RCommended by edict for keeping his integrity unbent during Zhong Hui's rebellionWei 4 §131Wei 4 §132
NSought to avenge his father and repay the kindness of the stateCh. 102 §8Ch. 103 §19
Xiahou He 夏侯和
| Occupation | ROfficial · Intendant of Henan NGeneral · Army Major | Faction | Wei |
|---|---|---|---|
| Appears | RN | Biography in | |
| Born | Native place | Pei Commandery Qiao County Unverified | |
| Existence | Historical | Mentions | R5 |
Profile
Xiahou He was a son of Xiahou Yuan and the younger brother of Xiahou Ba, Xiahou Wei and Xiahou Hui. He has no biography of his own in the Records; a single line at the end of the record of Xiahou Yuan in the Biographies of the Xiahou and Cao Clans in Records of Wei 9 says that his office was Intendant of Henan. Records, Wei 9 §28
The Annals of the Three Young Emperors in Records of Wei 4 say that in the 1st year of Xianxi (264), when Zhong Hui rebelled in Shu, Xiahou He was in Chengdu as an envoy, serving as Major of the Left to the Chancellor of State, and rejected Zhong Hui's wicked words, for which his rank was raised to District Marquis. Records, Wei 4 §128 · 131–132
Chen Shou's assessment does not discuss him separately. In the Romance he first appears in Chapter 102 as the fourth of the four sons of Xiahou Yuan whom Sima Yi recommends to Cao Rui, the ruler of Wei, and he appears in 2 of its 120 chapters; there is no chapter with his name in its title. Made an Army Major, in Chapter 103 he seizes the Shu army's wooden oxen and gliding horses together with his elder brother Xiahou Hui. Records, Wei 9 §132Romance, Ch. 102 §7–8Romance, Ch. 103 §21
In the Records
According to the record of Xiahou Yuan in the Biographies of the Xiahou and Cao Clans in Records of Wei 9, Xiahou Yuan's eldest son was Xiahou Heng and a middle son was Xiahou Ba. Xiahou Yuan was attacked by Liu Bei and killed in battle in the first month of the 24th year of Jian'an (219). In the Huangchu era Xiahou Ba, and in the Taihe era Xiahou Ba's four younger brothers, were all granted the rank of Marquis Within the Passes. Records, Wei 9 §24 · 27
In the Zhengshi era Xiahou Ba became Protector of the Army for the Campaign against Shu and General of the Right, but on hearing that Cao Shuang, who had always treated him generously, had been executed, he grew fearful for himself and fled to Shu. Because of Xiahou Yuan's past merits, Xiahou Ba's sons were pardoned and moved to Lelang Commandery. Chen Shou goes on to write that Xiahou Ba's younger brother Xiahou Wei rose in office to Inspector of Yan Province, Xiahou Wei's younger brother Xiahou Hui was Administrator of Le'an, and Xiahou Hui's younger brother Xiahou He was Intendant of Henan. Records, Wei 9 §27–28
According to the Annals of the Three Young Emperors in Records of Wei 4, in the first month of the 1st year of Xianxi (264) Zhong Hui rebelled in Shu and was put down by the troops. An edict issued on the guisi day of the 8th month of that year said that the rebel subject Zhong Hui had gathered the generals and soldiers who had gone on campaign, coerced them with the might of arms, uttered treasonous words and pressed everyone to deliberate on following him, so that in that sudden moment there was no one who was not alarmed and afraid. At that time Xiahou He, Major of the Left to the Chancellor of State, and Zhu Fu, Clerk of the Cavalry Bureau, were in Chengdu as envoys, while Jia Fu, Major to the Central Commander of the Army, and Yang Xiu (羊琇), Gentleman of the Palace, were each taking part in Zhong Hui's military affairs. Records, Wei 4 §128 · 130–131
The edict said that Xiahou He, Yang Xiu and Zhu Fu had all held to their integrity unbent, rejected Zhong Hui's wicked words and disregarded the danger before them, and that their words and intent were upright and stalwart. Jia Fu told the unattached officer Wang Qi (王起) that Zhong Hui meant to kill all the generals and soldiers, and said that the Chancellor of State was already marching west with a host of 300,000 to attack Zhong Hui, hoping to stir the hearts of the troops; Wang Qi went out and spread Jia Fu's words among the armies, so that the officers and men were all the more roused. The edict raised Xiahou He and Jia Fu in rank to District Marquis, made Yang Xiu and Zhu Fu Marquises Within the Passes, and made Wang Qi a company commander. Records, Wei 4 §131–133
Chen Shou's main text does not record Xiahou He's courtesy name or the year of his death. The assessment in Records of Wei 9 says only that because the Xiahou and Cao clans had intermarried for generations, Xiahou Dun, Xiahou Yuan and others were valued in their time as close kin, and does not discuss Xiahou He separately. Records, Wei 9 §28 · 132Records, Wei 4 §131–132
In the Romance
In Chapter 102 of the Romance, when the Shu army marches out to Mount Qi again in the 2nd month of spring in the 2nd year of Qinglong, Sima Yi recommends to Cao Rui, the ruler of Wei, four men to go with him. He introduces the four sons of Xiahou Yuan: the eldest Ba (courtesy name Zhongquan), the second Wei (courtesy name Jiquan), the third Hui (courtesy name Zhiquan) and the fourth He (courtesy name Yiquan). He says that Ba and Wei are skilled in archery and horsemanship and that Hui and He are well versed in the art of war and strategy, and that all four have always wished to avenge their father. Romance, Ch. 102 §6–8
Sima Yi asks to make Xiahou Ba and Xiahou Wei vanguard commanders of the left and right, and Xiahou Hui and Xiahou He Army Majors, to assist together in military planning. When Cao Rui asks whether they will not be like Xiahou Mao, who earlier bungled military affairs, Sima Yi answers that these four are not to be compared with the likes of Xiahou Mao, and Cao Rui grants his request and makes Sima Yi Grand Commander. Romance, Ch. 102 §8–9
In Chapter 103 Xiahou Hui and Xiahou He come into the camp and tell Sima Yi that the Shu army has scattered in all directions to farm military colonies, planning to hold out for a long time, and that if it is not wiped out now its roots will grow deep and it will be hard to shake. When Sima Yi says that this must again be a scheme of Kongming, the two say that if the Commander is so suspicious, the enemy will never be destroyed, and that the two brothers will fight to the death to repay the kindness of the state. Sima Yi has each of them lead 5,000 troops and set out by separate roads. Romance, Ch. 103 §19–20
The two strike together at a Shu force driving wooden oxen and gliding horses, seize all of the wooden oxen and gliding horses and send them to Sima Yi's camp, and the next day they capture more than a hundred men and horses and send them as well. When Sima Yi questions the captured Shu soldiers and then releases them all, Xiahou He asks why he does not kill them. Sima Yi answers that killing such common soldiers would bring no benefit; he is sending them back so that they will say the Wei commanders are lenient and kind and so loosen the enemy's will to fight, and this is the scheme by which Lü Meng took Jing Province. Romance, Ch. 103 §21–22
Afterward, when Kongming has Gao Xiang pretend to transport grain and drive the wooden oxen and gliding horses back and forth through Shangfang Valley, Xiahou Hui and the others repeatedly cut off the road and attack them, winning several victories in a row within half a month. Kongming had earlier told Gao Xiang that if the Wei army seized them, that would be his merit, and, while withdrawing the troops at Mount Qi on the pretext of farming military colonies, had instructed them simply to feign defeat if other troops came to fight. In the Romance Xiahou He's name does not appear after Chapter 103. Romance, Ch. 103 §17–18 · 24
Where the Romance differs
Order among the brothers: In Chapter 102 of the Romance, Sima Yi says that Xiahou Yuan had four sons and that the fourth was He. In the Records, Xiahou Yuan's eldest son was Xiahou Heng and Xiahou Ba was a middle son, and Xiahou Ba had four younger brothers who were granted the rank of Marquis Within the Passes in the Taihe era. Xiahou He is recorded as the younger brother of Xiahou Hui. Romance, Ch. 102 §7Records, Wei 9 §27–28
Courtesy name: Chapter 102 of the Romance gives Xiahou He's courtesy name as Yiquan. Chen Shou's main text does not record his courtesy name. Romance, Ch. 102 §7Records, Wei 9 §28Records, Wei 4 §131–132
Talents and offices: Chapter 102 of the Romance introduces Xiahou Hui and Xiahou He as men well versed in the art of war and strategy and makes the two of them Army Majors. The offices of Xiahou He that appear in Chen Shou's main text are Intendant of Henan and Major of the Left to the Chancellor of State, and there is no record of his leading troops. Romance, Ch. 102 §8Records, Wei 9 §28Records, Wei 4 §131
Wooden oxen and gliding horses: In Chapter 103 of the Romance, Xiahou He and his elder brother Xiahou Hui seize the Shu army's wooden oxen and gliding horses. The Biography of Zhuge Liang in the Records says that in the spring of the 12th year of Jianxing (234) Zhuge Liang transported provisions with gliding horses, faced Sima Yi at the Wuzhang Plains and divided his troops to farm military colonies, but it says nothing of the Wei army seizing wooden oxen and gliding horses, and Xiahou He does not appear. Romance, Ch. 103 §21Records, Shu 5 §38
Zhong Hui's rebellion: In Chapter 119 of the Romance, Zhong Hui invites the generals to a banquet and has each of them sign what he says is the testamentary edict of Empress Dowager Guo, but Xiahou He does not appear in this scene. In the edict in the Annals of the Three Young Emperors in the Records, Xiahou He, Major of the Left to the Chancellor of State, was in Chengdu as an envoy and rejected Zhong Hui's wicked words, and his rank was raised to District Marquis. Romance, Ch. 119 §9–10Records, Wei 4 §131–132
Written by 3KDEX (not yet reviewed) — The tags at the end of each paragraph link to the exact passage in the Records volume or Romance chapter it is based on.
Abilities
The Records score (Chen Shou’s Records of the Three Kingdoms, main text) is the baseline. Each ability compares how the Romance redrew the same person, and the evidence from both sources explains the difference.
Records total472 / 1000Rank 315 of 996 · Top 32%Romance total435 / 1000Rank 303 of 1,113 · Top 28%
Romance adaptation index−37Romance total − Records total
- LEA4050+10
- STR3542+7
- INT4555+10
- POL4538−7
- CHA4240−2
- VIR8055−25
- ADP5542−13
- SCH4035−5
- DIP5040−10
- DIS4038−2
Abilities shaped by the Romance — where it differs from the Records Differences of 10 or more
RRefused to join the rebellion even in the face of dangerWei 4 §131
NNo direct record — estimated from his deedsCh. 103 §22
RNo direct record — estimated from his post as Major of the Left to the Chancellor of StateWei 4 §131
NLed 5,000 troops against the Shu army and seized its wooden oxen and gliding horsesCh. 103 §20Ch. 103 §21
RNo direct record — estimated from his deedsWei 4 §131
NRecommended as versed in the art of war, and pointed out Shu's long-term strategy of military coloniesCh. 102 §8Ch. 103 §19
RWas in Chengdu as an envoy, and his words and intent were upright and stalwartWei 4 §131
NNo direct record — estimated from his asking Sima Yi to let him go out to battleCh. 103 §19
5 similar abilities — show evidence
RNo direct record — estimated from his career as a civil official and envoyWei 4 §131
NNo direct record — estimated from his career as a generalCh. 103 §21
RNo direct record — estimated from his post as Major of the Left to the Chancellor of StateWei 4 §131
NNo direct record — estimated from his post as Army MajorCh. 102 §8
RNo direct record — estimated from his deedsWei 4 §131
NNo direct record — estimated from his deedsCh. 103 §19
RNo direct record — estimated from his officesWei 4 §131
NNo direct record — estimated from the record of his military familyCh. 102 §8
RNo direct record — estimated from his deedsWei 4 §131
NNo direct record — estimated from his deedsCh. 103 §22
Records Romance Unverified No direct record; scored from their actions (evidence grade C)
3KDEX scoring — the Records use the main text of Chen Shou’s Records of the Three Kingdoms; the Romance uses the 120-chapter Romance of the Three Kingdoms. Click a source tag to open that passage in the reader.
Romance chapters (2)
AppearsNot present Chapter list →
Allegiance history
- Wei · Records · Records vol. 9 「歷河南尹、太常」
Family
| Parents | Xiahou Yuan Romance |
|---|---|
| Siblings | Xiahou Hui Novel & History, Xiahou Mao Romance, Xiahou Wei Romance |
Based on Wikidata items for the historical and Romance figures. Relations without the Unverified badge were also confirmed in the Records.