RJoined Cai Mao in the faction upholding Liu Cong and pushed Liu Qi asideWei 6 §91
NForged a will and had arrows shot at Liu Bei and the peopleCh. 40 §16Ch. 41 §10
| Occupation | NGeneral · Vice Commander of the Navy | Faction | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Appears | RN | Biography in | |
| Cause of death | NExecuted Unverified | ||
| Existence | Historical | Mentions | R1 |
Zhang Yun served under Liu Biao, Governor of Jing Province. He has no biography of his own in the Records, and his name appears once, in the passage on Liu Cong that follows the Biography of Liu Biao in the Biographies of Dong, the Two Yuans and Liu, Records of Wei 6. The Records do not record his courtesy name or origin. Records, Wei 6 §91
When Liu Biao and his wife loved their youngest son Liu Cong and wanted to make him heir, Zhang Yun formed Liu Cong's faction together with Cai Mao. So the eldest son Liu Qi was sent out as Administrator of Jiangxia, and the faction upheld Liu Cong as heir. Chen Shou's main text does not record Zhang Yun's later deeds or his death. Records, Wei 6 §91 · 93–94
In the Romance he first appears in Chapter 40 as one of those who forge a will together with Lady Cai and Cai Mao after Liu Biao's death, and he appears in 4 of its 120 chapters; his name is in no chapter title. He always appears paired with Cai Mao; after surrendering to Cao Cao he becomes Vice Commander of the Navy, and in Chapter 45 he is beheaded together with Cai Mao by Cao Cao, who has fallen for Zhou Yu's ruse. Romance, Ch. 40 §16Romance, Ch. 41 §23Romance, Ch. 45 §47–48 · 53–54
Zhang Yun has no biography of his own in the Records and appears once, in the passage on Liu Biao's youngest son Liu Cong appended after Liu Biao's biography in the Biographies of Dong, the Two Yuans and Liu, Records of Wei 6. The Records do not record his courtesy name, origin or offices. Records, Wei 6 §90–91
At first Liu Biao and his wife loved their youngest son Liu Cong and wanted to make him heir, and Cai Mao and Zhang Yun formed Liu Cong's faction. So the eldest son Liu Qi was sent out as Administrator of Jiangxia, and the faction at last upheld Liu Cong as heir. Liu Qi and Liu Cong became enemies because of this. Records, Wei 6 §91
In the 13th year of Jian'an (208) Cao Cao came to attack Liu Biao, but before he arrived Liu Biao died of illness. The Annals of Emperor Wu record that in the 7th month, in autumn, Cao Cao marched south against Liu Biao, and that in the 8th month Liu Biao died and his son Liu Cong succeeded him and was stationed at Xiangyang. Records, Wei 6 §89Records, Wei 1 §104
Kuai Yue, Han Song, the Officer of the Eastern Bureau Fu Xun and others urged Liu Cong to submit to Cao Cao, and when Cao Cao's army reached Xiangyang, Liu Cong surrendered the province. Cao Cao made Liu Cong Inspector of Qing Province and enfeoffed him as a full marquis, and fifteen men, Kuai Yue among them, were made marquises. Chen Shou's main text does not mention Zhang Yun again in this passage and does not record his later deeds or his death. Records, Wei 6 §91–94
In his assessment at the end of the volume, Chen Shou said that Yuan Shao and Liu Biao were both outwardly tolerant but inwardly jealous, that they set aside the heir of the principal wife and set up a son of a lesser one, abandoning propriety and exalting favor, and that it was not mere misfortune that their heirs were overthrown and their states toppled and destroyed. Zhang Yun's name is not in the assessment. Records, Wei 6 §96
In Chapter 40 of the Romance, when Liu Biao dies, Lady Cai consults Cai Mao and Zhang Yun, forges a will making the second son Liu Cong lord of Jing Province, and only then mourns and announces the death. Romance, Ch. 40 §16
In Chapter 41, when Liu Bei leads the people to the east gate of Xiangyang and calls on Liu Cong to open the gate, Liu Cong is too afraid to come out, and Cai Mao and Zhang Yun go straight up onto the watchtower and order the soldiers to shoot down a hail of arrows. Then Wei Yan, inside the city, rebukes them, crying, 'Cai Mao, Zhang Yun, you traitors who have sold out the state!', cuts down the officers and men guarding the gate, and opens the city gate. Romance, Ch. 41 §10–11
When Cao Cao sends a man from Fancheng to summon Liu Cong, Liu Cong is too afraid to go, and Cai Mao and Zhang Yun ask to go in his place. The two meet Cao Cao at Fancheng, and when Cai Mao reports that the troops of Jing Province number 280,000 in all and that the more than 7,000 warships, large and small, were originally under the charge of the two of them, Cao Cao makes Cai Mao Marquis Who Guards the South and Grand Commander of the Navy, and Zhang Yun Marquis Who Aids Compliance and Vice Commander of the Navy. When Xun You asks why he gives such high ranks to a band of flatterers, Cao Cao answers that because the northern troops are not used to fighting on water he is using the two men for the time being, and will deal with them separately once the matter is accomplished. Romance, Ch. 41 §20 · 22–24
The two return and report to Liu Cong that Cao Cao has promised to memorialize the Son of Heaven so that Liu Cong may govern Jing and Xiang forever, and the next day Liu Cong, together with his mother Lady Cai, goes to receive Cao Cao bearing the seal and ribbon and the military tallies. Cai Mao and Zhang Yun have the people of Xiangyang burn incense and bow to welcome Cao Cao. Romance, Ch. 41 §25
In Chapter 45 Cao Cao makes Cai Mao, Zhang Yun and the other generals who had surrendered from Jing Province his vanguard and reaches Sanjiangkou, but is defeated by the ships of Gan Ning and others. When Cao Cao rebukes the two, saying that they were defeated although Eastern Wu had few troops because they did not put their minds to it, Cai Mao proposes first building a water camp and training every day. When Cao Cao tells them that, since they are already commanders of the navy, they should handle it as they see fit, Zhang Yun and Cai Mao set up twenty-four water gates along the river, place the large ships outside as a city wall and the small ships inside, and train the navy. Zhou Yu, secretly spying on this water camp, is astonished that they have deeply mastered the secrets of naval warfare, and thinks that because the two have long lived in Jiangdong and are skilled in fighting on water, he can defeat Cao Cao only after first getting rid of them. Romance, Ch. 45 §27–28 · 30–31 · 33
Jiang Gan, sleeping in Zhou Yu's tent, steals a look at a letter inscribed 'Respectfully sealed by Cai Mao and Zhang Yun', which says that they surrendered to Cao Cao only because circumstances forced them and that they will present Cao Cao's head at the first opportunity. Jiang Gan also overhears someone outside saying, 'The two commanders Zhang and Cai say that they cannot act in haste,' and returns to tell Cao Cao. When Cao Cao summons the two and orders them to advance, Cai Mao replies that the troops are not yet well trained, and Cao Cao in a rage has the two dragged out and beheaded. When the heads are presented, Cao Cao realizes that he has fallen for a ruse, but tells his generals that he beheaded the two because they had been negligent of military law. Romance, Ch. 45 §47–48 · 50–54 · 56
In Chapter 47, when Jiang Gan comes again, Zhou Yu changes countenance and rebukes him, saying that last time he stole a private letter and reported it to Cao Cao, so that Cai Mao and Zhang Yun were killed and Zhou Yu's own plan could not be accomplished. Romance, Ch. 47 §24
Setting up Liu Cong: In Chapter 40 of the Romance, after Liu Biao's death Lady Cai consults Cai Mao and Zhang Yun and forges a will to set up Liu Cong. In the Records, Liu Biao and his wife wanted to make Liu Cong heir, and Cai Mao and Zhang Yun formed his faction; the eldest son Liu Qi was sent out as Administrator of Jiangxia and Liu Cong was upheld as heir. The forged will does not appear. Romance, Ch. 40 §16Records, Wei 6 §91
The gate of Xiangyang: In Chapter 41 of the Romance, Cai Mao and Zhang Yun have arrows shot at Liu Bei from the watchtower, and Wei Yan rebukes them and opens the city gate. The Biography of the First Sovereign in the Records records only that when passing Xiangyang Liu Bei stopped his horse and called out to Liu Cong, but Liu Cong was too afraid to get up; the shooting of arrows and Zhang Yun do not appear. The Biography of Wei Yan records that Wei Yan led his personal troops and followed Liu Bei into Shu. Romance, Ch. 41 §10–11Records, Shu 2 §20Records, Shu 10 §57
The surrender: In Chapter 41 of the Romance, Cai Mao and Zhang Yun go to Fancheng in Liu Cong's place, meet Cao Cao and settle the surrender. In the Records, those who urged Liu Cong to submit to Cao Cao were Kuai Yue, Han Song, Fu Xun and others, and Zhang Yun's name is absent from this passage. Romance, Ch. 41 §20 · 22Records, Wei 6 §91–93
Office: In Chapter 41 of the Romance, Cao Cao makes Zhang Yun Marquis Who Aids Compliance and Vice Commander of the Navy. The Records do not record any office or rank Zhang Yun received, saying only that after the surrender fifteen men, Kuai Yue among them, were made marquises. Romance, Ch. 41 §23Records, Wei 6 §94
The navy at Red Cliffs: In Chapter 45 of the Romance, Zhang Yun and Cai Mao, as commanders of the navy, build a water camp and train the navy, and Zhou Yu, seeing it, resolves to get rid of the two first. In the Red Cliffs passage of the Biography of Zhou Yu in the Records, sickness had already broken out in Cao Cao's army, so it was defeated in the first engagement and encamped on the north bank of the river, and it was destroyed by Huang Gai's fire attack. Zhang Yun does not appear. Romance, Ch. 45 §31 · 33Records, Wu 9 §14–16
Death: In Chapter 45 of the Romance, Cao Cao beheads Cai Mao and Zhang Yun because of a letter Jiang Gan stole from Zhou Yu's tent, and only then realizes he has fallen for a ruse. Jiang Gan does not appear in Chen Shou's main text, and Zhang Yun's death is not recorded. Romance, Ch. 45 §47 · 53–54Records, Wei 6 §91–94Records, Wu 9 §14–16
Written by 3KDEX (not yet reviewed) — The tags at the end of each paragraph link to the exact passage in the Records volume or Romance chapter it is based on.
The Records score (Chen Shou’s Records of the Three Kingdoms, main text) is the baseline. Each ability compares how the Romance redrew the same person, and the evidence from both sources explains the difference.
RJoined Cai Mao in the faction upholding Liu Cong and pushed Liu Qi asideWei 6 §91
NForged a will and had arrows shot at Liu Bei and the peopleCh. 40 §16Ch. 41 §10
RNo direct record — estimated as a follower of Liu BiaoWei 6 §91
NBuilt a water camp and trained the navy with Cai Mao; Zhou Yu was astonished at their mastery of naval warfareCh. 45 §31Ch. 45 §33
RNo direct record — estimated as a follower of Liu BiaoWei 6 §91
NReviled as a traitor who sold out the state, and called a flatterer by Xun YouCh. 41 §11Ch. 41 §24
RNo direct record — estimated as a follower of Liu BiaoWei 6 §91
NNo direct record — estimated as a naval commanderCh. 41 §10
RNo direct record — estimated as a follower of Liu BiaoWei 6 §91
NNo direct record — estimated from his deedsCh. 45 §53
RNo direct record — estimated as a follower of Liu BiaoWei 6 §91
NHad charge of more than 7,000 warships together with Cai MaoCh. 41 §23
RNo direct record — estimated as a follower of Liu BiaoWei 6 §91
NWent to see Cao Cao and obtained the post of Vice Commander of the NavyCh. 41 §20Ch. 41 §23
RNo direct record — estimated as a follower of Liu BiaoWei 6 §91
NNo direct record — estimated from his being a military commanderCh. 41 §22
RNo direct record — estimated as a follower of Liu BiaoWei 6 §91
NSpoke and looked extremely obsequious before Cao CaoCh. 41 §22
RNo direct record — estimated as a follower of Liu BiaoWei 6 §91
NNo direct record — estimated from his deedsCh. 41 §22
NMaster +25 Zhou Yu judged the two men skilled in naval warfare from long residence in JiangdongCh. 45 §31Ch. 45 §33
Records Romance Unverified No direct record; scored from their actions (evidence grade C)
3KDEX scoring — the Records use the main text of Chen Shou’s Records of the Three Kingdoms; the Romance uses the 120-chapter Romance of the Three Kingdoms. Click a source tag to open that passage in the reader.
AppearsNot present Chapter list →
Includes automatic matching from Wikipedia infoboxes and source keywords (unverified).