Records of Wu 16: Biographies of Pan Jun and Lu Kai

Records of Wu 16: Biographies of Pan Jun and Lu Kai

Pan Jun

潘濬

Pan Jun, courtesy name Chengming, was a man of Hanshou County in Wuling Commandery. At about twenty he went to study under Song Zhongzi (Song Zhong). Before he was thirty, Liu Biao, Governor of Jing Province, summoned him to serve as Attendant Officer for the Jiangxia Division. At that time the Chief of Shayi was corrupt, took bribes and did not mend his conduct; Pan Jun investigated him and had him put to death, and the whole commandery trembled. Later he became Prefect of Xiangxiang, and his administration was very famous. When Liu Bei took charge of Jing Province, he made Pan Jun Attendant Officer of the Headquarters Office. When Liu Bei entered Shu, he left Pan Jun behind to manage the affairs of the province.

潘濬字承明，武陵漢壽人也。弱冠從宋仲子受學。¹年未三十，荊州牧劉表辟為部江夏從事。時沙羨長贓穢不脩，濬按殺之，一郡震竦。後為湘鄉令，治甚有名。劉備領荊州，以濬為治中從事。備入蜀，留典州事。

When Sun Quan killed Guan Yu and annexed the lands of Jing, he made Pan Jun General of the Household Who Assists the Army and gave him troops. He was promoted to General of Spirited Might and enfeoffed as Marquis of Changqian Village. When Sun Quan took the imperial title, he made Pan Jun Minister Steward. His fief was raised to Marquis of Liuyang and he was promoted to Minister of Ceremonies. When the Man and Yi tribes of Wuxi rebelled and formed a tangled alliance, Sun Quan granted Pan Jun a tally and had him command the armies to suppress them. His rewards were reliably given and his laws could not be flouted; those he beheaded and captured numbered in the tens of thousands. From then on the Man tribes were weakened, and the whole region was at peace.

孫權殺關羽，并荊土，拜濬輔軍中郎將，授以兵。¹遷奮威將軍，封常遷亭侯。²權稱尊號，拜為少府。進封劉陽侯，³遷太常。五谿蠻夷叛亂盤結，權假濬節，督諸軍討之。信賞必行，法不可干，斬首獲生，蓋以萬數，自是羣蠻衰弱，一方寧靜。⁴

Before this, Pan Jun and Lu Xun had both been stationed at Wuchang, jointly in charge of the affairs of the rear, and he had since returned to his former post. At this time the Investigator Lü Yi was wielding power and authority as he pleased. He memorialized for the investigation of the Chancellor Gu Yong, the General of the Left Zhu Ju and others, and they were all placed under restraint. The Gentleman of the Yellow Gate Xie Hong, in the course of conversation, asked Lü Yi, “How is the case of Lord Gu going?” Lü Yi answered, “It cannot turn out well.” Xie Hong asked again, “If this lord is dismissed, who will take his place?” Lü Yi did not answer, and Xie Hong said, “Would it not be Pan, the Minister of Ceremonies, who gets it?"

先是，濬與陸遜俱駐武昌，共掌留事，還復故。時校事呂壹操弄威柄，奏按丞相顧雍、左將軍朱據等，皆見禁止。黃門侍郎謝厷語次問壹：「顧公事何如？」壹答：「不能佳。」厷又問：「若此公免退，誰當代之？」壹未答厷，厷曰：「得無潘太常得之乎？」

After a long pause Lü Yi said, “What you say is close to the mark.” Xie Hong told him, “Pan, the Minister of Ceremonies, is always gnashing his teeth at you; it is only that he is far away and has had no opportunity. If today he replaces Lord Gu, I fear that tomorrow he will strike at you.” Lü Yi was greatly alarmed and dropped the case against Gu Yong. Pan Jun asked to attend court and went to Jianye, intending to speak out fully and remonstrate to the utmost. When he arrived, he heard that the Heir, Sun Deng, had already spoken of the matter several times without being heeded. Pan Jun then invited all the officials to a great gathering, intending to use the occasion to stab Lü Yi to death with his own hand and bear the consequences himself, ridding the state of this bane.

壹良久曰：「君語近之也。」厷謂曰：「潘太常常切齒於君，但道遠無因耳。今日代顧公，恐明日便擊君矣。」壹大懼，遂解散雍事。濬求朝，詣建業，欲盡辭極諫。至，聞太子登已數言之而不見從。濬乃大請百寮，欲因會手刃殺壹，以身當之，為國除患。

Lü Yi learned of this in secret and, pleading illness, did not go. Every time Pan Jun was received in audience, he never failed to set out Lü Yi's treachery and malice. From this Lü Yi's favor gradually declined, and in the end he was executed. Sun Quan took the blame on himself and reproached himself, and in doing so also rebuked his great ministers; the account is in the Biography of Sun Quan.

壹密聞知，稱疾不行。濬每進見，無不陳壹之姦險也。由此壹寵漸衰，後遂誅戮。權引咎責躬，因誚讓大臣，語在《權傳》。

In the second year of Chiwu Pan Jun died, and his son Pan Zhu succeeded him. Pan Jun's daughter was married to Sun Lü, Marquis of Jianchang.

赤烏二年，濬卒，子翥嗣。濬女配建昌侯孫慮。¹

Lu Kai

陸凱

Lu Kai, courtesy name Jingfeng, was a man of Wu County in Wu Commandery and a clansman's son of the Chancellor Lu Xun. At the beginning of Huangwu he became Chief of Yongxing and of Zhuji, and wherever he served he left a record of good government. He was appointed Chief Commandant Who Establishes Martial Might and given command of troops. Though he led an army, he never let a book out of his hands. He loved the Taixuan, discussed and expounded its meaning, and whenever he used it for divination it proved accurate. During Chiwu he was appointed Prefect of Dan'er and campaigned against Zhuya, winning merit for those he beheaded and captured, and was promoted to Colonel Who Establishes Martial Might. In the second year of Wufeng he campaigned against the mountain bandit Chen Bi in Lingling.

陸凱字敬風，吳郡吳人，丞相遜族子也。黃武初為永興、諸暨長，所在有治跡，拜建武都尉，領兵。雖統軍眾，手不釋書。好《太玄》，論演其意，以筮輒驗。赤烏中，除儋耳太守，討朱崖，斬獲有功，遷為建武校尉。五鳳二年，討山賊陳毖於零陵。

Having beheaded Chen Bi and won the victory, he was appointed Commander at Baqiu and Lieutenant General, enfeoffed as Marquis of a Chief District, and transferred to be Commander of the Right Division at Wuchang. He went with the other generals to Shouchun; on his return he rose by successive promotions to General Who Sweeps Away Wei and General Who Pacifies the Distant. When Sun Xiu came to the throne, he was made General Who Conquers the North, granted a tally, and made acting Governor of Yu Province. When Sun Hao was enthroned, he was promoted to Grand General Who Guards the West and Chief Controller at Baqiu, acting Governor of Jing Province, and his fief was raised to Marquis of Jiaxing. When Sun Hao made peace with Jin, the envoy Ding Zhong returned from the north and urged Sun Hao that Yiyang could be taken by surprise attack; Lu Kai remonstrated and stopped it, as told in the Biography of Sun Hao. In the first year of Baoding he was promoted to Chancellor of the Left.

斬毖克捷，拜巴丘督、偏將軍，封都鄉侯，轉為武昌右部督。與諸將共赴壽春；還，累遷蕩魏、綏遠將軍。孫休即位，拜征北將軍，假節領豫州牧。孫皓立，遷鎮西大將軍，都督巴丘，領荊州牧，進封嘉興侯。孫皓與晉平，使者丁忠自北還，說皓弋陽可襲，凱諫止，語在《皓傳》。寶鼎元年，遷左丞相。

By nature Sun Hao disliked being looked at, and when the ministers attended him, none of them dared look him in the face. Lu Kai advised Sun Hao, “There is no principle by which lord and subject should not know each other by sight. If some sudden emergency arose, they would not know whom to rush to.” Sun Hao permitted Lu Kai alone to look at him.

皓性不好人視己，群臣侍見，皆莫敢忤。凱說皓曰：“夫君臣無不相識之道，若卒有不虞，不知所赴。”皓聽凱自視。

At this time Sun Hao moved the capital to Wuchang, and the people of Yang Province had to send supplies upstream, which they found a bitter hardship. Moreover, the government made many errors, and the common people were impoverished and destitute. Lu Kai submitted a memorial: “I have heard that a ruler who has the Way uses joy to bring joy to the people, while a ruler without the Way uses joy to bring joy to himself. For one who brings joy to the people, his joy lasts ever longer; one who brings joy to himself perishes before long. The people are the root of the state; truly you should value their food and cherish their lives. When the people are at peace, the ruler is at peace; when the people are joyful, the ruler is joyful.

皓時徙都武昌，揚土百姓溯流供給，以為患苦，又政事多謬，黎元窮匱。凱上疏曰：臣聞有道之君，以樂樂民。無道之君，以樂樂身。樂民者，其樂彌長。樂身者，不久而亡。夫民者，國之根也，誠宜重其食，愛其命。民安則君安，民樂則君樂。

In recent years, the ruler's severity has been more wounding than that of Jie and Zhou, the ruler's clear sight has been darkened by treacherous schemers, and the ruler's kindness has been blocked by a host of evildoers. Without any calamity the people's lives are exhausted; without any undertaking the state's wealth is emptied. The innocent are punished and those without merit rewarded, so that the ruler is made to bear the fault of error, and Heaven sends portents because of it. Yet the lords and ministers flatter their superior to seek favor and oppress the people to seek riches; they lead the ruler into unrighteousness and ruin the government with dissolute customs. I am secretly pained at heart.

自頃年以來。君威傷於桀、紂，君明暗於奸雄，君惠閉於群孽。無災而民命盡，無為而國財空，辜無罪，賞無功，使君有謬誤之愆，天為作妖。而諸公卿媚上以求愛，困民以求饒，導君於不義，敗政於淫俗，臣竊為痛心。

Now we are on good terms with the neighboring state and there is no trouble on any of our borders. You should devote yourself to relieving labor service and nurturing soldiers, filling the granaries and storehouses, and waiting for Heaven's appointed time. Instead you further unsettle the heart of Heaven and disturb the myriad people, so that the people have no peace and great and small alike cry out in lament. This is no way to preserve the state and nurture the people.

今鄰國交好。四邊無事，當務息役養士，實其廩庫，以待天時。而更傾動天心，騷擾萬姓，使民不安，大小呼嗟，此非保國養民之術也。

I have heard that good and ill fortune rest with Heaven as a shadow rests with a form and an echo with a sound: when the form moves, the shadow moves, and when the form stops, the shadow stops. This allotted order is bound to something; it is not a thing that words can advance or turn back. The reason Qin lost the realm long ago was simply that its rewards were light and its punishments heavy, its government and penalties were confused and disordered, the people's strength was spent on extravagance, its eyes were dazzled by beauty, and its will was clouded by wealth and treasure. Wicked ministers held office while the worthy and wise hid themselves; the common people lived in fear, and the realm suffered under it.

臣聞吉凶在天，猶影之在形，響之在聲也，形動則影動，形止則影止。此分數乃有所繫，非在口之所進退也。昔秦所以亡天下者，但坐賞輕而罰重，政刑錯亂，民力盡於奢侈，目眩於美色，志濁於財寶。邪臣在位，賢哲隱藏，百姓業業，天下苦之。

Thus in the end it met the calamity of an overturned nest and broken eggs. The reason Han was strong was that its rulers practiced sincerity and good faith in their own conduct, listened to remonstrance and welcomed the worthy, extended their kindness even to those who carried firewood, personally invited recluses from their mountain caves, and gathered widely and examined thoroughly to perfect their plans. These are clear proofs from past affairs.

是以遂有覆巢破卵之憂。漢所以強者，躬行誠信，聽諫納賢，惠及負薪，躬請巖穴，廣采博察，以成其謀。此往事之明證也。

More recently, when Han declined and came to its end, three houses stood like the legs of a tripod. The Cao lost their hold on order, and Jin took over their government. Again, Yi Province was rugged and its soldiers numerous, picked and strong; had it closed its gates and held firm, it could have endured for ten thousand generations. But the Liu clan gave and took away perversely, misplaced rewards and punishments, the ruler indulged himself in extravagance, and the people's strength was exhausted on things that were not urgent. So they were attacked by Jin, and ruler and ministers alike were taken captive. This is a clear proof before our very eyes.

近者漢之衰末，三家鼎立，曹失綱紀，晉有其政。又益州危險。兵多精強，閉門固守，可保萬世，而劉氏與奪乖錯，賞罰失所，君恣意於奢侈，民力竭於不急，是以為晉所伐，君臣見虜，此目前之明驗也。

I am ignorant of the great principles, my words fall short of the meaning, and my wisdom is shallow and poor; I have nothing more to hope for myself, and I simply grieve for the realm on Your Majesty's behalf. I respectfully report what my ears and eyes have heard and seen, what the common people find vexatious and harsh, and where punishment and government are confused and disordered. I beg Your Majesty to halt the great construction works, reduce the many labor levies, strive for leniency, and put an end to harsh government. Moreover, the land of Wuchang is truly rugged and barren; it is not a place for a royal capital to secure the state and nurture the people. Boats moored there sink or drift away, and those who live on the hills find them steep and perilous. Besides, a children's ditty says, ‘Better to drink Jianye's water
than eat Wuchang's fish;
better to go back to Jianye and die
than stay and live in Wuchang.’

臣暗於大理，文不及義，智慧淺劣，無復冀望，竊為陛下惜天下耳。臣謹奏耳目所聞見，百姓所為煩苛，刑政所為錯亂，願陛下息大功，損百役，務寬蕩，忽苛政。又武昌土地，實危險而瘠確，非王都安國養民之處，船泊則沉漂，陵居則峻危，且童謠言：‘寧飲建業水，不食武昌魚，寧還建業死，不止武昌居。’

I have heard that the Wings constellation has shown anomalies and Mars has produced portents, and that the words of children's ditties arise from the heart of Heaven. That the ditty compares settled living to death makes it quite clear that Heaven's will knows the people's suffering.

臣聞翼星為變，熒惑作妖，童謠之言，生於天心，乃以安居而比死，足明天意，知民所苦也。

I have heard that a state without three years' reserves is said to be no state at all; yet now there is not even a single year's store, and this is the fault of the ministers. The lords and ministers stand above others in rank, and their emoluments extend to their sons and grandsons, yet they have never shown the integrity to lay down their lives or offered any plan to correct and save the situation. They merely offer petty gains to their lord to win acceptance and favor, and they poison the common people; they do not plan for their lord's sake. Ever since Sun Hong raised his righteous troops, ploughing and sowing have been abandoned and nothing is delivered from anywhere any more; yet fathers and sons of a single household are split up for separate labor duties, so that grain issued from the granaries grows by the day while the stores shrink by the day.

臣聞國無三年之儲，謂之非國，而今無一年之畜，此臣下責也。而諸公卿位處人上，祿延子孫，曾無致命之節，匡救之術，苟進小利於君，以求容媚，荼毒百姓，不為君計也。自從孫弘造義兵以來，耕種既廢，所在無復輸入，而分一家父子異役，廩食日張，畜積日耗。

The people harbor the grievance of being scattered, and the state shows the first signs of its roots being laid bare, yet no one pays it any heed. The people's strength is exhausted, they sell their children, and levies and taxes come one after another, wearing them out day by day. The senior officials in each locality do nothing to set things right, and on top of them there are supervising officials who, having no love for the people, busy themselves only with wielding power. Wherever they go they cause disturbance and become ever more vexatious and harsh. The people suffer from two sides and their wealth and strength are drained twice over; this brings no benefit and only harm. I beg Your Majesty to do away with this whole crew at once.

民有離散之怨，國有露根之漸，而莫之恤也。民力困窮，鬻賣兒子，調賦相仍，日以疲極，所在長吏，不加隱括，加有監官，既不愛民，務行威勢，所在騷擾，更為煩苛，民苦二端，財力再耗，此為無益而有損也。願陛下一息此輩。

Take pity on the orphaned and the weak, so as to calm and comfort the hearts of the people. It would be like fish and turtles escaping a pool full of stinging poison, or birds and beasts slipping free of the cords of the net; the people of every quarter would come with their children strapped to their backs. In this way the people can be preserved, and the state of the former kings will endure.

矜哀孤弱，以鎮撫百姓之心。此猶魚鱉得免毒螫之淵，鳥獸得離羅網之綱，四方之民襁負而至。如此，民可得保，先王之國存焉。

I have heard that the five notes make a man's ears deaf and the five colors make his eyes blind; these bring no benefit to government and do harm to affairs. Formerly, in the time of the late emperor, the women of the rear palace and the weavers together numbered fewer than a hundred, yet there were stores of rice and a surplus of goods and wealth. After the late emperor passed away, the young ruler and Emperor Jing held the throne and turned to extravagance, not following in the footsteps of their predecessor. I humbly hear that the weavers and those brought in on account of offenses now number in the thousands; and reckoning what they are good for, it is not enough to add to the wealth of the state.

臣聞五音令人耳不聰，五色令人目不明，此無益於政，有損於事者也。自昔先帝時，後宮列女，及諸織絡，數不滿百，米有畜積，貨財有餘。先帝崩後，幼、景在位，更改奢侈，不蹈先跡。伏聞織絡及諸徒坐，乃有千數，計其所長，不足為國財。

Yet year after year they sit and eat from the palace granaries; this is of no benefit. I beg Your Majesty to sort them out, send them forth and marry them off, giving them to men who have no wives. In this way you will answer the heart of Heaven above and accord with the will of Earth below, and the realm will be most fortunate.

然坐食宮廩，歲歲相承，此為無益。願陛下料出賦嫁，給與無妻者。如此，上應天心，下合地意，天下幸甚。

I have heard that Tang of Yin found men of talent among merchants, Duke Huan of Qi found them beneath the shafts of carts, King Wu of Zhou found them among those who carried firewood, and the great Han found them among slaves and servants. Enlightened kings and sage rulers chose men for their worth and were not constrained by lowliness or humble birth. That is why their merit and virtue overflowed and their names have been handed down on bamboo and silk; they did not seek good looks or choose men for fine clothes, a glib tongue and an ingratiating manner. I humbly observe that the favored ministers of the inner court today are not the right men for their positions, and their duties exceed their capacities. They cannot aid the state or set the times right; they form cliques that support one another, harming the loyal and keeping the worthy hidden.

臣聞殷湯取士於商賈，齊桓取士於車轅，周武取士於負薪，大漢取士於奴僕。明王聖主取士以賢，不拘卑賤。故其功德洋溢，名流竹素，非求顏色而取好服、捷口、容悅者也。臣伏見當今內寵之臣，位非其人，任非其量，不能輔國匡時，群黨相扶，害忠隱賢。

I beg Your Majesty to select civil and military ministers and have each apply himself to his office: let the provincial governors and commanding generals serve as bulwarks in the outer regions, and let the lords, ministers and Masters of Writing strive to cultivate humane transformation, assisting Your Majesty above and rescuing the common people below, each giving his utmost loyalty to make good one omission in ten thousand. Then the song ‘How prosperous!’ will arise, and the order in which punishments are set aside unused will be made pure. I beg Your Majesty to give heed and consider my foolish words.”

願陛下簡文武之臣。各勤其官，州牧督將，藩鎮方外，公卿尚書，務修仁化，上助陛下，下拯黎民，各盡其忠，拾遺萬一。則康哉之歌作，刑錯之理清。願陛下留神思臣愚言。

At this time He Ding, one of the palace generals, was a sycophant, cunning and ingratiating, and enjoyed high favor and was entrusted with affairs. Lu Kai rebuked He Ding to his face: “Have you ever seen anyone, among those before and since who served their lords disloyally and overturned and disordered the government of the state, who lived out his natural span? Why do you devote yourself wholly to flattery and wickedness, sullying the ears of Heaven? You should correct and discipline yourself. Otherwise you will soon see some unforeseeable disaster befall you.” He Ding bitterly resented Lu Kai and thought of how to slander him, but Lu Kai never gave it a thought. His heart was set on the public good and his righteousness showed in his face; his memorials and petitions all pointed straight at the matter without embellishment, and his loyal earnestness came from within.

時殿上列將何定佞巧便辟，貴幸任事。凱面責定曰：“卿見前後事主不忠，傾亂國政，寧有得以壽終者邪！何以專為佞邪，穢塵天聽？宜自改厲。不然，方見卿有不測之禍矣。”定大恨凱，思中傷之，凱終不以為意，乃心公家，義形於色，表疏皆指事不飾，忠懇內發。

In the first year of Jianheng he fell ill. Sun Hao sent the Prefect of the Palace Secretariat Dong Chao to ask what he wished to say, and Lu Kai stated, “He Ding must not be employed; he should be given a post outside the capital and not entrusted with affairs of state. Xi Xi is a petty clerk who has started up fields at Puli, wishing to revive the old undertaking of Yan Mi; this too must not be allowed. Yao Xin, Lou Xuan, He Shao, Zhang Ti, Guo Chuo, Xue Ying, Teng Xiu, and my clan younger brothers Lu Xi and Lu Kang are some of them pure, loyal and diligent, and others outstanding in talent and ability; all are pillars of the altars of the state and good supports of the nation.

建衡元年，疾病。皓遣中書令董朝問所欲言，凱陳：“何定不可任用，宜授外任，不宜委以國事。奚熙小吏，建起浦里田，欲復嚴密故跡，亦不可聽。姚信、樓玄、賀劭、張悌、郭逴、薛瑩、滕脩及族弟喜，抗，或清白忠勤，或姿才卓茂，皆社稷之楨幹，國家之良輔。

I beg Your Majesty to give this your earnest consideration, consult them on the affairs of the day, and let each give his utmost loyalty to make good one omission in ten thousand.” He then died, at the age of seventy-two.

願陛下重留神思，訪以時務，各盡其忠，拾遺萬一。”遂卒，時年七十二。

His son was Lu Yi. He first became a Gentleman of the Yellow Gate, then went out to command a body of retainers and was appointed Lieutenant General. After Lu Kai's death he came back to court as Palace Cadet of the Heir. The Historian of the Right Hua He submitted a memorial recommending Lu Yi: “Lu Yi is upright and firm in character, strong and solid in capacity and ability; in talent for leading troops, even Lu Su did not surpass him. When he was summoned to come downriver, he returned straight to the capital; though his route passed through Wuchang, he never once looked back, and of the weapons and military supplies he took not a single thing. In the army he is resolute and bold, and in the face of wealth he shows restraint.

子禕。初為黃門侍郎，出領部曲，拜偏將軍。凱亡後，入為太子中庶子。右國史華覈表薦禕曰：「禕體質方剛，器幹強固，董率之才，魯肅不過。及被召當下，逕還赴都，道由武昌，曾不回顧，器械軍資，一無所取，在戎果毅，臨財有節。

Xiakou is a strategic point that the enemy covets, and a famous general should be chosen to hold and garrison it. On careful reflection, I think no one would be better than Lu Yi.”

夫夏口，賊之沖要，宜選名將以鎮戍之，臣竊思惟，莫善於禕。」

Earlier, Sun Hao had always resented Lu Kai for repeatedly offending him to his face and defying his wishes, and He Ding had slandered and schemed against him more than once. But since Lu Kai was a senior minister, it was difficult to bind him with the law, and Lu Kang was at that time a great general on the frontier, so Sun Hao deliberately endured and tolerated him. After Lu Kang died, Sun Hao at last removed Lu Kai's family to Jian'an. Some say that in the twelfth month of the first year of Baoding, Lu Kai plotted with the Grand Marshal Ding Feng and the Imperial Counselor Ding Gu to take advantage of Sun Hao's visit to the ancestral temple to depose him and set up a son of Sun Xiu.

初，皓常銜凱數犯顏忤旨，加何定譖構非一，既以重臣，難繩以法，又陸抗時為大將在疆埸，故以計容忍。抗卒後，竟徙凱家於建安。或曰寶鼎元年十二月，凱與大司馬丁奉、御史大夫丁固謀，因皓謁廟，欲廢皓立孫休子。

At that time the General of the Left Liu Ping was to lead the troops in the vanguard, so they spoke to Liu Ping in secret; Liu Ping refused and would not agree, but swore not to reveal it. For this reason the plot came to nothing. The Gentleman of the Grand Astrologer Chen Miao reported to Sun Hao that it had long been overcast without rain and the winds and vapors were running contrary, so there would be a conspiracy; and Sun Hao, it is said, was deeply alarmed and on his guard.

時左將軍留平領兵先驅，故密語平，平拒而不許，誓以不洩，是以所圖不果。太史郎陳苗奏皓久陰不雨，風氣回逆，將有陰謀，皓深警懼云。¹

I have repeatedly obtained, from people coming from Jing and Yang, the twenty points on which Lu Kai remonstrated with Sun Hao. But when I asked widely among the people of Wu, most said they had never heard that Lu Kai presented such a memorial. Moreover, on examining the text, it is exceedingly urgent and blunt, and it seems unlikely that Sun Hao could have endured and tolerated it. Some think that Lu Kai kept it hidden in a chest and did not dare to present it, and that when he was gravely ill and Sun Hao sent Dong Chao to visit him and ask what he wished to say, he handed it over through him. Since whether this is true or false is hard to establish, I have not included it in the main account; but valuing the way it points out Sun Hao's conduct, which is enough to serve as a warning to later ages, I copy it out after the Biography of Lu Kai.

予連從荊、揚來者得凱所諫皓二十事，博問吳人，多雲不聞凱有此表。又按其文殊甚切直，恐非皓之所能容忍也。或以為凱藏之篋笥，未敢宣行，病困，皓遣董朝省問欲言，因以付之。虛實難明，故不著於篇，然愛其指擿皓事，足為後戒，故抄列於《凱傳》左雲。

Sun Hao sent his close attendant Zhao Qin with a verbal edict answering Lu Kai's earlier memorial: “In my actions I always follow the late emperor; what is there that is not fair? Your remonstrance is wrong. Moreover, the palace at Jianye was inauspicious, and that is why I left it; and the buildings of the Western Palace are collapsing and rotten, so we must plan to move the capital. Why should it not be moved?” Lu Kai submitted a memorial: “I have privately observed that since Your Majesty took charge of the government, yin and yang have been out of harmony, the five planets have strayed from their courses, those in office have been disloyal, and treacherous cliques support one another. All this is brought about because Your Majesty does not follow the late emperor.

皓遣親近趙欽口詔報凱前表曰：“孤動必遵先帝，有何不平？君所諫非也。又建業宮不利，故避之，而西宮室宇摧朽，須謀移都，何以不可徙乎？”凱上疏曰：臣竊見陛下執政以來，陰陽不調，五星失晷，職司不忠，姦黨相扶，是陛下不遵先帝之所致。¹

The rise of a true king is received from Heaven and cultivated through virtue; how could it depend on a palace? Yet Your Majesty did not consult the lords and chief ministers, but rushed off at the urging of your own impetuous will. The Six Armies were scattered, grieving and afraid; you went against Heaven and Earth, Heaven and Earth sent calamities, and the children sang of it in their ditties. Even if Your Majesty's own person should be at ease, if the common people are distressed and toiling, by what means will you govern? This is the first way in which you do not follow the late emperor. I have heard that one who holds a state takes worthy men as its foundation. Xia killed Longfeng, and Yin gained Yi Zhi.

夫王者之興，受之於天，修之由德，豈在宮乎？而陛下不諮之公輔，便盛意驅馳，六軍流離悲懼，逆犯天地，天地以災，童歌其謠。縱令陛下一身得安，百姓愁勞，何以用治？此不遵先帝一也；　　臣聞有國以賢為本，夏殺龍逢，殷獲伊摯。

These are the clear proofs of former ages and the models for today. The Regular Palace Attendant Wang Fan was inwardly balanced and thoroughly reasonable, and at court he was loyal and outspoken; he was a mainstay of the altars of the state, the Longfeng of great Wu. Yet Your Majesty, angered by his bitter words and hating his blunt replies, had him beheaded in the palace hall and his corpse cast out exposed. The whole land was heartbroken and men of understanding grieved; all of them feel that a Fuchai has appeared again in the state of Wu. The late emperor kept the worthy close; Your Majesty does the opposite. This is the second way in which Your Majesty does not follow the late emperor. I have heard that the chief minister is the pillar of the state and must not fail to be strong. That is why Han had Xiao He and Cao Shen to assist it, and the late emperor had Gu Yong and Bu Zhi as chancellors.

斯前世之明效，今日之師表也。中常侍王蕃黃中通理，處朝忠謇，斯社稷之重鎮，大吳之龍逢也，而陛下忿其苦辭，惡其直對，梟之殿堂，屍骸暴棄。邦內傷心，有識悲悼，咸以吳國夫差復存，先帝親賢，陛下反之，是陛下不遵先帝二也；　　臣聞宰相國之柱也，不可不強，是故漢有蕭、曹之佐，先帝有顧、步之相。

But Wan Yu, a man of petty talent and ordinary quality, rose from the status of a household servant and leapt into the purple gates of the palace. For Wan Yu this is already more than ample, and for his capacity it is already overflowing. Yet Your Majesty cherishes his small merits and does not inquire into the larger picture; you have glorified him with the honored post of chief minister and set him above the old ministers. The worthy and good are indignant and resentful, and wise men are angry and reproachful. This is the third way in which you do not follow the late emperor. The late emperor loved the people more than infants: to those of the people who had no wives he gave concubines as wives, when he saw people in unlined clothes he gave them silk, and dry bones left unburied he had gathered up and buried.

而萬彧瑣才凡庸之質，昔從家隸，超步紫闥，於彧已豐，於器已溢，而陛下愛其細介，不訪大趣，榮以尊輔，越尚舊臣。賢良憤惋，智士赫吒，是不遵先帝三也；　　先帝愛民過於嬰孩，民無妻者以妾妻之，見單衣者以帛給之，枯骨不收而取埋之。

Yet Your Majesty does the opposite. This is the fourth way in which you do not follow the late emperor. Long ago, Jie and Zhou were destroyed through bewitching women, and You and Li fell into disorder because of favorite concubines. The late emperor took them as a mirror and made them a warning to himself. So he kept no lewd or wicked beauties about him, and his rear palace had no women idly heaped up. Now there are tens of thousands of women in the palace, yet the ranks of consorts are not properly filled; outside there are many men without wives, while the women pine within. The winds and rains go against their proper measure precisely because of this. This is the fifth way in which you do not follow the late emperor. The late emperor labored anxiously over the myriad affairs of state and still feared he might make mistakes.

而陛下反之，是不遵先帝四也；　　昔桀、紂滅由妖婦，幽、厲亂在嬖妾，先帝鑒之，以為身戒。故左右不置淫邪之色，後房無曠積之女。今中宮萬數，不備嬪嬙，外多鰥夫，女吟於中。風雨逆度，正由此起，是不遵先帝五也；　　先帝憂勞萬機，猶懼有失。

Since Your Majesty ascended the throne, you have amused yourself in the rear palace, bewitched by women, so that many affairs are left neglected and lower officials condone wickedness. This is the sixth way in which you do not follow the late emperor. The late emperor earnestly valued plainness and simplicity: his clothes were not wholly fine, his palace had no lofty terraces, and his things were not carved or ornamented. That is why the state was rich, the people had plenty, and villains and thieves did not arise. But Your Majesty levies exactions on the provinces and commanderies, draining the people's wealth and strength; the soldiers wear black and yellow silk and the palace is full of crimson and purple. This is the seventh way in which you do not follow the late emperor. The late emperor relied outside the court on the Gu, Lu, Zhu and Zhang, and within it kept Hu Zong and Xue Zong close; thus all his works flourished in harmony,

陛下臨阼以來，遊戲後宮，眩惑婦女，乃令庶事多曠，下吏容奸，是不遵先帝六也；　　先帝篤尚樸素，服不純麗，宮無高台，物不雕飾，故國富民充，奸盜不作。而陛下徵調州郡，竭民財力，士被玄黃，宮有朱紫，是不遵先帝七也；　　先帝外仗顧、陸、朱、張，內近胡綜、薛綜是以庶績雍熙。

and the land was clean and orderly. Now those outside are unfit for their duties and those inside are the wrong men. Chen Sheng and Cao Fu are petty clerks of the capacity of a peck measure, men whom the late emperor cast aside, yet Your Majesty favors them. This is the eighth way in which you do not follow the late emperor.

邦內清肅。今者外非其任，內非其人，陳聲、曹輔，斗筲小吏，先帝之所棄，而陛下幸之，是不遵先帝八也。

Whenever the late emperor received his ministers at a banquet, he held back the strong wine, so that his subjects could go the whole day without the fault of lapse or disrespect, and all the officials and functionaries could set out what they wished to say. But Your Majesty constrains them with the reverence of not raising their eyes, and frightens them with wine that must be drained to the last drop. Wine serves to complete the rites, but in excess it ruins virtue; this is no different from the all-night drinking of Xin of Shang. This is the ninth way in which you do not follow the late emperor. Long ago Emperors Huan and Ling of Han kept eunuchs close and greatly lost the hearts of the people.

先帝每宴見群臣，抑損醇醲，臣下終日無失慢之尤，百寮庶尹，並展所陳。而陛下拘以視瞻之敬，懼以不盡之酒。夫酒以成禮，過則敗德，此無異商辛長夜之飲也，是不遵先帝九也；　　昔漢之桓、靈，親近宦豎。大失民心。

Now Gao Tong, Zhan Lian and Yang Du are petty men of the Yellow Gate, yet Your Majesty has rewarded them with high ranks and given them authority over fighting troops. If trouble breaks out along the river and the beacon fires blaze one after another, it is plain that the martial skills of Yang Du and his like will not be able to repel the enemy. This is the tenth way in which you do not follow the late emperor. Now the palace women are heaped up idle, yet the eunuchs of the Yellow Gate again rush about the provinces and commanderies registering the daughters of the people: if a family has money the girl is let go, if not she is taken. Cries of resentment fill the roads, and mothers and children part as if for death. This is the eleventh way in which you do not follow the late emperor. When the late emperor was alive he too had the princes and the Heir reared; if he took a wet nurse, her husband was exempted from labor duty, given money and goods and supplied with provisions, and she was sent home from time to time to look after her own little ones.

今高通、詹廉、羊度，黃門小人，而陛下賞以重爵，權以戰兵。若江渚有難，烽燧互起，則度等之武不能禦侮明也，是不遵先帝十也；　　今宮女曠積，而黃門復走州郡，條牒民女，有錢則捨，無錢則取，怨呼道路，母子死訣，是不遵先帝十一也；　　先帝在時，亦養諸王太子，若取乳母，其夫復役，賜與錢財，給其資糧，時遣歸來，視其弱息。

Now it is not so: husband and wife are separated in life, the husband is still kept at his labor, the child dies after them, and the household becomes an empty house. This is the twelfth way in which you do not follow the late emperor. The late emperor said with a sigh, ‘The state takes the people as its root, and the people take food as their heaven, with clothing next after it. These three I keep in my heart.’ Now it is not so; farming and sericulture are both neglected. This is the thirteenth way in which you do not follow the late emperor. The late emperor, in selecting men, was not constrained by lowliness or humble birth; he entrusted them with duties in their home districts and tested them in practice, so that those who recommended did not do so idly and those who received office did not do so undeservedly.

今則不然，夫婦生離，夫故作役，兒從後死，家為空戶，是不遵先帝十二也；　　先帝歎曰：‘國以民為本，民以食為天，衣其次也，三者，孤存之於心。’今則不然，農桑並廢，是不遵先帝十三也；先帝簡士，不拘卑賤，任之鄉閭，效之於事，舉者不虛，受者不妄。

Now it is not so: the showy and superficial are raised up and those who form factions advance. This is the fourteenth way in which you do not follow the late emperor. The late emperor's fighting men were not given other labor duties; in spring they knew only farming and in autumn only harvesting rice, and when there was trouble on the river they were called on to fight to the death. Today's fighting men are made to supply all manner of labor, and their rations are insufficient. This is the fifteenth way in which you do not follow the late emperor. Rewards serve to encourage merit and punishments to restrain wickedness; when rewards and punishments miss the mark, soldiers and people scatter and are lost.

今則不然，浮華者登，朋黨者進，是不遵先帝十四也；　　先帝戰士，不給他役，使春惟知農，秋惟收稻，江渚有事，責其死效。今之戰士，供給眾役，廩賜不贍，是不遵先帝十五也；　　夫賞以勸功，罰以禁邪，賞罰不中，則士民散失。

Now the officers and men along the river are not mourned when they die nor rewarded when they toil. This is the sixteenth way in which you do not follow the late emperor. Now the supervising officials in every locality are already a vexatious crowd for the people, and on top of that there are envoys from the palace stirring up trouble among them. With ten officials to every commoner, how can the people bear their lot? The rebellion in Jiaozhi in Emperor Jing's time truly arose from this. This is to follow Emperor Jing's failings, and it is the seventeenth way in which you do not follow the late emperor. The Investigators are the enemies of officials and people alike.

今江邊將士，死不見哀，勞不見賞，是不遵先帝十六也；　　今在所監司，已為煩猥，兼有內使，擾亂其中，一民十吏，何以堪命？昔景帝時，交阯反亂，實由茲起，是為遵景帝之闕，不遵先帝十七也；　　夫校事，吏民之仇也。

In the late emperor's last years there were Lü Yi and Qian Qin, but he soon had them both executed to make amends to the people. Now you have again set up an Investigation Bureau and let officials make accusations as they please. This is the eighteenth way in which you do not follow the late emperor. In the late emperor's time, those holding office all remained long in their posts, and only then were their records examined for demotion or promotion. Now officials in the provinces and counties are summoned and transferred when they have barely taken up their duties; the roads are in confusion with welcoming the new and seeing off the old, and nothing wastes wealth and harms the people more than this. This is the nineteenth way in which you do not follow the late emperor. Whenever the late emperor reviewed reports of concluded cases, he always gave them his attention and had them re-examined, so that there were no wrongly held prisoners in the jails and even those put to death swallowed their complaints. Now you go against this. This is the twentieth way in which you do not follow the late emperor.

先帝末年，雖有呂壹、錢欽，尋皆誅夷，以謝百姓。今復張立校曹，縱吏言事，是不遵先帝十八也；　　先帝時，居官者咸久於其位，然後考績黜陟。今州縣職司，或蒞政無幾，便徵召遷轉，迎新送舊，紛紜道路，傷財害民，於是為甚，是不遵先帝十九也；　　先帝每察竟解之奏，常留心推按，是以獄無冤囚，死者吞聲。今則違之，是不遵先帝二十也。

If my words are worth recording, let them be kept in the covenant archive; if they are false and absurd, punish me for my crime. I beg Your Majesty to take heed.”

若臣言可錄，藏之盟府。如其虛妄，治臣之罪。願陛下留意。¹

His Younger Brother Lu Yin

弟 胤

Lu Yin, courtesy name Jingzong, was Lu Kai's younger brother. He first served as Imperial Clerk and as Gentleman of the Selection Bureau of the Masters of Writing. The Heir, Sun He, heard of his reputation and treated him with special courtesy. At that time Quan Ji, Yang Zhu and others were fawning on and attaching themselves to Sun Ba, King of Lu, contending with Sun He and secretly slandering and scheming against one another. Lu Yin was implicated, arrested and thrown into prison. He suffered every kind of torture but in the end said nothing else. Later he became Chief Commandant Supervising the Army at Hengyang. In the eleventh year of Chiwu, the barbarian bandits of Jiaozhi and Jiuzhen attacked and captured towns, and the whole of the Jiao region was in turmoil.

胤字敬宗，凱弟也。始為御史、尚書選曹郎，太子和聞其名，待以殊禮。會全寄、楊竺等阿附魯王霸，與和分爭，陰相譖構，胤坐收下獄，楚毒備至，終無他辭。¹後為衡陽督軍都尉。赤烏十一年，交阯九真夷賊攻沒城邑，交部騷動。

Lu Yin was made Inspector of Jiao Province and Colonel Who Pacifies the South. On entering the southern frontier, Lu Yin admonished the people with kindness and good faith and strove to invite and receive them, so that the chieftain of Gaoliang, Huang Wu, and his followers, more than three thousand households, all came out and surrendered. He led his army south, again displaying his utmost sincerity and sending them gifts of goods and silk. More than a hundred bandit chiefs and over fifty thousand households of commoners, deep in the wilds and never before bound by any rule, all without exception knocked their heads to the ground, and the Jiao region became clear and peaceful. On the spot he was additionally made General Who Pacifies the South. He further campaigned against the bandits of Jianling in Cangwu and crushed them, and in all he sent out more than eight thousand soldiers to meet the needs of the army.

以胤為交州刺史、安南校尉。胤入南界，喻以恩信，務崇招納，高涼渠帥黃吳等支黨三千餘家皆出降。引軍而南，重宣至誠，遺以財幣。賊帥百餘人，民五萬餘家，深幽不羈，莫不稽顙，交域清泰。就加安南將軍。復討蒼梧建陵賊，破之，前後出兵八千餘人，以充軍用。

In the first year of Yong'an he was summoned to be Commander at Xiling and enfeoffed as Marquis of a Chief Village, and later transferred to Hulin (Left). The Assistant of the Palace Secretariat Hua He submitted a memorial recommending Lu Yin: “Lu Yin is by nature intelligent and clear-sighted, his talent penetrating and his conduct pure. The record he left when he served in the Selection Bureau is worth noting. Then, while in Jiao Province, he respectfully proclaimed the court's grace; the displaced people returned and submitted, and the coastal corners were made clean and orderly. Cangwu and Nanhai have long suffered every year from fierce winds and miasmic vapors: the winds break trees, whirl sand and roll stones, and the vapors hang thick like fog, so that even flying birds cannot pass.

永安元年，徵為西陵督，封都亭侯，後轉左虎林。中書丞華覈表薦胤曰：胤天姿聰朗，才通行潔，昔歷選曹，遺跡可紀。還在交州，奉宣朝恩，流民歸附，海隅肅清。蒼梧、南海，歲有舊風瘴氣之害，風則折木，飛沙轉石，氣則霧郁，飛鳥不經。

Since Lu Yin arrived in the province, the winds and vapors have ceased entirely; merchants and travelers go about in safety, the people are free of sickness and epidemics, and the crops in the fields ripen abundantly. The provincial seat lies by the sea, and in autumn the sea flows in brackish; Lu Yin also stored up water so that the people had sweet water to drink. His kindly influence spread everywhere, and his transforming power moved both men and spirits; then, relying on the might of Heaven, he gathered in those who had scattered. When he received the edict to leave, the people were so moved by his kindness that they forgot their attachment to their homeland; carrying the old on their backs and leading the young by the hand, they gladly followed him like his shadow. None among them was of two minds, and there was no need for an armed escort.

自胤至州，風氣絕息，商旅平行，民無疾疫，田稼豐稔。州治臨海，海流秋咸，胤又畜水，民得甘食。惠風橫被，化感人神，遂憑天威，招合遺散。至被詔書當出，民感其恩，以忘戀土，負老攜幼，甘心景從，眾無攜貳，不煩兵衛。

When other generals gather followers they all coerce them by intimidation; none has bound them with kindness and good faith as Lu Yin has. He held his commission in the province for more than ten years, in a land truly girdled with strange customs and the source of treasures and curiosities; yet within his household there were no concubines with powder, eyebrow paint and pearls, and in his home no such treasures as patterned tortoiseshell, rhinoceros horn or ivory. Compared with ministers today, he is truly one of the rare ones. He should be kept beside the imperial carriage to be an arm and a leg to the royal house, helping to raise the hymn ‘How prosperous!’ of the age of Tang and Yu. A post on the river is too light a charge to make full use of his talent, and for choosing a Commander at Hulin there are many who could do the job. If he were summoned back to the capital and honored with high office, the works of Heaven would all be accomplished and all achievements would shine.”

自諸將合眾，皆脅之以威，未有如胤結以恩信者也。銜命在州，十有餘年，賓帶殊俗，寶玩所生，而內無粉黛附珠之妾，家無文甲犀象之珍，方之今臣，實難多得。宜在輦轂，股肱王室，以贊唐虞康哉之頌。江邊任輕，不盡其才，虎林選督，堪之者眾。若召還都，寵以上司則天工畢修，庶績咸熙矣。

When Lu Yin died, his son Lu Shi succeeded him. He became Commander at Chaisang and General Who Displays Martial Might. In the first year of Tiance he was removed to Jian'an together with his cousin Lu Yi. In the second year of Tianji he was summoned back to Jianye and restored to his rank of general and his marquisate.

胤卒，子式嗣。為柴桑督、揚武將軍。天策元年，與從兄禕俱徙建安。天紀二年，召還建業，復將軍、侯。

Appraisal

評

Appraisal: Pan Jun was fair, incorruptible and decisive, and Lu Kai was loyal, stalwart, plain and upright. Both were firm and unbending in integrity and spirit, with the bearing and achievements of true men. Lu Yin was pure in conduct and effective in his affairs, and won renown in the southern lands; he may be called a fine governor.

評曰：潘浚公清割斷，陸凱忠壯質直，皆節概梗梗，有大丈夫格業。胤身潔事濟，著稱南土，可謂良牧矣。