Liu Yao 劉瑤
| Occupation | ROther · Prince of Anding NOther · Marquis | Faction | Shu |
|---|---|---|---|
| Appears | RN | Biography in | |
| Born | Native place | Zhuo Commandery Zhuo County Unverified | |
| Existence | Historical | Mentions | R1 |
Profile
Liu Yao was a son of the Later Sovereign of Shu-Han. Chen Shou's main text gives him no biography of his own; he appears once, in the Biography of the Later Sovereign. In the 1st month of spring in the 1st year of Yanxi (238), the Later Sovereign made his son Liu Xuan Crown Prince and Liu Yao Prince of Anding. Records, Shu 3 §19
Chen Shou's main text records nothing of him after that. The Biographies of the Consorts and Sons of the Two Rulers, which cover the Later Sovereign's wives and sons, have no entry for him either, and the descendants of the Later Sovereign who were enfeoffed as marquises in Luoyang after the fall of Shu are not named. The assessment of the Biography of the Later Sovereign, where he appears, discusses only the Later Sovereign and does not treat him. Records, Shu 4 §16–25Records, Shu 3 §52–53
In the Romance his name appears in Chapter 118 as the second of the Later Sovereign's seven sons, and he appears in 2 of its 120 chapters, Chapters 118 and 119; his name is in no chapter title. The Romance does not record his enfeoffment as Prince of Anding, and writes that in Chapter 119, when the Later Sovereign reached Luoyang and was enfeoffed as Duke of Anle, he too was made a marquis along with the officials Fan Jian, Qiao Zhou, Xi Zheng and others. Romance, Ch. 118 §4Romance, Ch. 119 §25–26
In the Records
In the 1st month of spring in the 1st year of Yanxi (238), the Later Sovereign installed Lady Zhang as empress, proclaimed a general amnesty and changed the era name. At this time he made his son Liu Xuan Crown Prince and his son Liu Yao Prince of Anding. In the 11th month of winter that year, the General-in-Chief Jiang Wan went out to garrison Hanzhong. Records, Shu 3 §19
The Biographies of the Consorts and Sons of the Two Rulers record that in the same month the Later Sovereign issued a decree of appointment making Liu Xuan Crown Prince, and state that his mother was Honored Lady Wang, originally a maid of Empress Zhang (Empress Jing'ai), and that he was then fifteen years old. The section on the imperial sons in that chapter, however, includes only Liu Yong and Liu Li, sons of the First Sovereign, and Liu Xuan, the Later Sovereign's Crown Prince, and does not record Liu Yao's mother or age. Records, Shu 4 §16 · 24–25
The Later Sovereign's other sons were also made princes one after another in the Biography of the Later Sovereign. In the 15th year of Yanxi (252) Liu Cong was made Prince of Xihe, in the 19th year (256) Liu Zan was made Prince of Xinping, and in the 6th month of summer in the 2nd year of Jingyao (259) Liu Chen was made Prince of Beidi, Liu Xun Prince of Xinxing and Liu Qian Prince of Shangdang. Chen Shou's main text does not state the order of these sons by age. Records, Shu 3 §32 · 36 · 39
In the winter of the 6th year of Jingyao (263), the Later Sovereign adopted the plan of Qiao Zhou, Grandee of Splendid Happiness, and surrendered to Deng Ai; that day Liu Chen, Prince of Beidi, grieving at the fall of the state, first killed his wife and children and then took his own life. The Later Sovereign moved east to Luoyang with his whole household and was enfeoffed as Duke of Anle County, but Chen Shou writes only that more than fifty of his sons and grandsons became one of the three commandants (sandu wei) or were enfeoffed as marquises, without naming Liu Yao. Records, Shu 3 §43 · 46 · 48 · 52
In the assessment of the Biography of the Later Sovereign, where Liu Yao appears, Chen Shou argues only that the Later Sovereign was a ruler who followed reason when he entrusted affairs to a worthy chancellor, but became a benighted ruler when beguiled by eunuchs; he does not treat Liu Yao. Records, Shu 3 §53
In the Romance
In Chapter 118 of the Romance, when news reaches Chengdu that Deng Ai has taken Mianzhu and that Zhuge Zhan and his son are already dead, the officials debate fleeing to the seven commanderies of Nanzhong or seeking refuge with Wu. Qiao Zhou, Grandee of Splendid Happiness, says it would be better to surrender to Wei than to take refuge with Wu, and the next day submits another memorial of remonstrance. When the Later Sovereign, following Qiao Zhou's advice, is about to go out and surrender, his fifth son, Liu Chen, Prince of Beidi, steps out from behind a screen and rebukes Qiao Zhou. Romance, Ch. 118 §1–4
At this point the Romance lists the Later Sovereign's seven sons: the eldest was Liu Xuan, the second Liu Yao, the third Liu Cong, the fourth Liu Zan, the fifth Liu Chen, Prince of Beidi, the sixth Liu Xun and the seventh Liu Qu. Of the seven, it says, only Liu Chen had been intelligent and quick-witted beyond others from childhood, while all the rest were weak and meek. Liu Chen tearfully urges that father and sons, lord and ministers, make a last stand with their backs to the city wall and die together with the altars of the state, but the Later Sovereign does not listen; he has his attendants push Liu Chen out through the palace gate and then has Qiao Zhou draft the letter of surrender. Romance, Ch. 118 §4–7
In Chapter 119, Jiang Wei, Zhong Hui and Deng Ai die, and the Crown Prince Liu Xuan is also killed by Wei soldiers. Jia Chong arrives first and posts notices to calm the populace, and the Later Sovereign is moved to Luoyang. When he reaches Luoyang, Sima Zhao rebukes him as dissolute and lawless, but when the civil and military officials submit that he should be pardoned because he surrendered early, Sima Zhao enfeoffs him as Duke of Anle. His son Liu Yao and the officials Fan Jian, Qiao Zhou, Xi Zheng and others are all made marquises. In the Romance, Liu Yao's name appears only twice: in Chapter 118 and in this passage. Romance, Ch. 119 §22 · 25–26
Where the Romance differs
Brothers and birth order: Chapter 118 of the Romance lists the Later Sovereign's seven sons as the eldest Liu Xuan, the second Liu Yao, the third Liu Cong, the fourth Liu Zan, the fifth Liu Chen, Prince of Beidi, the sixth Liu Xun and the seventh Liu Qu. The Biography of the Later Sovereign in Chen Shou's main text only records that Liu Xuan, Liu Yao, Liu Cong, Liu Zan, Liu Chen, Liu Xun and Liu Qian were made Crown Prince or princes; it gives no birth order among the brothers, and Liu Qu does not appear. Romance, Ch. 118 §4Records, Shu 3 §19 · 32 · 36 · 39
Prince of Anding: In the Records, Liu Yao was made Prince of Anding in the 1st month of spring in the 1st year of Yanxi (238). The Romance merely names him twice, in Chapters 118 and 119, and does not record his enfeoffment as Prince of Anding. Records, Shu 3 §19Romance, Ch. 118 §4Romance, Ch. 119 §26
Character: Chapter 118 of the Romance states that of the seven sons only Liu Chen was intelligent and quick-witted, while all the rest were weak and meek. Chen Shou's main text says nothing of Liu Yao's character. Romance, Ch. 118 §5Records, Shu 3 §19
Rank in Luoyang: Chapter 119 of the Romance names him, writing that the Later Sovereign's son Liu Yao was made a marquis along with the officials Fan Jian, Qiao Zhou, Xi Zheng and others. The Biography of the Later Sovereign in the Records says only that more than fifty of the Later Sovereign's sons and grandsons became one of the three commandants (sandu wei) or were enfeoffed as marquises, without giving names, and lists five officials enfeoffed as full marquises, including Fan Jian, Qiao Zhou and Xi Zheng. Romance, Ch. 119 §26Records, Shu 3 §52
Written by 3KDEX (not yet reviewed) — The tags at the end of each paragraph link to the exact passage in the Records volume or Romance chapter it is based on.
Abilities
The Records score (Chen Shou’s Records of the Three Kingdoms, main text) is the baseline. Each ability compares how the Romance redrew the same person, and the evidence from both sources explains the difference.
- LEA3531−4
- STR3331−2
- INT3835−3
- POL3833−5
- CHA3835−3
- VIR4240−2
- ADP4040±0
- SCH4038−2
- DIP3533−2
- DIS3533−2
Abilities shaped by the Romance — where it differs from the Records Differences of 10 or more
No ability differs by 10 or more — the Romance portrays this person much as the Records do.
10 similar abilities — show evidence
RNo direct record — estimated from his status as an imperial son enfeoffed as Prince of AndingShu 3 §19
NNo direct record — no record of commandCh. 118 §4
RNo direct record — estimated from his status as an imperial son enfeoffed as Prince of AndingShu 3 §19
NNo direct record — no record of martial prowessCh. 118 §4
RNo direct record — estimated from his status as an imperial son enfeoffed as Prince of AndingShu 3 §19
NNo direct record — estimated from his status as an imperial princeCh. 118 §4
RNo direct record — estimated from his status as an imperial son enfeoffed as Prince of AndingShu 3 §19
NNo direct record — no record of administrationCh. 118 §4
RNo direct record — estimated from his status as an imperial son enfeoffed as Prince of AndingShu 3 §19
NNo direct record — estimated from his deedsCh. 118 §4
RNo direct record — estimated from his status as an imperial son enfeoffed as Prince of AndingShu 3 §19
NNo direct record — estimated from his deedsCh. 119 §26
RNo direct record — estimated from his status as an imperial son enfeoffed as Prince of AndingShu 3 §19
NNo direct record — estimated from his being made a marquis after the surrenderCh. 119 §26
RNo direct record — estimated from his status as an imperial son enfeoffed as Prince of AndingShu 3 §19
NNo direct record — estimated from his status as an imperial princeCh. 118 §4
RNo direct record — estimated from his status as an imperial son enfeoffed as Prince of AndingShu 3 §19
NNo direct record — estimated from his deedsCh. 119 §26
RNo direct record — estimated from his status as an imperial son enfeoffed as Prince of AndingShu 3 §19
NNo direct record — estimated from his deedsCh. 119 §26
Records Romance Unverified No direct record; scored from their actions (evidence grade C)
3KDEX scoring — the Records use the main text of Chen Shou’s Records of the Three Kingdoms; the Romance uses the 120-chapter Romance of the Three Kingdoms. Click a source tag to open that passage in the reader.
Romance chapters (2)
AppearsNot present Chapter list →
Allegiance history
- Shu · Romance · Romance ch. 118 「次子刘瑶」 · Q124716906
Family
| Parents | Liu Shan Romance |
|---|---|
| Siblings | Liu Xuan Romance, Liu Chen Romance, Liu Zan(劉瓚) Romance, Liu Qu Romance, Liu Xun(劉恂) Romance |
Based on Wikidata items for the historical and Romance figures. Relations without the Unverified badge were also confirmed in the Records.