. Judging that Liu Fu could be entrusted with affairs in the southeast, he memorialized to make him Inspector of Yang Province.

太祖方有袁紹之難，謂馥可任以東南之事，遂表為揚州刺史。

Once he had received his orders, Liu Fu rode alone to Hefei, then an empty city, and set up the seat of the provincial government there. To the south he won over Lei Xu and the others, pacified them all and gathered them in, and tribute arrived one delivery after another. Within a few years his kindness and teaching had spread widely; the people delighted in his government, and refugees who crossed the Yangtze and the mountains to return numbered in the tens of thousands. He then gathered the scholars and founded schools, extended the agricultural garrisons, and repaired the weirs of Quebei, Rubei, Qimen and Wutang to irrigate the rice fields, so that both the government and the people had reserves.

馥旣受命，單馬造合肥空城，建立州治，南懷緒等，皆安集之，貢獻相繼。數年中恩化大行，百姓樂其政，流民越江山而歸者以萬數。於是聚諸生，立學校，廣屯田，興治芍陂及茹陂、七門、吳塘諸堨以溉稻田，官民有畜。

He also built the city walls high, stockpiled great quantities of timber and stone, had tens of millions of grass mats woven, and stored several thousand hu of fish oil besides, as preparation for battle and defense.

又高為城壘，多積木石，編作草苫數千萬枚，益貯魚膏數千斛，為戰守備。

He died in the thirteenth year of Jian'an. When Sun Quan led a host of a hundred thousand and besieged Hefei for more than a hundred days, it rained day after day and the walls were about to collapse. The defenders then covered them with the grass mats and straw raincoats, and at night burned oil to light up the ground outside the walls, watching what the enemy were doing and preparing against it, so that the enemy were defeated and fled. The gentry and people of Yang Province remembered him all the more, holding that even Dong Anyu's defense of Jinyang could not have surpassed his. The benefit of his weirs and reservoirs is still enjoyed today.

建安十三年卒。孫權率十萬衆攻圍合肥城百餘日，時天連雨，城欲崩，於是以苫蓑覆之，夜然脂照城外，視賊所作而為備，賊以破走。揚州士民益追思之，以為雖董安于之守晉陽，不能過也。及陂塘之利，至今為用。

His Son Liu Jing

子　靖

Liu Fu's son Liu Jing moved from Gentleman of the Yellow Gate to Grand Administrator of Lujiang during the Huangchu era. An edict said, “Your father once governed that province, and now you in turn hold this commandery. You may be called one able to carry on the family charge.” He was transferred to Henei, promoted to Master of Writing and granted the rank of Marquis Within the Passes, then went out as Intendant of Henan. The Regular Mounted Attendant Ying Qu wrote to Liu Jing, “Coming in, you served as Speaker of the court; going out, you took up the charge of the capital. Your ways of enriching the people grow day by day and increase month by month.

馥子靖，黃初中從黃門侍郎遷廬江太守，詔曰：「卿父昔為彼州，今卿復據此郡，可謂克負荷者也。」轉在河內，遷尚書，賜爵關內侯，出為河南尹。散騎常侍應璩書與靖曰：「入作納言，出臨京任。富民之術，日引月長。

The fences and hedges are high and steep, cutting off any thought of breaking through walls to steal. The five grains are sown separately, keeping them far from the disasters of flood and fire. Farm tools are always on hand, so no season is missed. The silkworms and the wheat have thatch mats ready to cover them, so there is no fear of rain and damp. Tallies are sealed with fixed deadlines, so there are no loitering officials. Widowers, widows, orphans and the childless receive real relief from the granaries. To this you add a clear eye that exposes what is hidden, and on top of that a firm hold on the law that does not bend. The officials carry out the royal commands, and the county magistrates sit with folded hands looking up to you for their decisions.

藩落高峻，絕穿窬之心。五種別出，遠水火之災。農器必具，無失時之闕。蠶麥有苫備之用，無雨濕之虞。封符指期，無流連之吏。鰥寡孤獨，蒙廩振之實。加之以明擿幽微，重之以秉憲不撓；有司供承王命，百里垂拱仰辨。

Even the government of Zhao, Zhang and the three Wangs of old falls short of it.” Such was Liu Jing's way of governing. At first it seemed fussy and minute, but in the end the people found it to their benefit; he had his father's lingering style. He left office to mourn his mother, and later served as Grand Minister of Agriculture and as Commandant of the Guards, and was advanced in enfeoffment to Marquis of Guanglu Village with a fief of three hundred households. He submitted a memorial setting out the foundations of Confucian teaching: “Learning is the rule that divides order from disorder, and the great teaching of the sages. Since the Huangchu era the Imperial Academy has been honored and established for more than twenty years, yet few have achieved anything there. This is surely because the Academicians are chosen lightly, the students enter to avoid labor service, and the sons of great families are ashamed to be counted among such company. Therefore there are no real scholars.

雖昔趙、張、三王之治，未足以方也。」靖為政類如此。初雖如碎密，終於百姓便之，有馥遺風。母喪去官，後為大司農衞尉，進封廣陸亭侯，邑三百戶。上疏陳儒訓之本曰：「夫學者，治亂之軌儀，聖人之大教也。自黃初以來，崇立太學二十餘年，而寡有成者，蓋由博士選輕，諸生避役，高門子弟，恥非其倫，故無學者。

They have the name but not the men; the teaching has been set up but has no effect. The Academicians should be chosen with high standards, taking those whose conduct makes them a model for others and whose classical learning fits them to be teachers of others, and they should be put in charge of teaching the sons of the state. Following the ancient rules, the sons and grandsons of officials of two thousand shi and above should all enter the Imperial Academy from the age of fifteen. Clearly establish the paths of demotion and promotion, of honor and disgrace: those who understand the classics and cultivate their conduct should be advanced to exalt virtue, and those who neglect instruction and abandon their studies should be dismissed to punish wrongdoing. If the good are promoted and the incapable are taught, all will be encouraged, and showy socializing will stop of itself without being forbidden.

雖有其名而無其人，雖設其教而無其功。宜高選博士，取行為人表，經任人師者，掌教國子。依遵古法，使二千石以上子孫，年從十五，皆入太學。明制黜陟榮辱之路；其經明行脩者，則進之以崇德；荒教廢業者，則退之以懲惡；舉善而教不能則勸，浮華交游，不禁自息矣。

If the great civilizing influence is spread and extended to settle those not yet submissive, all within the six directions will receive its influence and people from afar will come. This is the teaching of the sages and the root of bringing about good government.” Later he was transferred to General Who Guards the North, granted the Acting Tally and made Chief Controller of the military affairs north of the Yellow River. Liu Jing held that “among the great and enduring rules, none is better than guarding the frontier and keeping the people and the barbarians apart.” He therefore extended the frontier defenses and garrisoned the strategic passes. He also repaired and enlarged the great weir of the Liling Canal, whose water irrigated the land north and south of Ji; rice was planted in three rotations, and the frontier people benefited.

闡弘大化，以綏未賓；六合承風，遠人來格。此聖人之教，致治之本也。」後遷鎮北將軍，假節都督河北諸軍事。靖以為「經常之大法，莫善於守防，使民夷有別」。遂開拓邊守，屯據險要。又脩廣戾陵渠大堨，水溉灌薊南北；三更種稻，邊民利之。

He died in the sixth year of Jiaping. He was posthumously granted the title General Who Conquers the North, advanced to Marquis of Jiancheng District, and given the posthumous name Marquis Jing. His son Liu Xi succeeded him.

嘉平六年薨，追贈征北將軍，進封建成鄉侯，謚曰景侯。子熙嗣。¹

Sima Lang

司馬朗

Sima Lang, courtesy name Boda, was a man of Wen in Henei Commandery. When he was nine, someone spoke his father's courtesy name, and Sima Lang said, “One who slights another's parent does not respect his own parent.” The guest apologized. At twelve he passed the examination on the classics and became a Boy Gentleman. Because he was big and sturdy, the examiner suspected him of hiding his true age and questioned him. Sima Lang said, “On both my mother's and my father's side, my family have been large for generations. Though I am young and weak, I have no wish to look up to high places, and to understate my age in order to advance early is not my intention.”

司馬朗字伯達，河內溫人也。¹九歲，人有道其父字者，朗曰：「慢人親者，不敬其親者也。」客謝之。十二，試經爲童子郎，監試者以其身體壯大，疑朗匿年，劾問。朗曰：「朗之內外，累世長大，朗雖穉弱，無仰高之風，損年以求早成，非志所爲也。」

The examiner thought him remarkable. Later, when troops rose east of the passes, Li Shao, the former Inspector of Ji Province, was living at Yewang. Because it lay near the mountains and their dangerous terrain, he wished to move to Wen. Sima Lang said to Li Shao, “Does the comparison of lips and teeth apply only to Yu and Guo? Wen and Yewang are just the same. To leave there now and live here is only to escape perishing in the morning so as to perish in the evening. Moreover, you are one on whom the people of this region look. If you move away first before any raiders have come, the counties along the mountains will surely take fright. That would shake the hearts of the people and open the way for villainy. I humbly fear for the commandery.” Li Shao did not listen. The people along the mountains did fall into disorder; some moved inland, and some turned to raiding and plunder.

監試者異之。後關東兵起，故冀州刺史李邵家居野王，近山險，欲徙居溫。朗謂邵曰：「脣齒之喻，豈唯虞、虢，溫與野王即是也；今去彼而居此，是爲避朝亡之期耳。且君，國人之望也，今寇未至而先徙，帶山之縣必駭，是搖動民之心而開姦宄之原也，竊爲郡內憂之。」邵不從。邊山之民果亂，內徙，或爲寇鈔。

At this time Dong Zhuo moved the Emperor to Chang'an and made it the capital, while he himself stayed on at Luoyang. Sima Lang's father Sima Fang, who was an Imperial Clerk Who Manages Documents, was due to move west, and because the four quarters were in turmoil he sent Sima Lang to take the family back to their home county. Someone reported that Sima Lang meant to flee, and he was seized and brought before Dong Zhuo. Dong Zhuo said to him, “You are the same age as my dead son, and you nearly betrayed me badly!” Sima Lang then said, “Your Excellency, with virtue towering above the age, has met a time of calamity. You have swept away the crowd of corrupt men and raised worthy gentlemen far and wide. This is truly because you open your heart and apply your thought, intending to bring about perfect government.

是時董卓遷天子都長安，卓因留洛陽。朗父防爲治書御史，當徙西，以四方雲擾，乃遣朗將家屬還本縣。或有告朗欲逃亡者，執以詣卓，卓謂朗曰：「卿與吾亡兒同歲，幾大相負！」朗因曰：「明公以高世之德，遭陽九之會，清除羣穢，廣舉賢士，此誠虛心垂慮，將興至治也。

Your might and virtue are exalted and your achievements are manifest, yet warfare breaks out daily and the provinces and commanderies seethe like a boiling cauldron. Even within the capital's outskirts the people cannot live securely at their work; they abandon their homes and property and wander off, fleeing and hiding. Although prohibitions have been posted at the four passes and heavy punishments added, they still do not stop. This is why I grieve. I hope Your Excellency will look at past events and give the matter a little more thought. Then your glorious name will rank with the sun and moon, and even Yi Yin and the Duke of Zhou will not compare with you.” Dong Zhuo said, “I have realized this too. There is sense in what you say!”

威德以隆，功業以著，而兵難日起，州郡鼎沸，郊境之內，民不安業，捐棄居產，流亡藏竄，雖四關設禁，重加刑戮，猶不絕息，此朗之所以於邑也。願明公監觀往事，少加三思，即榮名並於日月，伊、周不足侔也。」卓曰：「吾亦悟之，卿言有意！」¹

Sima Lang knew that Dong Zhuo was bound to fall, and fearing that he would be kept there, he at once distributed his wealth in bribes to those who held power under Dong Zhuo and asked leave to return home. When he arrived, he said to the elders, “Dong Zhuo is a rebel against all that is right and has become the enemy of the whole realm. This is the time for loyal subjects and righteous men to rise up. Our commandery borders the capital; east of Luoyang lies Chenggao, and to the north our boundary is the great river. If those who raise loyal troops across the realm cannot advance, the situation will certainly bring them to a halt here.

朗知卓必亡，恐見留，即散財物以賂遺卓用事者，求歸鄉里。到謂父老曰：「董卓悖逆，爲天下所讎，此忠臣義士奮發之時也。郡與京都境壤相接，洛東有成皋，北界大河，天下興義兵者若未得進，其勢必停於此。

It will be a land split in four and torn in five by war, where it will be hard to be safe. It would be best, while the roads are still open, for the whole clan to go east to Liyang. There are garrison troops at Liyang, and Zhao Weisun, an old relation by marriage from our district, is Internuncio Supervising the Camp and commands the soldiers and horses there; he is fit to be our protector. If there is some change later, it will not be too late to watch the situation again at our leisure.” The elders were attached to their old homes and none followed him; only Zhao Zi of the same county took his family and went with Sima Lang.

此乃四分五裂戰爭之地，難以自安，不如及道路尚通，舉宗東到黎陽。黎陽有營兵，趙威孫鄉里舊婚，爲監營謁者，統兵馬，足以爲主。若後有變，徐復觀望未晚也。」父老戀舊，莫有從者，惟同縣趙咨，將家屬俱與朗往焉。

A few months later the provinces and commanderies east of the passes raised troops, a host several hundred thousand strong, all gathering at Xingyang and in Henei. The generals could not act together and let their soldiers plunder, so that nearly half of the common people died. After a long time the armies east of the passes broke up, and while Taizu was facing Lü Bu at Puyang, Sima Lang took his family back to Wen. At that time there was a great famine and people ate one another. Sima Lang took in and cared for his clan and taught his younger brothers, not letting their studies lapse because the age was in decline.

後數月，關東諸州郡起兵，眾數十萬，皆集滎陽及河內。諸將不能相一，縱兵鈔略，民人死者且半。久之，關東兵散，太祖與呂布相持於濮陽，朗乃將家還溫。時歲大饑，人相食，朗收恤宗族，教訓諸弟，不爲衰世解業。

At twenty-two he was summoned by Taizu to serve on the staff of the Minister of Works and appointed Magistrate of Chenggao, but left because of illness; he then became Chief of Tangyang. His government stressed leniency and kindness and did not use whip or rod, yet the people did not break the prohibitions. Earlier some of the people had been moved to fill up the capital area. Later, when the county was levied to build boats, the people who had moved feared that the county could not manage it, and they went back secretly together to help. So greatly was he loved. He was transferred to Magistrate of Yuancheng and then entered the court as Registrar to the Chancellor.

年二十二，太祖辟爲司空掾屬，除成皋令，以病去，復爲堂陽長。其治務寬惠，不行鞭杖，而民不犯禁。先時，民有徙充都內者，後縣調當作船，徙民恐其不辦，乃相率私還助之，其見愛如此。遷元城令，入爲丞相主簿。

Sima Lang held that the realm's tendency to crumble like earth came from the Qin abolishing the system of the five ranks of nobility, so that the commanderies and states had no provision for hunts and military drill. Although the five ranks could not now be restored, it would be the better policy to have troops stationed in all the provinces and commanderies, to guard against the barbarians of the four quarters abroad and to overawe the lawless at home. He also held that the well-field system should be restored. In the past, because the people each had estates passed down for generations, it had been hard to take them away midway, and so it had remained so until now.

朗以爲天下土崩之勢，由秦滅五等之制，而郡國無蒐狩習戰之備故也。今雖五等未可復行，可令州郡並置兵，外備四夷，內威不軌，於策爲長。又以爲宜復井田。往者以民各有累世之業，難中奪之，是以至今。

Now, in the wake of great disorder, the people were scattered and the land had no owners and had all become public fields, so this was the moment to restore it. Although his proposals were not carried out, the provinces and commanderies coming to command troops was Sima Lang's original idea. He was transferred to Inspector of Yan Province, where his government and teaching took firm hold and the people praised him. Even on campaign he always wore coarse clothes and ate poor food, leading those below him by frugality. He had a refined taste for judging men and for the classics. When Li Di and others from his district were enjoying great fame, Sima Lang always openly belittled them; later, when Li Di and the others came to ruin, the people of the time acknowledged his judgment.

今承大亂之後，民人分散，土業無主，皆爲公田，宜及此時復之。議雖未施行，然州郡領兵，朗本意也。遷兗州刺史，政化大行，百姓稱之。雖在軍旅，常粗衣惡食，儉以率下。雅好人倫典籍，鄉人李覿等盛得名譽，朗常顯貶下之；後覿等敗，時人服焉。

Zhong Yao and Wang Can wrote a treatise saying, “No one but a sage can bring about great peace.” Sima Lang held that “men like Yi Yin and Yan Hui, though not sages, could bring about great peace if they could succeed one another for several generations.”

鍾繇、王粲著論云：「非聖人不能致太平。」朗以爲「伊、顏之徒雖非聖人，使得數世相承，太平可致」。¹

In the twenty-second year of Jian'an he campaigned against Wu with Xiahou Dun, Zang Ba and others. When they reached Juchao a great epidemic broke out among the soldiers; Sima Lang personally went round to see them and provided doctors and medicine. He himself caught the illness and died, at the age of forty-seven. His last instructions were that he be dressed in plain cloth and a simple headcloth and buried in the clothes of the season. The people of the province remembered him with longing. When Emperor Ming came to the throne, he enfeoffed Sima Lang's son Sima Yi (遺) as Marquis of Changwu Village with a fief of one hundred households. Sima Lang's younger brother Sima Fu also had his own son Sima Wang made Sima Lang's heir. When Sima Yi (遺) died, Sima Wang's son Sima Hong succeeded him.

建安二十二年，與夏侯惇、臧霸等征吳。到居巢，軍士大疫，朗躬巡視，致醫藥。遇疾卒，時年四十七。遺命布衣幅巾，斂以時服，州人追思之。¹明帝即位，封朗子遺昌武亭侯，邑百戶。朗弟孚又以子望繼朗後。遺薨，望子洪嗣。²

Zhao Zi, who had moved with Sima Lang at the beginning, rose to be Minister of Ceremonies and was regarded in his time as a fine gentleman.

初朗所與俱徙趙咨，官至太常，爲世好士。¹

Liang Xi

梁習

Liang Xi, courtesy name Ziyu, was a man of Zhe in Chen Commandery. He served as one of the commandery's senior officers. When Taizu became Minister of Works, he summoned him and made him Chief of Zhang, and he was transferred in turn to be Magistrate of Chengshi, Haixi and Xiapi, earning a name for good government wherever he went. He returned to become a Clerk of the Western Bureau and was promoted to Assistant. When Bing Province had newly submitted, Liang Xi, as Major of a Separate Command, took charge of it as Inspector of Bing Province. It was just after the ruin wrought by Gao Gan's disorders; the Hu and Di tribes were within the borders, swaggering and overbearing, and officials and commoners fled and deserted to join their tribes. Families with private troops held large followings and turned to banditry, stirring one another up, and everywhere they stood entrenched like pieces on a game board.

梁習字子虞，陳郡柘人也，爲郡綱紀。太祖爲司空，辟召爲漳長，累轉乘氏、海西、下邳令，所在有治名。還爲西曹令史，遷爲屬。并土新附，習以別部司馬領并州刺史。時承高幹荒亂之餘，胡狄在界，張雄跋扈，吏民亡叛，入其部落；兵家擁眾，作爲寇害，更相扇動，往往棊跱。

On taking office Liang Xi coaxed and persuaded them to come in, summoning all their powerful leaders with courtesy and gradually recommending them and sending them on to headquarters. When the powerful men were all gone, he next levied the able-bodied men as volunteer auxiliaries, and whenever the main army set out on campaign he asked to send contingents of them as braves. After the officials and soldiers had left, he gradually moved their families as well, sending them to Ye in successive groups that came to several tens of thousands of people in all. Against those who would not obey he raised troops and attacked them, beheading thousands, while those who surrendered and submitted numbered in the tens of thousands.

習到官，誘諭招納，皆禮召其豪右，稍稍薦舉，使詣幕府；豪右已盡，乃次發諸丁強以爲義從；又因大軍出征，分請以爲勇力。吏兵已去之後，稍移其家，前後送鄴，凡數萬口；其不從命者，興兵致討，斬首千數，降附者萬計。

The Chanyu was respectful and obedient, the famous kings knocked their heads to the ground, and their tribal troops submitted and performed their duties just like registered households. The frontier was cleared and pacified, the people spread out across the countryside and worked diligently at farming and sericulture, orders were carried out and prohibitions obeyed. He recommended men of note, all of whom became prominent in the world; this is told in the “Biography of Chang Lin.”

單于恭順，名王稽顙，部曲服事供職，同於編戶。邊境肅清，百姓布野，勤勸農桑，令行禁止。貢達名士，咸顯於世，語在《常林傳》。

Taizu commended him, granted him the rank of Marquis Within the Passes, and appointed him Inspector in full. The elders praised him in song, saying that of all they had heard of or known, no Inspector had equalled Liang Xi. In the eighteenth year of Jian'an, when Bing Province was merged into Ji Province, he was reappointed Consultant and Attendant Officer Supervising the Western Region, subordinate to Ji Province, with overall command of his former troops. He was also sent to Shangdang to obtain great timbers for the palaces at Ye. Liang Xi memorialized to establish two Agricultural Commandants, who led six hundred tenant laborers to plant beans and millet along the route, to pay for the upkeep of the men and oxen.

太祖嘉之，賜爵關內侯，更拜爲真。長老稱詠，以爲自所聞識，刺史未有及習者。建安十八年，州並屬冀州，更拜議郎、西部都督從事，統屬冀州，總故部曲。又使於上黨取大材供鄴宮室。習表置屯田都尉二人，領客六百夫，於道次耕種菽粟，以給人牛之費。

Later the Chanyu came to court to attend on the Emperor, and the northwest was free of trouble; this was Liang Xi's achievement. When Emperor Wen ascended the throne, Bing Province was re-established and Liang Xi was again made its Inspector; he was advanced to Marquis of Shenmen Village with a fief of one hundred households. His government was always the best in the realm. In the second year of Taihe he was summoned and appointed Grand Minister of Agriculture. Liang Xi had been in the province more than twenty years, yet his household was poor and he had none of the rare products of the region. Emperor Ming thought this remarkable and bestowed very generous gifts on him with ceremony. He died in the fourth year, and his son Liang Shi succeeded him.

後單于入侍，西北無虞，習之績也。¹文帝踐阼，復置并州，復爲刺史，進封申門亭侯，邑百戶；政治常爲天下最。太和二年，徵拜大司農。習在州二十餘年，而居處貧窮，無方面珍物，明帝異之，禮賜甚厚。四年，薨，子施嗣。

Wang Si

王思

Earlier, Wang Si of Jiyin had served with Liang Xi as a Clerk of the Western Bureau. On a day when he was on duty, Wang Si submitted a report that went against Taizu's wishes. Taizu was furious and issued an order summoning the official in charge, intending to inflict a heavy punishment. Wang Si had just stepped out, so Liang Xi went in his place to answer and was arrested. Wang Si then came galloping back and confessed that the fault was his own and that his offense deserved death. Taizu marveled that Liang Xi had said nothing and that Wang Si knew his proper place, and said, “Who would have thought there were two men of honor in my army!”

初，濟陰王思與習俱爲西曹令史。思因直日白事，失太祖指。太祖大怒，教召主者，將加重辟。時思近出，習代往對，已被收執矣，思乃馳還，自陳己罪，罪應受死。太祖歎習之不言，思之識分，曰：「何意吾軍中有二義士乎？」¹

Later the two were promoted to Inspector at the same time, and Wang Si took charge of Yu Province. Wang Si too was a capable official, but he was harsh and petty and had no grasp of the larger picture. He rose to be one of the Nine Ministers and was enfeoffed as a full marquis.

後同時擢爲刺史，思領豫州。思亦能吏，然苛碎無大體，官至九卿，封列侯。¹

Zhang Ji

張旣

Zhang Ji, courtesy name Derong, was a man of Gaoling in Pingyi. At sixteen he became a minor clerk of the commandery.

張旣字德容，馮翊高陵人也。年十六，為郡小吏。

Later he held a series of senior posts. He was recommended as Filial and Incorrupt but did not take up the nomination. When Taizu became Minister of Works he summoned him, but before he arrived he was recommended as Flourishing Talent and appointed Magistrate of Xinfeng, where his government was the best in the Three Adjuncts. When Yuan Shang was resisting Taizu at Liyang, he sent Guo Yuan, the Grand Administrator of Hedong he had appointed, Gao Gan, Inspector of Bing Province, and the Chanyu of the Xiongnu to seize Pingyang, and sent envoys west to form an alliance with the generals of Guanzhong. The Colonel-Director of Retainers Zhong Yao sent Zhang Ji to persuade General Ma Teng and the others. Zhang Ji explained to them where their advantage and danger lay, and Ma Teng and the others went along with him.

¹後歷右職，舉孝廉，不行。太祖為司空，辟，未至，舉茂才，除新豐令，治為三輔第一。袁尚拒太祖於黎陽，遣所置河東太守郭援、并州刺史高幹及匈奴單于取平陽，發使西與關中諸將合從。司隷校尉鍾繇遣旣說將軍馬騰等，旣為言利害，騰等從之。

Ma Teng sent his son Ma Chao with more than ten thousand troops to join Zhong Yao in attacking Gao Gan and Guo Yuan. They crushed them and cut off Guo Yuan's head, and Gao Gan and the Chanyu both surrendered. After this Gao Gan rebelled again with Bing Province. Zhang Sheng of Henei, with a band of more than ten thousand men owing allegiance to no one, raided the country between Xiao and Mianchi, and Wei Gu of Hedong and Zhang Yan of Hongnong each raised troops in response. Taizu made Zhang Ji a Consultant attached to Zhong Yao's army and had him call up Ma Teng and the other generals of the west. They all brought their troops together, attacked Zhang Sheng and the others, and defeated them. The heads of Zhang Yan and Wei Gu were cut off, and Gao Gan fled to Jing Province. Zhang Ji was enfeoffed as Marquis of Wushi Village.

騰遣子超將兵萬餘人，與繇會擊幹、援，大破之，斬援首。幹及單于皆降。其後幹復舉并州反。河內張晟衆萬餘人無所屬，冦崤、澠閒，河東衞固、弘農張琰各起兵以應之。太祖以旣為議郎，參繇軍事，使西徵諸將馬騰等，皆引兵會擊晟等，破之。斬琰、固首，幹奔荊州。封旣武始亭侯。

When Taizu was about to campaign against Jing Province, Ma Teng and the others were holding separate parts of Guanzhong. Taizu again sent Zhang Ji to persuade Ma Teng and the others to disband their private troops and ask to return to court. Ma Teng agreed but then began to hesitate. Fearing trouble, Zhang Ji sent dispatches to the counties urging them to lay in supplies and had the officials of two thousand shi go out to the suburbs to welcome him. Ma Teng had no choice but to set out east. Taizu memorialized to make Ma Teng Commandant of the Guards and his son Ma Chao a general in command of his troops. Later, when Ma Chao rebelled, Zhang Ji followed Taizu in defeating him at Huayin, and they pacified the lands west of the passes.

太祖將征荊州，而騰等分據關中。太祖復遣旣喻騰等，令釋部曲求還。騰已許之而更猶豫，旣恐為變，乃移諸縣促儲偫，二千石郊迎。騰不得已，發東。太祖表騰為衞尉，子超為將軍，統其衆。後超反，旣從太祖破超於華陰，西定關右。

Zhang Ji was made Intendant of the Capital, where he drew in and settled the wandering people and restored the counties and towns, and the people were devoted to him. When the state of Wei was established he became Master of Writing, and then went out as Inspector of Yong Province. Taizu said to him, “Sending you back to your home province can be called walking about in broad daylight in embroidered robes.” He accompanied the campaign against Zhang Lu, and went separately through San Pass to attack the rebel Di, harvesting their wheat to feed the army. When Zhang Lu surrendered, Zhang Ji persuaded Taizu to move several tens of thousands of households of the people of Hanzhong to fill up Chang'an and the Three Adjuncts.

以旣為京兆尹，招懷流民，興復縣邑，百姓懷之。魏國旣建，為尚書，出為雍州刺史。太祖謂旣曰：「還君本州，可謂衣繡晝行矣。」從征張魯，別從散關入討叛氐，收其麥以給軍食。魯降，旣說太祖拔漢中民數萬戶以實長安及三輔。

After that he defeated Wu Lan at Xiabian together with Cao Hong, and in the campaign with Xiahou Yuan against Song Jian he separately attacked Lintao and Didao and pacified them.

其後與曹洪破吳蘭於下辯，又與夏侯淵討宋建，別攻臨洮、狄道，平之。

At this time Taizu was moving people to fill up the lands north of the Yellow River, and the people of Longxi, Tianshui and Nan'an were alarmed and agitated and in a state of unrest. Zhang Ji granted leave from their duties to those men of the three commanderies who were serving as officers and clerks, so that they could repair their houses and build water-powered trip-hammers, and the people's hearts were at last set at rest. When Taizu was about to withdraw the garrison from Hanzhong, he was afraid that Liu Bei would move north to take the Di of Wudu and threaten Guanzhong, and he asked Zhang Ji about it. Zhang Ji said, “We can urge them to come out north to where there is grain and so escape the enemy. If those who come first are generously favored and rewarded, the first will see the advantage and the later ones will surely want the same.”

是時，太祖徙民以充河北，隴西、天水、南安民相恐動，擾擾不安，旣假三郡人為將吏者休課，使治屋宅，作水碓，民心遂安。太祖將拔漢中守，恐劉備北取武都氐以逼關中，問旣。旣曰：「可勸使北出就穀以避賊，前至者厚其寵賞，則先者知利，後必慕之。」

Taizu followed his plan. He went to Hanzhong himself to lead the armies out, and sent Zhang Ji to Wudu, who moved more than fifty thousand Di encampments out to live on the borders of Fufeng and Tianshui.

太祖從其策，乃自到漢中引出諸軍，令旣之武都，徙氐五萬餘落出居扶風、天水界。¹

At this time Yan Jun of Wuwei, He Luan of Zhangye, Huang Hua of Jiuquan, Qu Yan of Xiping and others all rebelled with their commanderies, each calling himself general, and attacked one another. Yan Jun sent envoys to deliver his mother and son to Taizu as hostages and asked for help. Taizu asked Zhang Ji about it, and Zhang Ji said, “Outwardly Yan Jun and the others borrow the authority of the state, but inwardly they harbor arrogance and rebellion. Once their plans are settled and their strength is sufficient, they will turn against us. Since we are now engaged in settling Shu, for the moment we should let both sides survive and fight each other. Like Bian Zhuangzi stabbing the tigers, we can sit and collect them when they have exhausted themselves.”

是時，武威顏雋、張掖和鸞、酒泉黃華、西平麴演等並舉郡反，自號將軍，更相攻擊。雋遣使送母及子詣太祖為質，求助。太祖問旣，旣曰：「雋等外假國威，內生傲悖，計定勢足，後即反耳。今方事定蜀，且宜兩存而鬬之，猶卞莊子之刺虎，坐收其斃也。」

Taizu said, “Good.” A little over a year later He Luan did kill Yan Jun, and Wang Bi of Wuwei in turn killed He Luan. At this time no Liang Province had been established; everything from the Three Adjuncts to the Western Regions belonged to Yong Province. When Emperor Wen succeeded as King, Liang Province was established for the first time, and Zou Qi, Grand Administrator of Anding, was made its Inspector. Zhang Jin of Zhangye seized his commandery’s Grand Administrator and raised troops to resist Zou Qi, and Huang Hua and Qu Yan each drove out their former Grand Administrators and raised troops in support of him. Zhang Ji advanced his troops to lend weight to Su Ze, the Colonel Protector of the Qiang, and so Su Ze was able to win merit.

太祖曰：「善。」歲餘，鸞遂殺雋，武威王祕又殺鸞。是時不置涼州，自三輔拒西域，皆屬雍州。文帝即王位，初置涼州，以安定太守鄒岐為刺史。張掖張進執郡守舉兵拒岐，黃華、麴演各逐故太守，舉兵以應之。旣進兵為護羌校尉蘇則聲勢，故則得以有功。

Zhang Ji was advanced in rank to Marquis of a Chief District. The Lushui Hu of Liang Province, Yijian Jiqie, Zhi Yuanduo and others, rebelled, and the region west of the River was thrown into great turmoil. The Emperor was troubled by this and said, “No one but Zhang Ji can pacify Liang Province.” He therefore recalled Zou Qi and put Zhang Ji in his place. The edict said, “Long ago, when Jia Fu asked to attack the bandits of Yan, Emperor Guangwu laughed and said, ‘If the Bearer of the Golden Mace attacks Yan, what more have I to worry about?’ Your strategy surpasses that of other men, and now is the time for it. Act as circumstances require, and do not ask permission first.”

旣進爵都鄉侯。涼州盧水胡伊健妓妾、治元多等反，河西大擾。帝憂之，曰：「非旣莫能安涼州。」乃召鄒岐，以旣代之。詔曰：「昔賈復請擊郾賊，光武笑曰：『執金吾擊郾，吾復何憂？』卿謀略過人，今則其時。以便宜從事，勿復先請。」

Xiahou Ru, the Army Protector, and the general Fei Yao and others were sent to follow after him. When Zhang Ji reached Jincheng and was about to cross the River, the generals insisted, “Our troops are few and the roads are perilous; we must not go deep.” Zhang Ji said, “Though the road is perilous, it is no defile like Jingxing; the barbarians are a rabble, and they have no plan like that of Li Zuoche. Now Wuwei is in desperate danger, and we must hurry to its aid.” So he crossed the River. More than seven thousand enemy horsemen moved to block the army at the Zhanyin Crossing. Zhang Ji spread word that his army would go by way of Zhanyin, but secretly went through Juci and came out at Wuwei.

遣護軍夏侯儒、將軍費曜等繼其後。旣至金城，欲渡河，諸將守以為「兵少道險，未可深入」。旣曰：「道雖險，非井陘之隘，夷狄烏合，無左車之計，今武威危急，赴之宜速。」遂渡河。賊七千餘騎逆拒軍於鸇陰口，旣揚聲軍從鸇陰，乃潛由且次出至武威。

The Hu thought it the work of a god and withdrew to Xianmei. Only after Zhang Ji had occupied Wuwei did Fei Yao arrive, and Xiahou Ru and the others had still not come. Zhang Ji rewarded and feasted his officers and men and meant to advance and attack the Hu. The generals all said, “The soldiers are exhausted and the enemy host is in keen spirits. It will be hard to cross blades with them.” Zhang Ji said, “Our army now has no grain on hand, and we must make the enemy our supply. If the enemy sees that our forces have joined, they will retreat and shelter in the deep mountains. If we pursue them, the roads will be perilous and we will be left destitute and starving; if we pull back, they will come out, watch for their chance and raid.

胡以為神，引還顯美。旣已據武威，曜乃至，儒等猶未達。旣勞賜將士，欲進軍擊胡。諸將皆曰：「士卒疲倦，虜衆氣銳，難與爭鋒。」旣曰：「今軍無見糧，當因敵為資。若虜見兵合，退依深山，追之則道險窮餓，兵還則出候寇鈔。

That way the fighting will never end. This is what is meant by ‘Let an enemy go for one day, and the trouble lasts for generations.’” So he advanced his army to Xianmei. Several thousand Hu horsemen meant to use a great wind to set fire to his camp, and his officers and men were all afraid. At night Zhang Ji hid three thousand picked troops in ambush and had his Army Adviser Chenggong Ying lead over a thousand horsemen to offer battle, ordering him to feign retreat. The Hu did indeed race one another in pursuit; the ambush was then sprung to cut them off from behind, and attacking them front and rear he routed them, taking heads and captives by the tens of thousands.

如此，兵不得解，所謂『一日縱敵，患在數世』也。」遂前軍顯美。胡騎數千，因大風欲放火燒營，將士皆恐。旣夜藏精卒三千人為伏，使參軍成公英督千餘騎挑戰，勑使陽退。胡果爭奔之，因發伏截其後，首尾進擊，大破之，斬首獲生以萬數。¹

The Emperor was delighted and issued an edict: “You crossed the River and passed through perilous country; with a weary army you struck a rested foe, and with few you defeated many. Your merit surpasses that of Nanzhong, and your toil exceeds that of Jifu. This achievement is not merely the defeat of the Hu; it has brought lasting peace to the lands west of the River, so that I need never again look westward with concern.” His enfeoffment was changed to Marquis of Xixiang, and his fief was increased by two hundred households, making four hundred in all with what he had before.

帝甚悅，詔曰：「卿踰河歷險，以勞擊逸，以寡勝衆，功過南仲，勤踰吉甫。此勳非但破胡，乃永寧河右，使吾長無西顧之念矣。」徙封西鄉侯，增邑二百，並前四百戶。

Su Heng of Jiuquan rebelled and, together with the Qiang chieftain Lin Dai and more than ten thousand Dingling Hu horsemen, attacked the frontier counties. Zhang Ji and Xiahou Ru crushed them, and Su Heng, Lin Dai and the rest all surrendered. He then submitted a memorial asking to fortify Zuocheng together with Xiahou Ru, to build barrier forts, and to set up beacon posts and granaries as a defense against the Hu. The Western Qiang took fright and surrendered with more than twenty thousand encampments of their people. Later Qu Guang and others of Xiping killed their Grand Administrator. The generals wanted to attack them, but Zhang Ji said, “Only Qu Guang and his few have rebelled; the people of the commandery have not necessarily all joined them.

酒泉蘇衡反，與羌豪鄰戴及丁令胡萬餘騎攻邊縣。旣與夏侯儒擊破之，衡及鄰戴等皆降。遂上疏請與儒治左城，築鄣塞，置烽候、邸閣以備胡。¹西羌恐，率衆二萬餘落降。其後西平麴光等殺其郡守，諸將欲擊之，旣曰：「唯光等造反，郡人未必悉同。

If we descend on them with the army straightaway, the officials and people, Qiang and Hu, will surely say that the state does not distinguish right from wrong, and it will only make them all cling together; that would be giving wings to a tiger. Qu Guang and his men hope to use the Qiang and Hu as their allies. Let us instead first set the Qiang and Hu to raid them, offering generous rewards for recruits and letting them keep everything they seize. Outwardly we will break his strength and inwardly we will split his alliances; it will surely be settled without a battle.” He then sent out a proclamation to the Qiang tribes: those who had been misled by Qu Guang and his men would be pardoned, and anyone who could behead a rebel leader and send in his head would be rewarded with enfeoffment. Thereupon Qu Guang’s own followers beheaded him and sent in his head, and all the rest lived in peace as before.

若便以軍臨之，吏民羌胡必謂國家不別是非，更使皆相持著，此為虎傅翼也。光等欲以羌胡為援，今先使羌胡鈔擊，重其賞募，所虜獲者皆以畀之。外沮其勢，內離其交，必不戰而定。」乃檄告諭諸羌，為光等所詿誤者原之；能斬賊帥送首者當加封賞。於是光部黨斬送光首，其餘咸安堵如故。

Zhang Ji governed the two provinces for more than ten years, and his administration and kindness were widely known. Those whom he summoned with courtesy to his service, Pang Yan of Fufeng, Yang Fu of Tianshui, Hu Zun of Anding, Pang Yu of Jiuquan, Zhang Gong of Dunhuang, Zhousheng Lie and others, all attained fame and rank in the end. He died in the fourth year of Huangchu. The edict said, “Long ago, when Xun Huanzi won merit in the land of the Di, the Marquis of Jin rewarded him with a town of a thousand households; when Feng Yi gave his strength to the Han court, Emperor Guangwu enfeoffed his two sons. The late Inspector of Liang Province Zhang Ji was able to embrace the people and sustain the multitude, and he brought the Qiang tribes back to their lands. He may be called a good minister of the state.

旣臨二州十餘年，政惠著聞，其所禮辟扶風龐延、天水楊阜、安定胡遵、酒泉龐淯、燉煌張恭、周生烈等，終皆有名位。¹黃初四年薨。詔曰：「昔荀桓子立勳翟土，晉侯賞以千室之邑；馮異輸力漢朝，光武封其二子。故涼州刺史張旣，能容民畜衆，使羣羌歸土，可謂國之良臣。

He has unfortunately passed away, and I grieve for him deeply. Let his younger son Zhang Onggui be granted the rank of Marquis Within the Passes.” When Emperor Ming came to the throne, he posthumously named him Marquis Su. His son Zhang Ji succeeded him.

不幸薨隕，朕甚愍之，其賜小子翁歸爵關內侯。」明帝即位，追謚曰肅侯。子緝嗣。

His Son Zhang Ji

子　緝

Zhang Ji rose gradually from Gentleman of the Palace Writers to Grand Administrator of Dongguan. In the Jiaping era, when his daughter became Empress, he was summoned to court and appointed Grandee of Splendid Happiness with the rank of Specially Advanced, and his wife, Lady Xiang, was enfeoffed as Lady of Ancheng District. Zhang Ji conspired with Li Feng, Prefect of the Palace Writers, and was executed. The account is in the Biography of Xiahou Xuan.

緝以中書郎稍遷東莞太守。嘉平中，女為皇后，徵拜光祿大夫，位特進，封妻向為安城鄉君。緝與中書令李豐同謀，誅。語在《夏侯玄傳》。¹

Wen Hui

溫恢

Wen Hui, courtesy name Manji, was a man of Qi in Taiyuan. His father Wen Shu was Grand Administrator of Zhuo Commandery and died in office. When Wen Hui was fifteen he escorted the coffin home to their native district; the family was well supplied with wealth. Wen Hui said, “The world is falling into chaos; what use is being rich?” In a single morning he gave it all away, distributing it to relieve his kinsmen. The people of the province and district admired him for it and compared him to Xun Yue. He was recommended as Filial and Incorrupt and served as Chief of Linqiu, Prefect of Yanling and of Guangchuan, and Chancellor of Pengcheng and of Lu, earning praise wherever he went. He entered the capital as Registrar to the Chancellor and went out again as Inspector of Yang Province.

溫恢字曼基，太原祁人也。父恕，爲涿郡太守，卒。恢年十五，送喪還歸鄉里，內足於財。恢曰：「世方亂，安以富爲？」一朝盡散，振施宗族。州里高之，比之郇越。舉孝廉，爲廩丘長，鄢陵、廣川令，彭城、魯相，所在見稱。入爲丞相主簿，出爲揚州刺史。

Taizu said, “I very much wished to keep you close to me, but I judged that nothing is as important as the affairs of this province. Hence the Book says, ‘The limbs are good! All affairs prosper!’ Should you not have Jiang Ji as your Headquarters Officer?” At the time Jiang Ji was Grand Administrator of Danyang, so Taizu sent him back to the province. He also told Zhang Liao, Yue Jin and others, “The Inspector of Yang Province has a thorough grasp of military matters. Whether you move or stay, consult with him.”

太祖曰：「甚欲使卿在親近，顧以爲不如此州事大。故書云：『股肱良哉！庶事康哉！』得無當得蔣濟爲治中邪？」時濟見爲丹楊太守，乃遣濟還州。又語張遼、樂進等曰：「揚州刺史曉達軍事，動靜與共咨議。」

In the twenty-fourth year of Jian’an, Sun Quan attacked Hefei. At that time garrisons were stationed in all the provinces. Wen Hui said to Pei Qian, Inspector of Yan Province, “Although there are raiders here, they are no cause for worry. What I fear is that something will go wrong on the front of the General Who Conquers the South. The waters are now rising, and Zixiao’s army is isolated, with no far-sighted preparations. Guan Yu is valiant and keen; if he presses forward on the strength of his advantage, he will surely bring disaster.” Then came the affair at Fancheng. An imperial order summoned Pei Qian, Lü Gong, Inspector of Yu Province, and others, but Pei Qian and the rest were in no hurry.

建安二十四年，孫權攻合肥，是時諸州皆屯戍。恢謂兗州刺史裴潛曰：「此間雖有賊，不足憂，而畏征南方有變。今水生而子孝縣軍，無有遠備。關羽驍銳，乘利而進，必將爲患。」於是有樊城之事。詔書召潛及豫州刺史呂貢等，潛等緩之。

Wen Hui said to Pei Qian privately, “This must be because Xiangyang is in danger and they want you to rush there. They did not make it an urgent muster only because they do not wish to alarm the distant masses. Within a day or two a secret letter will surely arrive urging you on your way, and Zhang Liao and the others will be summoned as well. Zhang Liao and his colleagues know the King’s mind well; if they are summoned after you and still arrive first, you will bear the blame!” Pei Qian took his advice, left his baggage train behind, changed to light equipment and set out at speed, and sure enough he received an order urging him on. Soon afterward Zhang Liao and the others were each summoned, just as Wen Hui had foreseen.

恢密語潛曰：「此必襄陽之急欲赴之也。所以不爲急會者，不欲驚動遠眾。一二日必有密書促卿進道，張遼等又將被召。遼等素知王意，後召前至，卿受其責矣！」潛受其言，置輜重，更爲輕裝速發，果被促令。遼等尋各見召，如恢所策。

When Emperor Wen ascended the throne, he made Wen Hui a Palace Attendant, then sent him out as Grand Administrator of Wei Commandery. Several years later he was transferred to Inspector of Liang Province, bearing the staff of authority and concurrently serving as Colonel Protector of the Qiang. He fell ill on the road and died, aged forty-five. The edict said, “Wen Hui had the quality of a pillar and cornerstone. In serving the late Emperor his merit and diligence were plain to see; when he came to serve me, he was loyal to the royal house. Therefore I gave him a charge ten thousand li away and entrusted him with the affairs of a whole region. How is it that he did not live to fulfill it! I grieve for him deeply.” Wen Hui’s son Wen Sheng was granted the rank of Marquis Within the Passes. Wen Sheng died young, and the title lapsed.

文帝踐阼，以恢爲侍中，出爲魏郡太守。數年，遷涼州刺史，持節領護羌校尉。道病卒，時年四十五。詔曰：「恢有柱石之質，服事先帝，功勤明著。及爲朕執事，忠於王室，故授之以萬里之任，任之以一方之事。如何不遂，吾甚愍之！」賜恢子生爵關內侯。生早卒，爵絕。

Meng Jian

孟建

After Wen Hui’s death, Meng Jian of Runan became Inspector of Liang Province. He had a reputation for good government, and his career culminated in the post of General Who Conquers the East.

恢卒後，汝南孟建爲涼州刺史，有治名，官至征東將軍。¹

Jia Kui

賈逵

Jia Kui, courtesy name Liangdao, was a man of Xiangling in Hedong. From childhood he would always draw up ranks and files when he played. His grandfather Jia Xi thought him remarkable and said, “When you grow up you are sure to become a commander,” and taught him tens of thousands of words of military texts by word of mouth. He first became a commandery clerk and served as acting Chief of Jiangyi. When Guo Yuan attacked Hedong, every city and town he passed fell to him, but Jia Kui held firm. Unable to take the city by assault, Guo Yuan called in the Chanyu to join forces with him and pressed the attack. When the city was about to fall, the elders of Jiang made a pact with Guo Yuan that he would not harm Jia Kui.

賈逵字梁道，河東襄陵人也。自爲兒童，戲弄常設部伍，祖父習異之，曰：「汝大必爲將率。」口授兵法數萬言。¹初爲郡吏，守絳邑長。郭援之攻河東，所經城邑皆下，逵堅守，援攻之不拔，乃召單于並軍急攻之。城將潰，絳父老與援要，不害逵。

After Jiang had fallen, Guo Yuan, who had heard of Jia Kui’s reputation, wanted to make him a general and tried to force him at swordpoint, but Jia Kui would not move. Guo Yuan’s attendants dragged Jia Kui forward to make him kowtow, but he rebuked them: “How could a senior official of the state kowtow to a rebel!” Guo Yuan was furious and was about to have him beheaded. When the officials and people of Jiang heard that Jia Kui was to be killed, they all mounted the walls and shouted, “If you break your pact and kill our worthy lord, we would rather all die with him!” The attendants too thought Jia Kui a man of honor, and many of them interceded for him, so he was spared. Earlier, when Jia Kui passed through Pishi, he had said, “In contested ground, whoever occupies it first wins.”

絳人既潰，援聞逵名，欲使爲將，以兵劫之，逵不動。左右引逵使叩頭，逵叱之曰：「安有國家長吏爲賊叩頭！」援怒，將斬之。絳吏民聞將殺逵，皆乘城呼曰：「負要殺我賢君，寧俱死耳！」左右義逵，多爲請，遂得免。¹初，逵過皮氏，曰：「爭地先據者勝。」

When the siege grew desperate and he knew he could not escape, he had men take his seal and ribbon back to the commandery by secret paths, with the message, “Occupy Pishi at once.” Having absorbed the forces of Jiang, Guo Yuan was about to advance. Jia Kui, afraid that Guo Yuan would reach Pishi first, used another stratagem to sow doubt in the mind of Guo Yuan’s adviser Zhu Ao, and because of this Guo Yuan delayed seven days. The commandery followed Jia Kui’s advice and so escaped defeat.

及圍急，知不免，乃使人間行送印綬歸郡，且曰「急據皮氏」。援既並絳眾，將進兵。逵恐其先得皮氏，乃以他計疑援謀人祝奧，援由是留七日。郡從逵言，故得無敗。¹

Later he was recommended as Flourishing Talent and appointed Prefect of Mianchi. When Gao Gan rebelled, Zhang Yan was about to raise troops in support of him. Jia Kui, knowing nothing of his plot, went to see Zhang Yan. When he heard that the revolt had broken out, he wanted to go back, but fearing he would be seized, he devised plans for Zhang Yan as though he were one of the conspirators, and Zhang Yan trusted him. At that time the county seat had been moved temporarily to Licheng, whose walls and moats were not secure, and Jia Kui asked Zhang Yan for men to repair the walls. Those who meant to make trouble did not hide their plans from him, so Jia Kui was able to put them all to death.

後舉茂才，除澠池令。高幹之反，張琰將舉兵以應之。逵不知其謀，往見琰。聞變起，欲還，恐見執，乃爲琰畫計，如與同謀者，琰信之。時縣寄治蠡城，城塹不固，逵從琰求兵脩城。諸欲爲亂者皆不隱其謀，故逵得盡誅之。

So he repaired the walls and held out against Zhang Yan. After Zhang Yan was defeated, Jia Kui left office to mourn his grandfather. The Minister over the Masses summoned him as a Clerk, and as a Consultant he took part in the military affairs of the Colonel-Director of Retainers. When Taizu campaigned against Ma Chao and reached Hongnong, he said, “This is the key to the western road,” and made Jia Kui acting Grand Administrator of Hongnong. When he summoned him to discuss affairs, Taizu was delighted with him and said to those around him, “If every official of two thousand shi in the realm were like Jia Kui, what would I have to worry about?” Later, when troops were being levied, Jia Kui suspected that the Agricultural Commandant was hiding runaway commoners.

遂脩城拒琰。琰敗，逵以喪祖父去官，司徒辟爲掾，以議郎參司隸軍事。太祖征馬超，至弘農，曰「此西道之要」，以逵領弘農太守。召見計事，大悅之，謂左右曰：「使天下二千石悉如賈逵，吾何憂？」其後發兵，逵疑屯田都尉藏亡民。

The Commandant, since he did not come under the commandery, answered insolently. Jia Kui in his anger had him arrested, listed his crimes, and had him beaten until his legs were broken; for this Jia Kui was dismissed. But in his heart Taizu approved of Jia Kui and made him Registrar to the Chancellor. When Taizu campaigned against Liu Bei, he sent Jia Kui ahead to Xie Valley to observe the lie of the land. On the road Jia Kui met officials of the Shuiheng bureau conveying several dozen cartloads of prisoners. Because military affairs were urgent, he took it upon himself to pass final sentence on the single gravest offender and release all the rest. Taizu approved of this and appointed him Grandee Remonstrant, sharing charge of military planning with Xiahou Shang.

都尉自以不屬郡，言語不順。逵怒，收之，數以罪，撾折腳，坐免。然太祖心善逵，以爲丞相主簿。¹太祖征劉備，先遣逵至斜谷觀形勢。道逢水衡，載囚人數十車，逵以軍事急，輒竟重者一人，皆放其餘。太祖善之，拜諫議大夫，與夏侯尚並掌軍計。

When Taizu died at Luoyang, Jia Kui was put in charge of the funeral. At that time Cao Zhang, Marquis of Yanling, who was acting General of the Yue Cavalry, came hastening from Chang’an and asked Jia Kui where the late King’s seals and ribbons were. Jia Kui said sternly, “The Crown Prince is in Ye; the state has its heir. The late King’s seals and ribbons are not something Your Lordship should ask about.” He then escorted the coffin back to Ye.

太祖崩洛陽，逵典喪事。¹時鄢陵侯彰行越騎將軍，從長安來赴，問逵先王璽綬所在。逵正色曰：「太子在鄴，國有儲副。先王璽綬，非君侯所宜問也。」遂奉梓宮還鄴。

When Emperor Wen succeeded as King, because the tens of thousands of households of Ye County, lying right under the capital, were largely lawless, he made Jia Kui Prefect of Ye. After a month or so he was promoted to Grand Administrator of Wei Commandery. When the grand army set out on campaign, he again became Libationer Registrar to the Chancellor. Once Jia Kui was implicated in another man’s offense, and the King said, “Even Shuxiang’s descendants were to be pardoned for ten generations. How much more so Jia Kui, whose merit and virtue lie in his own person!” He accompanied the King to Liyang. When those crossing at the ford broke ranks, Jia Kui had them beheaded, and order was restored.

文帝即王位，以鄴縣戶數萬在都下，多不法，乃以逵爲鄴令。月餘，遷魏郡太守。¹大軍出征，復爲丞相主簿祭酒。逵嘗坐人爲罪，王曰：「叔向猶十世宥之，況逵功德親在其身乎？」從至黎陽，津渡者亂行，逵斬之，乃整。

When they reached Qiao, Jia Kui was made Inspector of Yu Province. At that time the realm had only just been restored, and most provinces and commanderies were poorly controlled. Jia Kui said, “The province was originally a matter of imperial censors going out to supervise the commanderies, examining the senior officials of two thousand shi and below according to the Edict of Six Articles. Hence their reports all praised men as ‘strict and capable, soaring like a hawk, with a talent for inspection,’ not as ‘calm, lenient and humane, with the virtue of gentle kindness.’ Now the senior officials treat the law with contempt and bandits roam openly. If the province knows of it and does not correct it, where else is the realm to look for rectitude?”

至譙，以逵爲豫州刺史。¹是時天下初復，州郡多不攝。逵曰：「州本以御史出監諸郡，以六條詔書察長吏二千石已下，故其狀皆言嚴能鷹揚有督察之才，不言安靜寬仁有愷悌之德也。今長吏慢法，盜賊公行，州知而不糾，天下復何取正乎？」

The Attendant Officer of the Military Bureau had been granted leave by the previous Inspector and returned only after Jia Kui had been in office for several months. Jia Kui carried his investigation to the end against the officials of two thousand shi and below who had been partial and lax and had not followed the law, and he impeached them all and had them dismissed. The Emperor said, “Jia Kui is a true Inspector.” He proclaimed to the realm that Yu Province should serve as the model, and granted Jia Kui the rank of Marquis Within the Passes.

兵曹從事受前刺史假，逵到官數月，乃還；考竟其二千石以下阿縱不如法者，皆舉奏免之。帝曰：「逵真刺史矣。」布告天下，當以豫州爲法。賜爵關內侯。

The province bordered Wu to the south. Jia Kui kept his scouts alert and repaired armor and weapons, preparing both to defend and to fight, and the enemy did not dare to invade. Abroad he kept the army in order, and at home he managed the affairs of the people. He dammed the Yan and Ru rivers to create a new reservoir; he also cut off the mountain runoff and the Changxi River to create the Little Yiyang Reservoir; and he opened a transport canal more than two hundred li long, the one known as Marquis Jia’s Canal. In the Huangchu era he joined the other generals in campaigning against Wu and defeated Lü Fan at Dongpu, for which he was advanced to Marquis of Yangli Village and given the additional title of General Who Establishes Might.

州南與吳接，逵明斥候，繕甲兵，爲守戰之備，賊不敢犯。外修軍旅，內治民事，遏鄢、汝，造新陂，又斷山溜長谿水，造小弋陽陂，又通運渠二百餘里，所謂賈侯渠者也。黃初中，與諸將並征吳，破呂範於洞浦，進封陽里亭侯，加建威將軍。

When Emperor Ming came to the throne, Jia Kui’s fief was increased by two hundred households, making four hundred in all with what he had before. At that time Sun Quan was at Dongguan, facing the south of Yu Province, more than four hundred li from the Yangzi. Whenever he sent out troops to raid, he came from Jiangxia in the west or from Lujiang in the east, and when the state launched campaigns, it too went by way of the Huai and the Mian. At that time the provincial army was at Xiang, and Runan, Yiyang and the other commanderies merely guarded their borders. Having no worries from the north, Sun Quan could combine his forces to relieve one another whenever there was an emergency in the east or west, and so he seldom suffered defeat.

明帝即位，增邑二百戶，並前四百戶。時孫權在東關，當豫州南，去江四百餘里。每出兵爲寇，輒西從江夏，東從廬江。國家征伐，亦由淮、沔。是時州軍在項，汝南、弋陽諸郡，守境而已。權無北方之虞，東西有急，並軍相救，故常少敗。

Jia Kui believed that a direct road should be opened to the Yangzi: if Sun Quan were forced to look to his own defense, the two flanks would get no relief, and if the two flanks got no relief, Dongguan could be taken. He therefore moved his garrison to Liaokou and set out his plan of attack, which the Emperor approved.

逵以爲宜開直道臨江，若權自守，則二方無救；若二方無救，則東關可取。乃移屯潦口，陳攻取之計，帝善之。

The Wu generals Zhang Ying and Wang Chong came over with their followers. In the second year of Taihe, the Emperor had Jia Kui command four armies, including those of Man Chong, General of the Van, and Hu Zhi, Grand Administrator of Dongguan, and head straight from Xiyang toward Dongguan, while Cao Xiu advanced from Wan and Sima Yi (King Xuan) from Jiangling. When Jia Kui reached Wujiang Mountain, Cao Xiu sent a further memorial saying that some of the enemy were asking to surrender, and requesting to go deep into their territory to meet them. An edict ordered Sima Yi to halt his army and Jia Kui to go east and advance together with Cao Xiu. Jia Kui reckoned that the enemy had made no preparations at Dongguan and would surely mass their troops at Wan, and that if Cao Xiu went deep and gave battle, he was certain to be defeated.

吳將張嬰、王崇率眾降。太和二年，帝使逵督前將軍滿寵、東莞太守胡質等四軍，從西陽直向東關，曹休從皖，司馬宣王從江陵。逵至五將山，休更表賊有請降者，求深入應之。詔宣王駐軍，逵東與休合進。逵度賊無東關之備，必並軍於皖；休深入與賊戰，必敗。

So he deployed his generals and advanced by water and land together. After two hundred li they captured one of the enemy alive, who said that Cao Xiu had been defeated in battle and that Sun Quan had sent troops to cut the road at Jiashi. The generals did not know what to do, and some wanted to wait for the rear army. Jia Kui said, “Cao Xiu’s army has been beaten in the field and the road behind it is cut; it can neither advance to fight nor retreat to safety. The moment that decides whether it lives or dies will not last out the day. The enemy came this far because they believed our army had no reinforcements behind it. If we now advance swiftly and come upon them unexpectedly, that is what is called ‘striking first to take away the enemy’s heart’; when the enemy sees our troops, they will surely flee.

乃部署諸將，水陸並進，行二百里，得生賊，言休戰敗，權遣兵斷夾石。諸將不知所出，或欲待後軍。逵曰：「休兵敗於外，路絕於內，進不能戰，退不得還，安危之機，不及終日。賊以軍無後繼，故至此；今疾進，出其不意，此所謂先人以奪其心也，賊見吾兵必走。

If we wait for the rear army, the enemy will already have cut the pass, and then what use will numbers be!” So he marched on at double pace, setting up many banners and drums as a feint, and when the enemy saw Jia Kui’s army, they withdrew. Jia Kui held Jiashi and supplied Cao Xiu with troops and provisions, and Cao Xiu’s army was able to recover. Earlier, Jia Kui and Cao Xiu had been on bad terms. In the Huangchu era, when Emperor Wen wanted to give Jia Kui the staff of authority, Cao Xiu said, “Jia Kui is headstrong and habitually slights the other generals. He cannot be made a commander.” So the Emperor dropped the idea. At the defeat at Jiashi, had it not been for Jia Kui, Cao Xiu’s army would have had almost no hope of rescue.

若待後軍，賊已斷險，兵雖多何益！」乃兼道進軍，多設旗鼓爲疑兵，賊見逵軍，遂退。逵據夾石，以兵糧給休，休軍乃振。初，逵與休不善。黃初中，文帝欲假逵節，休曰：「逵性剛，素侮易諸將，不可爲督。」帝乃止。及夾石之敗，微逵，休軍幾無救也。¹

When his illness became grave, he said to those around him, “I have received great favor from the state, and my regret is that I go down to see the late Emperor without having beheaded Sun Quan. For my funeral, nothing whatever is to be built or adorned.” He died and was given the posthumous name Marquis Su. His son Jia Chong succeeded him. The officials and people of Yu Province cherished his memory, carved a stone for him and set up a shrine. In the Qinglong era, when the Emperor campaigned in the east, he rode his carriage into Jia Kui’s shrine and issued an edict: “Yesterday, passing through Xiang, I saw Jia Kui’s stele and statue, and thinking of him I was filled with sorrow. The ancients had a saying: one should worry that one’s name may not be established, not that one’s years may not be long.

會病篤，謂左右曰：「受國厚恩，恨不斬孫權以下見先帝。喪事一不得有所脩作。」薨，諡曰肅侯。¹子充嗣。豫州吏民追思之，爲刻石立祠。青龍中，帝東征，乘輦入逵祠，詔曰：「昨過項，見賈逵碑像，念之愴然。古人有言，患名之不立，不患年之不長。

In life Jia Kui showed loyalty and merit, and in death he is remembered; he may truly be called one who has died yet does not perish. Let this be proclaimed throughout the realm to encourage those who come after.”

逵存有忠勳，沒而見思，可謂死而不朽者矣。其布告天下，以勸將來。」¹

His Son Jia Chong

子　充

In the Xianxi era Jia Chong became Central Protector of the Army.

充，咸熙中爲中護軍。¹

Appraisal

評

Appraisal: From the end of the Han onward, Inspectors had overall control of the commanderies and carried out government in the provinces; it was no longer merely a matter of inspection and supervision as in former times. From Taizu’s founding to the close of Wei’s enterprise, these men were the ones of that line who were praised and whose reputations matched the reality. All of them had a keen grasp of the workings of affairs and displayed both authority and kindness, so they were able to bring order across ten thousand li and be recorded for later ages.

評曰：自漢季以來，刺史總統諸郡，賦政于外，非若曩時司察之而已。太祖創基，迄終魏業，此皆其流稱譽有名實者也。咸精達事機，威恩兼著，故能肅齊萬里，見述於後也。