RPlundered officials and commoners, forcing the counties to move their officesWei 16 §83
NNo direct record — estimated from the record of his drawing his sword to protect his commander Han SuiCh. 59 §32
| Occupation | RNGeneral | Faction | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Appears | RN | Biography in | |
| Born | R? Unverified | Native place | |
| Died | R212 Unverified | Place of death | |
| Cause of death | RKilled in battle Unverified | ||
| Existence | Historical | Mentions | R8 |
Liang Xing was a commander who sided with Ma Chao, Han Sui and others when they rebelled in the 16th year of Jian'an (211) and confronted Cao Cao at Tong Pass. When Xu Huang crossed at Puban Ford, he led more than five thousand infantry and cavalry in a night attack on Xu Huang but was driven off. Chen Shou's main text does not record his courtesy name or origin. Records, Wei 1 §109–110Records, Wei 17 §61–62
After Ma Chao and the others were defeated, he stationed himself at Lantian as one of their remnant followers and plundered more than five thousand households of officials and commoners, but in the 17th year of Jian'an (212) he was attacked by Xiahou Yuan and others and beheaded. His beheading is recorded separately in the Biography of Xiahou Yuan, the Biography of Zheng Hun and the Biography of Xu Huang. Records, Wei 1 §118Records, Wei 16 §83 · 85Records, Wei 9 §17Records, Wei 17 §62
He has no biography of his own in the Records; his name appears in the Annals of Emperor Wu and in the biographies of Xiahou Yuan, Zheng Hun, Zhang He and Xu Huang. In the Romance he first appears in Chapter 58 as one of the commanders of the eight divisions under Han Sui who help Ma Chao, and he appears in 2 of its 120 chapters; no chapter title bears his name. In Chapter 59 he is struck down by the sword of Ma Chao, who bursts into Han Sui's tent. Records, Wei 1 §118Records, Wei 9 §17Records, Wei 16 §83Records, Wei 17 §46 · 62Romance, Ch. 58 §13Romance, Ch. 59 §32
In the 3rd month of the 16th year of Jian'an (211), when Cao Cao sent Zhong Yao to attack Zhang Lu in Hanzhong, the commanders of Guanzhong suspected that Zhong Yao meant to attack them, and Ma Chao at last rebelled together with Han Sui, Yang Qiu, Li Kan, Cheng Yi and others. In the 7th month, in autumn, Cao Cao personally marched west and encamped facing Ma Chao and the others across Tong Pass. Records, Wei 1 §109–110
According to the Biography of Xu Huang, when Han Sui, Ma Chao and others rebelled in the region west of the passes, Cao Cao stationed Xu Huang at Fenyin to pacify Hedong. When Cao Cao, arriving at Tong Pass, worried that he could not cross the Yellow River, Xu Huang said that the enemy had no plan, since they did not guard Puban separately, and proposed to cross at Puban Ford with picked troops and cut off their rear. Xu Huang crossed the ford with four thousand infantry and cavalry, and before his trenches and palisades were finished, the enemy commander Liang Xing attacked him at night with more than five thousand infantry and cavalry. Xu Huang struck and drove him off, and Cao Cao's army was able to cross. Records, Wei 17 §61–62
In the 9th month Cao Cao crossed the Wei River; later, setting a date for a decisive battle, he crushed Ma Chao and the others and beheaded Cheng Yi, Li Kan and others, while Han Sui, Ma Chao and others fled to Liang Province. In the 12th month, returning from Anding, Cao Cao left Xiahou Yuan to garrison Chang'an. In spring, in the 1st month of the 17th year of Jian'an (212), when Cao Cao returned to Ye, Liang Xing and others of Ma Chao's remnant followers stationed themselves at Lantian, and Cao Cao had Xiahou Yuan attack and pacify them. Records, Wei 1 §112–113 · 117–118
According to the Biography of Zheng Hun, while Zheng Hun was Left Supporter of Fengyi (Zuo Fengyi), Liang Xing and others plundered more than five thousand households of officials and commoners and turned to banditry; the counties could not resist them and, all in fear, moved their offices to lodge at the commandery seat. Those in council all said they should move to defensible ground, but Zheng Hun said, 'Liang Xing and his men have been broken and scattered and are hiding in the mountain fastnesses, and most of those who follow them do so only under coercion,' and argued that they should open wide the road to surrender and make known their kindness and good faith. He then gathered officials and commoners, repaired the city walls and prepared defenses. Records, Wei 16 §82–83
Zheng Hun mobilized the people to pursue the bandits, promising them seven parts in ten of whatever they captured as a reward. The bandits who had lost their wives and children all came back asking to surrender, and Zheng Hun made them seize other women before returning their own wives and children. The bandits thus came to raid one another and their band scattered, and those who came out after heeding the exhortations of the officials and commoners sent into the mountain valleys followed one after another. Records, Wei 16 §84
Liang Xing and the others, afraid, gathered their remaining followers at Fucheng. The Grand Progenitor sent Xiahou Yuan to aid the commandery in attacking them, and Zheng Hun led the officials and commoners first up the walls and beheaded Liang Xing and his remaining followers. Records, Wei 16 §85
Other biographies also each record this event. The Biography of Xiahou Yuan says that in the 17th year of Jian'an (212) Xiahou Yuan, as acting General Protector of the Army, garrisoned Chang'an, besieged and took Liang Xing, a remnant follower of Han Sui and Ma Chao, at Hu County, beheaded him and was enfeoffed as Marquis of Bochang Village. The Biography of Zhang He says that Zhang He, together with Xiahou Yuan, attacked Liang Xing, the bandit of Fu County, and the Biography of Xu Huang records that when Cao Cao returned to Ye, Xu Huang, together with Xiahou Yuan, pacified the remaining bandits of Fu County and Xiayang, beheaded Liang Xing and received the surrender of more than three thousand households. Records, Wei 9 §17Records, Wei 17 §46 · 62
In Chapter 58 of the Romance, when Ma Chao raises the troops of Xiliang, Han Sui, Governor of Xiliang, says that he swore brotherhood with Ma Chao's father and will help him, and beheads Cao Cao's envoy. Han Sui musters the troops of the eight divisions under him, whose commanders are Hou Xuan, Cheng Yin, Li Kan, Zhang Heng, Liang Xing, Cheng Yi, Ma Wan and Yang Qiu. The eight commanders join Pang De and Ma Dai under Ma Chao and march on Chang'an with a great army of two hundred thousand. Romance, Ch. 58 §11–13
In Chapter 59, after a letter altered by Cao Cao makes Ma Chao suspicious of Han Sui, Han Sui leads out five commanders the next day, Hou Xuan, Li Kan, Liang Xing, Ma Wan and Yang Qiu, intending to lure Cao Cao into a parley. But when Cao Hong, sent by Cao Cao, returns after saying only, 'Do not fail in what the Chancellor asked of you last night, General,' Ma Chao, enraged, tries to spear Han Sui, and the five commanders stop him and calm him before returning to camp. Romance, Ch. 59 §24–28
After consulting the five commanders, Han Sui follows Yang Qiu's advice to surrender secretly to Cao Cao, and agrees to set a fire as the signal for attacking Ma Chao together. Han Sui has dry brushwood piled behind the central command tent and has the five commanders wait, each wearing a sword. Romance, Ch. 59 §28–30
Ma Chao, discovering this, bursts into Han Sui's tent and cuts off Han Sui's left hand, and the five commanders rush out together brandishing swords and surround and fight Ma Chao outside the tent. Ma Chao, alone, wields his precious sword, cutting down Ma Wan and hacking Liang Xing to the ground, and the remaining three commanders each flee for their lives. The Romance does not mention Liang Xing again. Romance, Ch. 59 §31–32
How he joined the revolt: In Chapter 58 of the Romance, Liang Xing takes the field as one of the commanders of the eight divisions under Han Sui, who has agreed to help Ma Chao. In the Annals of Emperor Wu in the Records, when Cao Cao sent Zhong Yao to attack Zhang Lu, the commanders of Guanzhong suspected that Zhong Yao meant to attack them, and Ma Chao thereupon rebelled together with Han Sui, Yang Qiu, Li Kan, Cheng Yi and others. Liang Xing's name is not on this list; he appears as an enemy commander in the Biography of Xu Huang. Romance, Ch. 58 §13Records, Wei 1 §109–110Records, Wei 17 §62
The night battle at Puban Ford: In the Biography of Xu Huang in the Records, Liang Xing attacked Xu Huang, who had crossed at Puban Ford, at night with more than five thousand infantry and cavalry and was driven off. In Chapter 58 of the Romance, Xu Huang and Zhu Ling likewise go secretly toward Puban Ford to raid the land west of the river, but there is no scene of Liang Xing attacking Xu Huang. Records, Wei 17 §62Romance, Ch. 58 §37–38
The fight in Han Sui's tent: In Chapter 59 of the Romance, the five commanders including Liang Xing plot with Han Sui to attack Ma Chao and fight Ma Chao when he bursts into the tent. The Annals of Emperor Wu in the Records says only that Cao Cao talked with Han Sui and sent him an altered letter so that Ma Chao and the others came to suspect Han Sui; there is no fight between Han Sui's commanders and Ma Chao. Romance, Ch. 59 §30–32Records, Wei 1 §112–113
When he fell: In Chapter 59 of the Romance, Liang Xing is hacked down by Ma Chao's sword in Han Sui's tent during the fighting at Tong Pass. In the Records, even after the battle of Tong Pass he stationed himself at Lantian as one of Ma Chao's remnant followers and plundered officials and commoners, until he was beheaded in the 17th year of Jian'an (212). Romance, Ch. 59 §32Records, Wei 1 §118Records, Wei 16 §83Records, Wei 9 §17
Who struck him down: In the Romance, the one who cuts Liang Xing down is Ma Chao, from his own side. In the Records, those who attacked Liang Xing were Cao Cao's men: the Annals of Emperor Wu says Cao Cao had Xiahou Yuan pacify him; the Biography of Xiahou Yuan says Xiahou Yuan beheaded Liang Xing at Hu County; the Biography of Zheng Hun says Zheng Hun led officials and commoners up the walls of Fucheng and beheaded Liang Xing; and the Biography of Xu Huang says Xu Huang beheaded Liang Xing together with Xiahou Yuan. Romance, Ch. 59 §32Records, Wei 1 §118Records, Wei 9 §17Records, Wei 16 §85Records, Wei 17 §62
Written by 3KDEX (not yet reviewed) — The tags at the end of each paragraph link to the exact passage in the Records volume or Romance chapter it is based on.
The Records score (Chen Shou’s Records of the Three Kingdoms, main text) is the baseline. Each ability compares how the Romance redrew the same person, and the evidence from both sources explains the difference.
RPlundered officials and commoners, forcing the counties to move their officesWei 16 §83
NNo direct record — estimated from the record of his drawing his sword to protect his commander Han SuiCh. 59 §32
RAttacked Xu Huang at night with over five thousand men but was driven off; later gathered followers and turned to banditryWei 17 §62Wei 16 §83
NNo direct record — estimated from his being a commander of one of Han Sui's eight divisionsCh. 58 §13
RNo direct record — estimated from his leading a night raidWei 17 §62
NSurrounded Ma Chao with four other commanders but was hacked down by Ma ChaoCh. 59 §32
RNo direct record — estimated from the record of his hiding in the mountain fastnesses after defeatWei 16 §83
NNo direct record — estimated from his roleCh. 59 §27
RPlundered more than five thousand households of officials and commoners and turned to banditryWei 16 §83
NNo direct record — estimated from his roleCh. 58 §13
RJudged that most of his followers followed only under coercionWei 16 §83
NNo direct record — estimated from his roleCh. 58 §13
RGathered his remnant followers at Fucheng, was besieged and beheadedWei 16 §85Wei 9 §17
NNo direct record — estimated from his roleCh. 59 §27
RNo direct record — estimated from his being a commander among Ma Chao's remnant followersWei 1 §118
NNo direct record — estimated from his roleCh. 58 §13
RNo direct record — estimated from his roleWei 1 §118
NNo direct record — estimated from his roleCh. 58 §13
RNo direct record — estimated from his roleWei 1 §118
NNo direct record — estimated from his roleCh. 58 §13
Records Romance Unverified No direct record; scored from their actions (evidence grade C)
3KDEX scoring — the Records use the main text of Chen Shou’s Records of the Three Kingdoms; the Romance uses the 120-chapter Romance of the Three Kingdoms. Click a source tag to open that passage in the reader.
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Includes automatic matching from Wikipedia infoboxes and source keywords (unverified).