RNo direct record — the only record is his receiving the empress's letter; estimated from his careerWei 1 §142
NLoyal and righteous, always harboring the wish to kill Cao Cao; later generations praised him in verseCh. 66 §35Ch. 66 §50
| Occupation | RGeneral · Colonel of Garrison Cavalry NOther | Faction | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Appears | RN | Biography in | |
| Born | R? N? Unverified | Native place | |
| Died | R214 N(same) Unverified | Place of death | |
| Cause of death | RExecuted NExecuted Unverified | ||
| Existence | Historical | Mentions | R1 |
Fu Wan was the father of Empress Fu, the empress of Emperor Xian of the Han. He has no biography of his own in the Records, and in Chen Shou's main text he appears once, in the Annals of Emperor Wu in Records of Wei 1. In the 11th month of the 19th year of Jian'an (214), a letter that the empress had earlier sent to her father, the former Colonel of Garrison Cavalry Fu Wan, came to light; it said that the emperor resented Cao Cao over the execution of Dong Cheng, and its wording was extremely vile. Because of this the empress was deposed and died, and her brothers were all executed as well. Chen Shou's main text does not record Fu Wan's courtesy name, origin or death. Records, Wei 1 §142
He does not appear in Chen Shou's assessment in the Annals of Emperor Wu. In the Romance he first appears in Chapter 20 as the empress's father, who recommends Dong Cheng to Emperor Xian after the hunt at Xutian, and he appears in 3 of its 120 chapters; no chapter title bears his name. In Chapter 66 the letter he wrote in reply to the empress's secret letter is discovered by Cao Cao, and he is beheaded in the marketplace together with his clan; in Chapter 78 he appears as a vengeful ghost before the ailing Cao Cao. Records, Wei 1 §173Romance, Ch. 20 §18–19Romance, Ch. 66 §40 · 48Romance, Ch. 78 §26
In the 1st month, in spring, of the 5th year of Jian'an (200), the plot of Dong Cheng and others leaked out and they were all executed. The Biography of the First Sovereign records that Dong Cheng, General of Chariots and Cavalry and maternal uncle of Emperor Xian, claimed to have received a secret edict hidden in the emperor's sash saying that Lord Cao must be executed, and that Liu Bei, the Colonel of the Changshui Chong Ji and the generals Wu Zilan and Wang Zifu plotted together, but the affair was discovered and Dong Cheng and the others were all executed. Records, Wei 1 §58Records, Shu 2 §15
In the 11th month of the 19th year of Jian'an (214), Empress Fu of the Han was charged over a letter she had earlier sent to her father, the former Colonel of Garrison Cavalry Fu Wan. The letter said that the emperor resented Lord Cao over the execution of Dong Cheng, and its wording was extremely vile. When this came to light, the empress was deposed and died, and her brothers were all executed according to the law. Records, Wei 1 §142
In Chen Shou's main text this single passage is the only place Fu Wan appears, and even then only as the father who received the empress's letter. His courtesy name, origin, other deeds and death are not recorded, nor does he appear in Chen Shou's assessment in the Annals of Emperor Wu. Records, Wei 1 §142 · 173
In Chapter 20 of the Romance, when Cao Cao blocks the Son of Heaven's way during the hunt at Xutian and receives the cheers of 'Long live!', Emperor Xian returns to the palace and weeps to Empress Fu, lamenting Cao Cao. When the empress asks whether there is not a single person who can save the state from its peril, Empress Fu's father Fu Wan comes in from outside and says he will recommend a man who can rid the state of its bane. When the emperor asks whether the Imperial Father-in-law too knows of Cao Cao's tyranny, Fu Wan replies that no one failed to see the shooting of the deer at Xutian, and that since everyone at court is either of Cao Cao's clan or one of his followers, who but an imperial in-law would attack the traitor? He then recommends the General of Chariots and Cavalry and Imperial Uncle Dong Cheng as one to be trusted with the task, since he himself, an old minister, has no power. Romance, Ch. 20 §14 · 17–19
Warning that Cao Cao's trusted men are all around His Majesty and that if the matter leaks the disaster will be no small one, Fu Wan proposes a plan: to make a robe, choose a jade belt and secretly bestow them on Dong Cheng, sewing a secret edict into the lining of the belt. The emperor agrees, bites his fingertip and writes the secret edict in blood, then has Empress Fu sew it into the lining of the jade belt. Romance, Ch. 20 §20–21
In Chapter 66, when Cao Cao enters the palace wearing his sword and threatens the emperor, and word comes that the Duke of Wei means to make himself king, Empress Fu says that her father Fu Wan has always harbored the wish to kill Cao Cao and that she will write him a letter so they can plot together. The eunuch Mu Shun hides the secret letter in his hair and delivers it to Fu Wan's house, and Fu Wan says that Cao Cao has very many trusted followers, so he cannot be moved against in haste. Only when Sun Quan in Jiangdong and Liu Bei in Xichuan raise troops outside and Cao Cao goes out in person, he says, should they attack him from inside and outside together with the loyal ministers at court. At Mu Shun's suggestion, Fu Wan writes a reply and gives it to him. Romance, Ch. 66 §34–38
But someone has already informed Cao Cao, and Cao Cao, waiting at the palace gate, grows suspicious when Mu Shun puts his cap on backwards and finds Fu Wan's letter in his hair. Seeing that it speaks of joining hands with Sun Quan and Liu Bei so that they would respond from outside, Cao Cao raises 3,000 armored troops overnight, surrounds Fu Wan's private residence and arrests everyone, old and young, and when he finds the letter in Empress Fu's own hand, he throws the three branches of the Fu clan into prison. That night, the day he has the empress beaten to death with clubs, more than two hundred members of the clans of Fu Wan, Mu Shun and others are all beheaded in the marketplace. The Romance dates this to the 11th month of the 19th year of Jian'an (214). Romance, Ch. 66 §39–40 · 48–49
In Chapter 78, the ailing Cao Cao sees in his bedchamber at night more than twenty people, including Empress Fu, Dong Guifei, the two imperial sons, Fu Wan and Dong Cheng, standing covered in blood within gloomy clouds and demanding his life. When Cao Cao draws his sword and slashes at the empty air, a corner at the southwest of the hall collapses. The next day Xiahou Dun too sees them at the door of the hall, faints, and from then on falls ill. Romance, Ch. 78 §26 · 28
Dong Cheng's secret edict: In Chapter 20 of the Romance, Fu Wan recommends Dong Cheng to Emperor Xian and proposes the plan of sewing a secret edict into the lining of a jade belt. The Biography of the First Sovereign in the Records says only that Dong Cheng claimed to have received a secret edict hidden in the emperor's sash, and Fu Wan does not appear; the Annals of Emperor Wu too says only that the plot of Dong Cheng and others leaked out and they were executed. Romance, Ch. 20 §19–20Records, Shu 2 §15Records, Wei 1 §58
Contents of the letter: In Chapter 66 of the Romance, the empress sends a secret letter proposing to plot against Cao Cao, and Fu Wan writes a reply proposing to join hands with Sun Quan and Liu Bei and attack from inside and outside. In the Annals of Emperor Wu in Chen Shou's main text, what became an issue was a letter the empress had sent to her father Fu Wan, which said that the emperor resented Cao Cao over the execution of Dong Cheng. There is neither a reply from Fu Wan nor any talk of joining hands with Sun Quan and Liu Bei. Romance, Ch. 66 §35 · 38 · 40Records, Wei 1 §142
When the letter was written: In Chapter 66 of the Romance, the empress writes the letter on the spot after hearing that Cao Cao means to become king. Chen Shou's main text says that the letter that became an issue in the 11th month of the 19th year of Jian'an (214) was one the empress had sent earlier. Romance, Ch. 66 §35 · 37Records, Wei 1 §142
How the letter came to light: In Chapter 66 of the Romance, Cao Cao searches Mu Shun's hair at the palace gate and finds Fu Wan's letter. Chen Shou's main text says only that the matter came to light, and records neither how this happened nor Mu Shun. Romance, Ch. 66 §39–40Records, Wei 1 §142
Fu Wan's death: In Chapter 66 of the Romance, that night more than two hundred members of the clans of Fu Wan, Mu Shun and others are all beheaded in the marketplace. Chen Shou's main text says only that the empress was deposed and died and that her brothers were all executed, and does not record the death of Fu Wan himself. Romance, Ch. 66 §48Records, Wei 1 §142
Cao Cao's death: In Chapter 78 of the Romance, Fu Wan and the others appear as vengeful ghosts before the ailing Cao Cao. The Annals of Emperor Wu in the Records says only that Cao Cao died at Luoyang on the gengzi day of the 1st month of the 25th year of Jian'an (220), and there is nothing of the kind. Romance, Ch. 78 §26Records, Wei 1 §171–172
Written by 3KDEX (not yet reviewed) — The tags at the end of each paragraph link to the exact passage in the Records volume or Romance chapter it is based on.
The Records score (Chen Shou’s Records of the Three Kingdoms, main text) is the baseline. Each ability compares how the Romance redrew the same person, and the evidence from both sources explains the difference.
RNo direct record — the only record is his receiving the empress's letter; estimated from his careerWei 1 §142
NLoyal and righteous, always harboring the wish to kill Cao Cao; later generations praised him in verseCh. 66 §35Ch. 66 §50
RNo direct record — estimated from his being the empress's father and former Colonel of Garrison CavalryWei 1 §142
NRecommended Dong Cheng as a man who would give his utmost loyaltyCh. 20 §19
RNo direct record — estimated from his being the empress's father and former Colonel of Garrison CavalryWei 1 §142
NDevised the plan of the secret edict in the jade belt and envisioned a pincer attack from inside and outside with Wu and ShuCh. 20 §20Ch. 66 §38
RNo direct record — estimated from his being the empress's father and former Colonel of Garrison CavalryWei 1 §142
NNo direct record — estimated from his being an elderly imperial in-lawCh. 20 §19
RNo direct record — estimated from his being the empress's father and former Colonel of Garrison CavalryWei 1 §142
NNo direct recordCh. 20 §19
RNo direct record — estimated from his being the empress's father and former Colonel of Garrison CavalryWei 1 §142
NNo direct recordCh. 20 §19
RNo direct record — estimated from his being the empress's father and former Colonel of Garrison CavalryWei 1 §142
NNo direct recordCh. 66 §35
RNo direct record — estimated from his being the empress's father and former Colonel of Garrison CavalryWei 1 §142
NNo direct record — he himself admitted he had no powerCh. 20 §19
RNo direct record — estimated from his being the empress's father and former Colonel of Garrison CavalryWei 1 §142
NNo direct recordCh. 66 §38
RNo direct record — estimated from his being the empress's father and former Colonel of Garrison CavalryWei 1 §142
NAdvised the emperor that Dong Cheng could be entrusted with the taskCh. 20 §19
Records Romance Unverified No direct record; scored from their actions (evidence grade C)
3KDEX scoring — the Records use the main text of Chen Shou’s Records of the Three Kingdoms; the Romance uses the 120-chapter Romance of the Three Kingdoms. Click a source tag to open that passage in the reader.
AppearsNot present Chapter list →
| Children | Empress Fu Romance |
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Based on Wikidata items for the historical and Romance figures. Relations without the Unverified badge were also confirmed in the Records.
Includes automatic matching from Wikipedia infoboxes and source keywords (unverified).