RNo direct record — switched over to Lü Bu's sideShu 2 §12
NScorned the drunken Zhang Fei, gave chase and was killedCh. 14 §61
| Occupation | RNGeneral | Faction | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Appears | RN | Biography in | |
| Born | R? Unverified | Native place | |
| Died | R196 Unverified | Place of death | |
| Cause of death | RKilled NKilled in battle Unverified | ||
| Existence | Historical | Mentions | R4 |
Cao Bao (曹豹) was a general of Tao Qian, Governor of Xu Province. The Records has no separate biography of him; in Chen Shou's main text his name appears once each in the Annals of Emperor Wu (Records of Wei 1) and the Biography of the First Sovereign (Records of Shu 2). In the 1st year of Xingping (194) he was stationed with Liu Bei east of Tan County to block Cao Cao and was defeated; after Liu Bei came to govern Xu Province, he was the general guarding Xiapi, where he rebelled and secretly let in Lü Bu. Records, Shu 2 §8 · 11–12Records, Wei 1 §28
Chen Shou's main text does not record Cao Bao's courtesy name, origin, later career or death, nor does it assess him. In the Romance he first appears in Chapter 10 as a general of Tao Qian who steps forward to urge battle against Cao Cao, and appears in 3 of its 120 chapters; his name is in no chapter title. In Chapter 14, after being flogged by Zhang Fei, he calls in his son-in-law Lü Bu, causing Xu Province to be lost, and dies on Zhang Fei's spear; in Chapter 16 it is mentioned that Lü Bu had taken his daughter as a second wife. Records, Wei 1 §28Records, Shu 2 §12Romance, Ch. 10 §37Romance, Ch. 14 §55–56 · 61Romance, Ch. 16 §20
In the 1st year of Xingping (194), Cao Cao, intent on avenging his father Cao Song, who had been killed by Tao Qian, attacked Tao Qian again in the summer, took five cities and seized territory as far as Donghai. When he passed Tan County on his way back, Tao Qian's general Cao Bao, together with Liu Bei, was stationed east of Tan to block him. Cao Cao attacked and defeated them, then attacked and took Xiangben, killing many people wherever he passed. Records, Wei 1 §28
After Tao Qian died, Liu Bei came to govern Xu Province. When Yuan Shu attacked, Liu Bei resisted him at Xuyi and Huaiyin; Chen Shou dates this year to the 1st year of Jian'an (196). While Liu Bei faced Yuan Shu for more than a month, Lü Bu took advantage of the gap to raid Xiapi, and Cao Bao, the general guarding Xiapi, rebelled and secretly let Lü Bu in. Lü Bu captured Liu Bei's wife and children, and Liu Bei turned his army and moved to Haixi. Records, Shu 2 §9 · 11–12
The account of Lü Bu in the Biographies of Lü Bu, Zhang Miao and Zang Hong (Records of Wei 7) likewise records that Lü Bu raided and seized Xiapi while Liu Bei had gone east to attack Yuan Shu, but Cao Bao's name does not appear there. Chen Shou's main text does not record what became of Cao Bao after he let Lü Bu in. Records, Wei 7 §16Records, Shu 2 §12
In Chapter 10 of the Romance, as Cao Cao's great army, come to avenge his father, slaughters the people wherever it goes, Tao Qian hastily gathers his officials to deliberate. Cao Bao declares that with Cao Cao's troops already upon them they cannot sit with bound hands and wait to die, and offers to help Tao Qian defeat them; Tao Qian has no choice but to lead his troops out to meet the enemy. When Cao Cao asks who will capture the old traitor alive, Xiahou Dun comes forward and pursues Tao Qian as he flees into his formation, and Cao Bao, levelling his spear, gallops out to meet him. Just as the two horses clash, a fierce wind rises, sending sand flying and stones rolling; both armies are thrown into confusion and withdraw their troops. Romance, Ch. 10 §37–39
In Chapter 14, Zhang Fei, guarding Xu Province after seeing Liu Bei off, holds a banquet and presses wine on the officials, telling them to get thoroughly drunk today and from tomorrow give up wine and help him guard the city. Cao Bao, who says he has sworn to Heaven not to drink, is frightened into drinking one cup, but when the very drunk Zhang Fei presses him again he refuses again and again. Zhang Fei orders him seized, saying that for disobeying his command he deserves a hundred strokes of the rod, and Cao Bao begs to be spared for the sake of his son-in-law Lü Bu. Zhang Fei, angered all the more that Cao Bao should try to frighten him by invoking Lü Bu, has him given fifty lashes, stopping only after the others plead earnestly. Romance, Ch. 14 §52–55
When the banquet breaks up, Cao Bao, deeply resentful of Zhang Fei, sends a man that very night with a letter to Lü Bu at Xiaopei, telling him that Liu Bei has already gone to Huainan and that he should bring troops tonight, while Zhang Fei is drunk, to raid Xu Province. Chen Gong too says this is a chance not to be missed, so Lü Bu sets out first with five hundred horsemen and, arriving at the city gate at the fourth watch, calls out that he is a secret messenger sent by Commissioner Liu. Cao Bao comes up onto the wall to look and has his soldiers open the gate. Romance, Ch. 14 §56–58
When Zhang Fei breaks out through the east gate escorted by eighteen horsemen, generals from the land of Yan, Cao Bao, seeing that he has only ten or so followers and scorning him for being drunk, gives chase with a hundred or so men. After three bouts he is defeated and flees, but Zhang Fei pursues him to the riverbank and runs his spear into the middle of his back, and he dies in the river together with his horse. Zhang Fei goes to Xuyi and tells Liu Bei that Cao Bao and Lü Bu, working together from inside and outside, raided Xu Province by night. In Chapter 16, where Yuan Shu proposes a marriage alliance to Lü Bu, the Romance states that while at Xiaopei Lü Bu had taken Cao Bao's daughter as his second wife, and that this Lady Cao had died early without children. Romance, Ch. 14 §60–61 · 63Romance, Ch. 16 §20
The fight against Cao Cao: In Chapter 10 of the Romance, Cao Bao urges Tao Qian to fight, and on the field he faces Xiahou Dun until a fierce wind makes both armies withdraw. In the Annals of Emperor Wu in the Records, Tao Qian's general Cao Bao, together with Liu Bei, was stationed east of Tan County to block Cao Cao, and Cao Cao attacked and defeated them. Romance, Ch. 10 §37–39Records, Wei 1 §28
The drinking party with Zhang Fei: The scene in Chapter 14 of the Romance in which Zhang Fei has Cao Bao given fifty lashes for refusing to drink is found neither in the Biography of the First Sovereign nor in Zhang Fei's biography in the Records. Romance, Ch. 14 §53–55Records, Shu 2 §12Records, Shu 6 §14–23
Why he let Lü Bu in: In Chapter 14 of the Romance, resentful at having been flogged by Zhang Fei, Cao Bao sends a letter to Lü Bu at Xiaopei urging him to raid Xu Province and opens the city gate for him. The Biography of the First Sovereign in the Records says only that while Liu Bei faced Yuan Shu, Lü Bu took advantage of the gap to raid Xiapi and Cao Bao, the general guarding Xiapi, rebelled and secretly let Lü Bu in, without giving the reason. Romance, Ch. 14 §56–58Records, Shu 2 §12
Lü Bu's father-in-law: In Chapter 14 of the Romance Cao Bao calls Lü Bu his son-in-law, and Chapter 16 states that Lü Bu took Cao Bao's daughter as his second wife. Neither the Biography of the First Sovereign in Chen Shou's main text nor the account of Lü Bu in Records of Wei 7 mentions any marriage tie between Cao Bao and Lü Bu. Romance, Ch. 14 §55Romance, Ch. 16 §20Records, Shu 2 §12Records, Wei 7 §1–27
Death: In Chapter 14 of the Romance Cao Bao pursues Zhang Fei as he escapes from Xu Province and dies in the river, pierced by Zhang Fei's spear. Chen Shou's main text does not record what became of Cao Bao after he let Lü Bu in. Romance, Ch. 14 §61Records, Shu 2 §12
Written by 3KDEX (not yet reviewed) — The tags at the end of each paragraph link to the exact passage in the Records volume or Romance chapter it is based on.
The Records score (Chen Shou’s Records of the Three Kingdoms, main text) is the baseline. Each ability compares how the Romance redrew the same person, and the evidence from both sources explains the difference.
RNo direct record — switched over to Lü Bu's sideShu 2 §12
NScorned the drunken Zhang Fei, gave chase and was killedCh. 14 §61
RBlocked Cao Cao with Liu Bei east of Tan but was defeatedWei 1 §28
NNo direct recordCh. 10 §37
RNo direct recordWei 1 §28
NFaced Xiahou Dun, but was beaten by Zhang Fei within three bouts and killedCh. 10 §39Ch. 14 §61
RNo direct recordShu 2 §12
NInvoked Lü Bu and only made Zhang Fei angrierCh. 14 §55
RNo direct recordShu 2 §12
NNo direct recordCh. 10 §37
RNo direct recordShu 2 §12
NNo direct recordCh. 14 §53
RWhile guarding Xiapi, rebelled and secretly let in Lü BuShu 2 §12
NResentful at being flogged, sent Lü Bu a secret letter and opened the city gateCh. 14 §56Ch. 14 §58
RNo direct recordShu 2 §12
NNo direct recordCh. 14 §53
RNo direct recordShu 2 §12
NWhen Cao Cao's army arrived, urged Tao Qian to fightCh. 10 §37
RNo direct recordShu 2 §12
NNo direct recordCh. 14 §56
Records Romance Unverified No direct record; scored from their actions (evidence grade C)
3KDEX scoring — the Records use the main text of Chen Shou’s Records of the Three Kingdoms; the Romance uses the 120-chapter Romance of the Three Kingdoms. Click a source tag to open that passage in the reader.
AppearsNot present Chapter list →
| Children | daughter of Cao Bao Romance |
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Based on Wikidata items for the historical and Romance figures. Relations without the Unverified badge were also confirmed in the Records.
Includes automatic matching from Wikipedia infoboxes and source keywords (unverified).