Sima Hui 司馬徽

RecordsRomance Courtesy name 德操 Decao사마휘수경덕조水鏡司马徽水镜

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OccupationRNScholarFaction
AppearsRNBiography in
BornNative placeYingchuan Commandery
ExistenceHistoricalMentionsR19

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Sima Hui, courtesy name Decao, was a man of Yingchuan. In the Records he was a scholar of pure refinement with a discerning eye for people, who made the young Pang Tong's name known by declaring that he would become the foremost of the scholars of the southern provinces. Records, Wei 21 §50Records, Shu 7 §2

He taught the old-text learning in Jing Province, and Yin Mo and Li Ren (Li Zhuan's father), who came from Zitong Commandery in Yi Province, studied under him. Chen Shou's main text does not record his offices or the dates of his birth and death. Records, Shu 12 §43 · 46

The Records have no separate biography of Sima Hui and thus no assessment of him by Chen Shou. In the Romance he first appears in Chapter 35 under the Daoist name Master Water Mirror and features in 5 of its 120 chapters, and his name appears in the title of Chapter 37, 'Sima Hui Recommends Another Famous Scholar'. He is the figure who tells Liu Bei that 'if you obtain even one of the Sleeping Dragon and the Young Phoenix, you can bring peace to the realm'. Records, Shu 7 §2Romance, Ch. 35 §7 · 14Romance, Ch. 37 §9–11

In the Records

The Records have no separate biography of Sima Hui; he appears four times in the biographies of Pang Tong, Liu Yi, Yin Mo and Li Zhuan. According to the Biography of Pang Tong, Sima Hui of Yingchuan was a man of pure refinement with a discerning eye for people. When Pang Tong, who in his youth seemed simple and dull so that no one recognized his worth, went to see him at about the age of twenty, Sima Hui, who was picking mulberry leaves up in a tree, seated Pang Tong under the tree and talked with him from midday into the night. Sima Hui thought him most extraordinary and declared that Pang Tong would become the foremost of the scholars of the southern provinces, and from then on Pang Tong's name gradually became known. Records, Shu 7 §2

According to the Biography of Liu Yi, when Liu Yi of Anzhong County in Nanyang Commandery was playing in a lecture hall at the age of ten, Sima Decao of Yingchuan patted his head and said, 'Child, child, do you yourself not know that the yellow is within and penetrates principle?' Records, Wei 21 §50

According to the Biography of Yin Mo, in the region of Yi Province most people prized the new-text learning and did not esteem the study of chapter and verse, but Yin Mo of Fu County in Zitong Commandery, knowing that this was not broad enough, traveled far to study in Jing Province and received the old-text learning from Sima Decao, Song Zhong (Song Zhongzi) and others. The Biography of Li Zhuan records that Li Zhuan's father Li Ren went to study in Jing Province together with Yin Mo of the same county and learned from Sima Hui, Song Zhong and others, and that Li Zhuan received his learning in full. Records, Shu 12 §43 · 46

Chen Shou's main text does not record Sima Hui's offices or the dates of his birth and death. As he has no separate biography, there is no assessment of him by Chen Shou. Records, Shu 7 §2Records, Wei 21 §50Records, Shu 12 §43 · 46

In the Romance

In Chapter 35 of the Romance, Liu Bei, after leaping his horse across the stream and heading toward Nanzhang, meets a herd boy riding an ox. The boy tells him that his master's compound surname is Sima, his given name Hui and his courtesy name Decao, that he is a man of Yingchuan, and that his Daoist name is Master Water Mirror. His master is a friend of Pang Degong and Pang Tong of Xiangyang; once, while picking mulberry leaves up in a tree, he seated the visiting Pang Tong under the tree and discussed matters with him all day, and he is so fond of Pang Tong that he calls him his younger brother. As Liu Bei enters the manor, Sima Hui comes out laughing, saying that a high, impassioned strain suddenly arose in the music of his zither, so some hero must be listening in secret. Romance, Ch. 35 §5–9

Water Mirror sees from Liu Bei's looks that he has come fleeing danger, and says that he has failed to achieve his ambitions because he has no one worth using at his side. Guan Yu, Zhang Fei and Zhao Yun are all generals who can match ten thousand men, but there is no one who knows how to use them well, and men such as Sun Qian and Mi Zhu are merely pale-faced scholars. Interpreting a ditty sung by the children of Jing and Xiang, he says that the Mandate of Heaven will come to Liu Bei, and says that 'if you obtain even one of the two, the Sleeping Dragon and the Young Phoenix, you can bring peace to the realm', but when asked who they are, he only claps his hands and says, 'Good! Good!' Romance, Ch. 35 §10–14 · 17

That night, to Yuanzhi (Xu Shu), who comes to visit, Water Mirror says that he carries the talent to assist a king, so why did he cheapen himself by going to see Liu Jingsheng (Liu Biao), and that the hero is right before his eyes. The next day, when Liu Bei bows and asks him to come out of the mountains and help uphold the house of Han, he declines, saying that he is an idle man of the hills and fields unfit for worldly service, and that someone ten times better than himself will come to help. In Chapter 36 Xu Shu reveals that he came to Liu Bei because Water Mirror rebuked him for failing to recognize a true lord and told him to serve Liu of Yu Province. Romance, Ch. 35 §15–18Romance, Ch. 36 §23

In Chapter 37, after Xu Shu has left, Sima Hui comes to visit Liu Bei. He says that since Xu Shu's mother is a woman of virtue she would never have sent a letter summoning her son, so the letter must be forged, and that now that Yuanzhi has gone, his mother will surely die. He says that Kongming (Zhuge Liang) is a close friend of Cui Zhouping of Boling, Shi Guangyuan of Yingchuan, Meng Gongwei (Meng Jian) of Runan and Xu Yuanzhi, but that he alone grasps the broad outlines, and when Guan Yu says that comparing himself with Guan Zhong and Yue Yi is going too far, he replies that Kongming can be compared with Jiang Ziya of Zhou's eight hundred years and Zhang Zifang of Han's four hundred years. Going out the gate, he laughs loudly, 'The Sleeping Dragon has found his lord but not his time—what a pity!', and departs. Romance, Ch. 37 §7–12

After that Sima Hui does not appear in person. In Chapter 38 Liu Bei, on the strength of what Sima Decao and Xu Yuanzhi told him, asks Zhuge Liang for his teaching, and in Chapter 57, when he has also obtained Pang Tong, he rejoices that he has now obtained both the Sleeping Dragon and the Young Phoenix of whom Sima Decao spoke. Romance, Ch. 38 §10Romance, Ch. 57 §36

Where the Romance differs

Meeting Pang Tong: The mulberry-leaf anecdote related by the herd boy in Chapter 35 of the Romance matches the Biography of Pang Tong in the Records. However, the Records say that Pang Tong visited at about the age of twenty and that Sima Hui declared him the foremost of the scholars of the southern provinces, whereas the Romance says that Sima Hui called Pang Tong his younger brother and that Pang Tong was five years his junior. Romance, Ch. 35 §7–8Records, Shu 7 §2

Master Water Mirror: The Daoist name Master Water Mirror, the manor in the woods and the zither, and his friendship with Pang Degong in Chapter 35 of the Romance do not appear in Chen Shou's main text. Chen Shou's main text calls him only Sima Hui of Yingchuan or Sima Decao. Romance, Ch. 35 §7–10Records, Shu 7 §2Records, Wei 21 §50Records, Shu 12 §43 · 46

The Sleeping Dragon and the Young Phoenix: In Chapter 35 of the Romance, Sima Hui tells Liu Bei that 'if you obtain even one of the two, the Sleeping Dragon and the Young Phoenix, you can bring peace to the realm'. In the Records, it was Xu Shu who called Zhuge Kongming the Sleeping Dragon and introduced him to the First Sovereign (Liu Bei), and Sima Hui only declared Pang Tong the foremost of the scholars of the southern provinces. Romance, Ch. 35 §14Records, Shu 5 §4Records, Shu 7 §2

Xu Shu and Liu Bei: In Chapter 36 of the Romance, Xu Shu seeks out Liu Bei after being rebuked by Sima Hui. The Biography of Zhuge Liang in the Records says only that Xu Shu met the First Sovereign when the First Sovereign was stationed at Xinye, and Sima Hui does not appear. Romance, Ch. 36 §23Records, Shu 5 §4

Zhuge Liang's friends: In Chapter 37 of the Romance, Sima Hui names four men, Cui Zhouping, Shi Guangyuan, Meng Gongwei and Xu Yuanzhi, as Kongming's friends, and compares Kongming with Jiang Ziya and Zhang Zifang. The Biography of Zhuge Liang in the Records records that Zhuge Liang compared himself with Guan Zhong and Yue Yi but the people of the time did not accept this, and that only Cui Zhouping and Xu Shu were on close terms with him and thought it truly so. Sima Hui is absent from this passage. Romance, Ch. 37 §9–11Records, Shu 5 §3

Those he taught: In the Records, Yin Mo and Li Ren went from Yi Province to study in Jing Province and learned the old-text learning from Sima Hui, and Sima Hui praised the young Liu Yi. The Romance does not depict Sima Hui teaching. Records, Shu 12 §43 · 46Records, Wei 21 §50Romance, Ch. 35 §7–10

Written by 3KDEX (not yet reviewed) — The tags at the end of each paragraph link to the exact passage in the Records volume or Romance chapter it is based on.

Abilities

The Records score (Chen Shou’s Records of the Three Kingdoms, main text) is the baseline. Each ability compares how the Romance redrew the same person, and the evidence from both sources explains the difference.

LEASTRINTPOLCHAVIRADPSCHDIPDIS
Records (solid) vs Romance (dashed)
  • LEA3131±0
  • STR3131±0
  • INT4878+30
  • POL3535±0
  • CHA6068+8
  • VIR6270+8
  • ADP5075+25
  • SCH7068−2
  • DIP4060+20
  • DIS8490+6
Records · Romance scores and difference (Romance − Records · left = lowered by the Romance · right = raised)

Abilities shaped by the Romance — where it differs from the Records Differences of 10 or more

IntelligenceR48UnverifiedN78 +30

RNo direct recordShu 7 §2

NSaw that the letter from Xu Shu's mother was forged, and read the situation in Jing Province from a children's dittyCh. 37 §8Ch. 35 §13

AdaptabilityR50UnverifiedN75 +25

RNo direct recordShu 7 §2

NDeclined office as a man of the hills and fields, and saw that the Sleeping Dragon had not found his timeCh. 35 §18Ch. 37 §12

7 similar abilities — show evidence
  • LeadershipR31UnverifiedN31Unverified ±0

    RNo direct record — estimated as a recluseShu 7 §2

    NNo direct record — estimated as a hermitCh. 35 §18

  • StrengthR31UnverifiedN31Unverified ±0

    RNo direct record — estimated as a recluseShu 7 §2

    NNo direct record — estimated as a hermitCh. 35 §18

  • PoliticsR35UnverifiedN35Unverified ±0

    RNo direct record — no record of officeShu 7 §2

    NNo direct recordCh. 35 §18

  • CharismaR60N68 +8

    RYin Mo, Li Ren and others came to Jing Province to study under himShu 12 §43Shu 12 §46

    NA friend of Pang Tong and Xu Shu, with a crane-like frame and an extraordinary bearingCh. 35 §7Ch. 35 §9

  • VirtueR62N70 +8

    RRecorded as pure and refinedShu 7 §2

    NLiu Bei sighed that he was a worthy scholar living in seclusionCh. 35 §18Ch. 37 §12

  • ScholarshipR70N68 −2

    RTaught the old-text learning to Yin Mo and othersShu 12 §43Shu 12 §46

    NHis shelves were piled with books and he played the zitherCh. 35 §10

  • DiscernmentR84N90 +6

    RA discerning eye for people; saw Pang Tong as the foremost of the southern scholarsShu 7 §2Wei 21 §50

    NRecommended the Sleeping Dragon and the Young Phoenix, and compared Kongming with Jiang Ziya and Zhang ZifangCh. 35 §14Ch. 37 §11Ch. 35 §16

Special — talents Records +0 · Romance +10

  • Music

    NSkilled +10 Played the zither and knew from its tune that a hero was listening in secretCh. 35 §8Ch. 35 §9

Records Romance Unverified No direct record; scored from their actions (evidence grade C)

3KDEX scoring — the Records use the main text of Chen Shou’s Records of the Three Kingdoms; the Romance uses the 120-chapter Romance of the Three Kingdoms. Click a source tag to open that passage in the reader.

Romance chapters (5)

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