Wuhuan 烏丸

Chen Shou said that the Wuhuan and Xianbei were the Donghu of old, and recorded only events from the end of Han and the beginning of Wei onward. At the end of Han, Qiuliju, chieftain of the Liaoxi Wuhuan, with a following of more than five thousand households, and Nanlou, chieftain of the Shanggu Wuhuan, with more than nine thousand, each called himself king, while Supuyan, chieftain of the Wuhuan of the Liaodong Dependent State, with more than a thousand households, styled himself King Qiao, and Wuyan, chieftain of the Youbeiping Wuhuan, with more than eight hundred, styled himself King Hanlu. Zhang Chun, Administrator of Zhongshan, rebelled, joined Qiuliju's following and became commander-in-chief of the Wuhuan of the Three Commanderies, raiding the four provinces of Qing, Xu, You and Ji. Records, Wei 30 §6 · 8

For his merit in pursuing Zhang Chun and the others, Gongsun Zan became Chief Commandant of Cavalry, and King Tanzhi of the Wuhuan of the dependent state surrendered to him, but he could not stop Qiuliju and the others from raiding the four provinces. At the end of Emperor Ling's reign, Liu Yu became Governor of You Province and recruited Hu to behead Zhang Chun, and only then were the northern provinces settled. When Qiuliju died, his son Louban was young, so his nephew Tadun, who had military talent, took his place and took overall command of the tribes of the three kings. Records, Wei 8 §4–5Records, Wei 30 §9

When Yuan Shao fought Gongsun Zan repeatedly without a decision, Tadun asked Yuan Shao for peace and friendship and helped him defeat Gongsun Zan. Yuan Shao, forging an imperial authorization, granted seals and ribbons to Tadun, King Qiao and King Hanlu, making them all chanyu, and took daughters of commoner families as his own daughters and married them to them. Later, when Louban grew up, King Qiao honored Louban as chanyu and Tadun as king, but most of the plans were still made by Tadun. Yan Rou of Guangyang, who had lived among the Wuhuan and Xianbei since being captured as a boy and had won the trust of those peoples, used the Xianbei to kill Xing Ju, Colonel of the Wuhuan, and took his place. Records, Wei 30 §9–10Records, Wei 1 §96

When Cao Cao was about to attack Yuan Tan and the Wuhuan of Liucheng wanted to send cavalry to help Yuan Tan, Cao Cao sent to Liucheng Qian Zhao, who had once commanded the Wuhuan shock cavalry under Yuan Shao. King Qiao was about to send five thousand horsemen to Yuan Tan, and Han Zhong, an envoy sent by Gongsun Kang, Administrator of Liaodong, had brought a chanyu's seal and ribbon to confer on King Qiao provisionally. When Qian Zhao rebuked Han Zhong, citing Cao Cao's just cause, and explained success and failure, fortune and misfortune, King Qiao sent the Liaodong envoy away and disbanded the cavalry he had been readying. Records, Wei 26 §45 · 47–50

In the fourth month of the 10th year of Jian'an (205), the Wuhuan of the Three Commanderies attacked Xianyu Fu at Guangping, and in the eighth month Cao Cao crossed the Lu River to relieve Guangping, whereupon the Wuhuan fled beyond the frontier. Yuan Xi and Yuan Shang, attacked by their generals Jiao Chu and Zhang Nan, fled to the Wuhuan of Liaoxi and, relying on Tadun, repeatedly entered within the frontier to do harm. To attack them, Cao Cao dug the Pinglu Canal and the Quanzhou Canal. Records, Wei 1 §90 · 96Records, Wei 6 §68

The generals tried to stop him, saying that if he went deep, Liu Bei would persuade Liu Biao to attack Xu, but Guo Jia alone, judging that Liu Biao would never trust Liu Bei with responsibility, urged him to go. In summer, the fifth month, of the 12th year of Jian'an (207), Cao Cao reached Wuzhong, and when floods in the seventh month cut off the coastal road, Tian Chou served as guide. Cao Cao went out through the Lulong Pass, cutting through mountains and filling valleys for more than five hundred li, passed Baitan and Pinggang, crossed the domain of the Xianbei court and headed for Liucheng; only when he was less than two hundred li away did the enemy learn of it. Records, Wei 1 §98–99

Yuan Shang and Yuan Xi, together with Tadun, Louban, chanyu of Liaoxi, Nengchendizhi, chanyu of Youbeiping, and others, met him at the head of tens of thousands of horsemen, and in the eighth month the two sides suddenly ran into each other at Mount Bailang. The baggage train was in the rear and few of his men wore armor, but Cao Cao, seeing from high ground that the enemy's ranks were in disorder, attacked with Zhang Liao as vanguard. The enemy collapsed; Tadun and the renowned kings beneath him were beheaded, and more than 200,000 Hu and Han surrendered. Supuhuan, chanyu of Liaodong, and others fled to Liaodong with Yuan Shang and Yuan Xi, but in the ninth month Gongsun Kang beheaded them and sent their heads. The Biography of the Wuhuan dates this campaign to the 11th year of Jian'an. Records, Wei 1 §99–101Records, Wei 30 §11

The remaining followers all surrendered. The Wuhuan were moved into China with their entire people, down to the more than ten thousand households of Wuhuan in You Province and Bing Province under Yan Rou, and their marquises, kings, chieftains and tribespeople were led to follow on campaigns, so that the Wuhuan of the Three Commanderies became the most renowned cavalry in the realm. In the eleventh month of that year, when Cao Cao reached the Yi River, Pufulu, acting chanyu of the Dai Commandery Wuhuan, and Nalou, acting chanyu of the Shang Commandery Wuhuan, came with their renowned kings to congratulate him, and Qian Zhao became Colonel Protecting the Wuhuan at Liucheng. Records, Wei 30 §12Records, Wei 1 §102Records, Wei 26 §51

In Dai Commandery, the Wuhuan king and chieftains, three men in all, each called himself chanyu and ran the commandery's affairs as they pleased. Pei Qian, Administrator of Dai Commandery, who went to his post with a single carriage, got them to return the women and goods they had plundered, but after he came back he said that Dai Commandery would surely rebel again, and some tens of days later news arrived that the three chanyu had rebelled. In the fourth month of the 23rd year of Jian'an (218), when Wuchendi and other Wuhuan of Dai Commandery and Shanggu rebelled, Cao Cao sent Cao Zhang, Marquis of Yanling, who suppressed and crushed them. Records, Wei 23 §68–70Records, Wei 1 §161Records, Wei 19 §4–6

Tian Yu, who became Colonel Protecting the Wuhuan early in Emperor Wen's reign, entered the tribe of the Wuhuan king Gujin, who was fierce, cunning and disrespectful, had his attendants behead Gujin, and replaced him with his younger brother. Qian Zhao, Administrator of Yanmen, obtained an exemption from taxes for more than five hundred Wuhuan families so that they could equip saddles and horses and scout far afield. In the 1st year of Jingchu (237), when Guanqiu Jian, Inspector of You Province, advanced on Liaodong, Kouloudun, chanyu of the Youbeiping Wuhuan, and Wang Huliu, commander of the Liaoxi Wuhuan, who had fled to Liaodong following Yuan Shang, surrendered with more than five thousand followers. Records, Wei 26 §30 · 33 · 53Records, Wei 3 §53–54Records, Wei 28 §14

At the opening of Records of Wei 30, Chen Shou said that Tadun was fierce and brave, so that the elders of the frontier compared him to Modu, but Cao Cao secretly sent out his army and settled matters in a single battle; the Yi and Di peoples submitted in awe, the Wuhuan followed on campaigns, and the people of the frontier could live in peace. In the assessment at the end of the volume, he wrote that in the Wei era the Xiongnu declined and the Wuhuan and Xianbei arose in their place. Records, Wei 30 §4 · 190