RNo direct record — estimated from his career as Regular Palace Attendant and Grand ProlongerWei 1 §1
NDenounced in the proclamation as greedy and unrestrained together with Zuo Guan and Xu Huang (徐璜)Ch. 22 §12
| Occupation | ROther · Grand Prolonger NOther · Regular Palace Attendant | Faction | Eastern Han |
|---|---|---|---|
| Appears | RN | Biography in | |
| Born | Native place | Pei Commandery Qiao County Unverified | |
| Existence | Historical | Mentions | R9 |
Cao Teng was the man who adopted Cao Song, the father of Cao Cao, which made him Cao Cao's grandfather. The Records give him no biography of his own; at the opening of the Annals of Emperor Wu in Records of Wei 1, Chen Shou's main text records that in the time of Emperor Huan he became Regular Palace Attendant and Grand Prolonger and was enfeoffed as Marquis of Feiting, and that his adopted son Cao Song succeeded him. In the 3rd year of Taihe (229), Emperor Ming posthumously honored his great-great-grandfather the Grand Prolonger as Emperor Gao. Records, Wei 1 §1Records, Wei 3 §11
Since he has no biography of his own, Chen Shou's assessment does not discuss him either. In the Romance his name first appears in Chapter 1, where, in introducing Cao Cao, the text says that Cao Cao's father Cao Song became the adopted son of the Regular Palace Attendant Cao Teng; he appears in 2 of its 120 chapters, and no chapter has his name in its title. In Chapter 22, the proclamation that Chen Lin writes for Yuan Shao denounces him, together with Zuo Guan and Xu Huang (徐璜), as a man given to wicked deeds. Records, Wei 1 §1Romance, Ch. 1 §36Romance, Ch. 22 §10 · 12
The Annals of Emperor Wu in Records of Wei 1 opens by stating that Taizu, Emperor Wu, was a man of Qiao County in the state of Pei and a descendant of Cao Can, Chancellor of State of the Han, and then records that in the time of Emperor Huan, Cao Teng became Regular Palace Attendant and Grand Prolonger and was enfeoffed as Marquis of Feiting. His adopted son Cao Song succeeded him and rose in office to Grand Commandant, but no one could ascertain the full story of Cao Song's birth; Cao Song fathered Taizu. Chen Shou's main text does not record Cao Teng's courtesy name, origins, or dates of birth and death. Records, Wei 1 §1
In the 6th month of summer in the 1st year of Jian'an (196), the Son of Heaven transferred Taizu to General Who Guards the East and enfeoffed him as Marquis of Feiting. The biography of Dong Zhao records that at this time Yang Feng and others jointly memorialized to make Taizu General Who Guards the East and to have him inherit his father's title of Marquis of Feiting. Records, Wei 1 §36 · 38Records, Wei 14 §52
According to the account of Chen Lin in Records of Wei 21, Chen Lin fled the disorder to Ji Province, where he took charge of documents under Yuan Shao, and when the Yuan family was defeated he submitted to Taizu. Taizu told him that when he had written a proclamation for Benchu (Yuan Shao) in the past, he need only have listed Taizu's own crimes, since even the hatred of evil should stop at the man himself; why then had he reached up as far as Taizu's father and grandfather? When Chen Lin apologized, Taizu valued his talent and did not hold it against him. Chen Shou's main text does not include the text of that proclamation. Records, Wei 21 §14–15
On the wushen day of the 6th month in the 3rd year of Taihe (229), Emperor Ming posthumously honored his great-great-grandfather the Grand Prolonger as Emperor Gao and his wife, Lady Wu, as Empress Gao. When the ancestral temple at Luoyang was finally completed in the 11th month of that year, he sent the Minister of Ceremonies Han Ji, bearing the credentials, to bring the spirit tablets of Emperor Gao, Emperor Tai, Emperor Wu and Emperor Wen from the temple at Ye; they arrived on the jichou day of the 12th month, and the tablets were installed in the temple. Records, Wei 3 §11 · 14–15
According to the biography of Liu Ye in Records of Wei 14, after Emperor Ming took the throne he issued an edict saying that the imperial house of Wei had made its start with Emperor Gao and Emperor Tai and that its achievements had flourished under Emperor Wu and Emperor Wen; noting that Emperor Gao's father, the Gentleman Recluse, had quietly cultivated virtue and modesty, yet not even his title had been recorded, he had the ministers and those below them deliberate on a title and posthumous name. Liu Ye argued that, compared above with the house of Zhou, the rise of the great Wei began with Emperor Gao, and that under the Han the rite of posthumous naming had not extended to the grandfather, so the posthumous honors should stop at Emperor Gao. The Master of Writing Wei Zhen agreed with Liu Ye, and this was carried out. Records, Wei 14 §103–107
In Chapter 1 of the Romance, as Zhang Liang and Zhang Bao flee with the remnants of their defeated troops, a band of soldiers carrying red banners blocks their way. The Romance introduces the general at its head as Cao Cao, Commandant of Cavalry, and writes that Cao Cao's father Cao Song, originally of the Xiahou family, took the surname Cao because he became the adopted son of the Regular Palace Attendant Cao Teng. Romance, Ch. 1 §36
In Chapter 22, Yuan Shao has his secretary Chen Lin compose a proclamation against Cao Cao, and Chen Lin finishes it the moment he takes up his brush. Of Cao Cao, Minister of Works, the proclamation says that his grandfather, the Regular Palace Attendant Cao Teng, together with Zuo Guan and Xu Huang (徐璜), committed wicked deeds, being greedy and unrestrained, corrupting moral order and oppressing the people. It goes on to attack his father Cao Song as a beggar child taken in and raised as an adopted son, who borrowed office with bribes and stole a seat among the Three Excellencies, and Cao Cao as the ugly leftover spawn of a eunuch, without any fine virtue from the start. Romance, Ch. 22 §10 · 12
Cao Song's birth: Chapter 1 of the Romance states that Cao Song was originally of the Xiahou family but took the surname Cao when he became Cao Teng's adopted son. The Annals of Emperor Wu in the Records states that Cao Teng's adopted son Cao Song succeeded him, but that no one could ascertain the full story of his birth. Romance, Ch. 1 §36Records, Wei 1 §1
The proclamation: Chapter 22 of the Romance gives Chen Lin's proclamation in full, and in it Cao Teng is denounced, together with Zuo Guan and Xu Huang (徐璜), as a man given to wicked deeds. Chen Shou's main text does not include the text of the proclamation and records only that, after Chen Lin submitted, Taizu took him to task for having let the proclamation reach up as far as his father and grandfather. Romance, Ch. 22 §12Records, Wei 21 §15
Offices and posthumous honors: Chapters 1 and 22 of the Romance call Cao Teng only Regular Palace Attendant, and his noble title and posthumous honors do not appear. In the Records, in the time of Emperor Huan he became Regular Palace Attendant and Grand Prolonger and was enfeoffed as Marquis of Feiting, and in the 3rd year of Taihe (229) Emperor Ming posthumously honored him as Emperor Gao. Romance, Ch. 1 §36Romance, Ch. 22 §12Records, Wei 1 §1Records, Wei 3 §11
Written by 3KDEX (not yet reviewed) — The tags at the end of each paragraph link to the exact passage in the Records volume or Romance chapter it is based on.
The Records score (Chen Shou’s Records of the Three Kingdoms, main text) is the baseline. Each ability compares how the Romance redrew the same person, and the evidence from both sources explains the difference.
RNo direct record — estimated from his career as Regular Palace Attendant and Grand ProlongerWei 1 §1
NDenounced in the proclamation as greedy and unrestrained together with Zuo Guan and Xu Huang (徐璜)Ch. 22 §12
RBecame Regular Palace Attendant and Grand Prolonger under Emperor Huan and was enfeoffed as Marquis of FeitingWei 1 §1
NDenounced in the proclamation for corrupting moral order and oppressing the peopleCh. 22 §12
Records Romance Unverified No direct record; scored from their actions (evidence grade C)
3KDEX scoring — the Records use the main text of Chen Shou’s Records of the Three Kingdoms; the Romance uses the 120-chapter Romance of the Three Kingdoms. Click a source tag to open that passage in the reader.
AppearsNot present Chapter list →
| Relatives | Cao Song Records |
|---|
Based on Wikidata items for the historical and Romance figures. Relations without the Unverified badge were also confirmed in the Records.